XF-91 Thunderceptor
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| XF-91 Thunderceptor | |
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| Type | Interceptor |
| Manufacturer | Republic Aviation |
| Maiden flight | 9 May 1949 |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Number built | 2 |
| Unit cost | US$11.6 million for the program[1] |
| Developed from | F-84 Thunderjet |
The Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor was a mixed-propulsion interceptor using a jet engine for most flight, and a cluster of four small rocket engines for added thrust during climb and interception. The design was largely obsolete by the time it was completed due to the rapidly increasing performance of contemporary jet engines, and was built to the extent of two prototypes only. One of these was the first US fighter to exceed Mach 1 in level flight.
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[edit] Design and development
The Thunderceptor design was one of two swept-wing modifications based on the original F-84 Thunderjet, the other being the F-84F Thunderstreak which happened later. A serious problem with most swept wing designs of the era was dangerous performance at low speeds and high angle of attack. The stagnant airflow over the wing tended to "slide" towards the wingtips, which caused them to stall before the rest of the wing at high angles of attack. In this situation the center of lift would rapidly shift forward relative to the center of mass, pitching the nose up and leading to an even greater angle of attack or, in extreme cases, end-over-end tumbling of the aircraft. Planes caught in this regime would often stall and crash, and a rash of such accidents on the F-86 Sabre led to the term Sabre dance. The most famous incident was the loss of F-100C-20-NA Super Sabre 54-1907 during an attempted emergency landing at Edwards AFB, California on 10 January 1956 which was caught by film cameras set up for an unrelated test. The pilot fought to retain control as he rode the knife-edge of the flight envelope but fell off on one wing, hit the ground and exploded with fatal results.
The Thunderceptor's most notable design feature was intended to address this problem. The wings were built to have considerably more chord (distance from front to back) at the tip than root, allowing them to generate more lift. This neatly addressed the problem of Sabre dance by delaying the point of stall on the tip to that of the entire wing. A side effect of this design was that the tips had more internal room, so the landing gear was mounted to retract outward with the wheels lying in the wingtips, using two small tires instead of one larger one. Another design change was the ability to vary the angle of incidence of the wing as a whole, tilting it up for low speed operations during takeoff and landing, and then "leveling it off" for high-speed flight and cruise. This allowed the fuselage to remain closer to level while landing, greatly improving visibility.
In keeping with its intended role as an interceptor, the nose was redesigned to incorporate radar, forcing them to move the air intake for the engine from its original nose-mounted position to a new intake below it. The fuselage was otherwise very similar to the F-84's. The first prototype did not include the radome, although this was fitted to the second prototype.
[edit] Testing and evaluation
The first prototype made its first flight on 9 May 1949, breaking the speed of sound in December 1951. It was later modified with a small radome for gunnery ranging (although not the "full" radome from the second prototype). The second prototype included the full radome and chin-mounted intake, but was otherwise similar. This airframe was later modified to use a V-tail for testing. With both the jet and rockets running, the plane could reach Mach 1.71, rather respectable for the early 1950s. Both prototypes were used for testing for several years.
As an interceptor the Thunderceptor was soon eclipsed by designs from other companies, but like the Thunderceptor none of these would go into production. The US Air Force decided to wait the short time needed to introduce newer and much more capable designs created as a part of the 1954 interceptor project. The Thunderceptor, like the other interceptor designs of the era, had extremely short flight times on the order of 25 minutes, making them almost useless for protecting an area as large as the United States. The 1954 designs outperformed the XF-91 in speed, range, loiter time, and included the radar and fire-control systems needed for night and all-weather operation. The era of the dedicated day fighter-type interceptor were over.
[edit] Survivors
The second prototype, 46-681, had an engine failure during takeoff from Edwards AFB in the summer of 1951. Republic Aviation test pilot Carl Bellinger escaped from the aircraft just as the tail melted off — total flight time was a mere ninety seconds. By the time fire apparatus arrived, driving seven miles across the dry lake bed, the tail section had been reduced to ashes. 46-681 was then fitted with a V or "butterfly" tail (more common on Beechcraft of the era) and was flight tested with this configuration. It was later used at Edwards AFB as a crash-crew training simulator, then scrapped.
The first prototype, serial 46-680, is preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
[edit] Specifications (XF-91 Thunderceptor)
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 43 ft 3 in (9.52 m)
- Wingspan: 31 ft 3 in (13.18 m)
- Height: 18 ft 1 in (5.51 m)
- Wing area: 320 ft² (29.73 m²)
- Empty weight: 14,140 lb (6,410 kg)
- Loaded weight: 18,600 lb (8,400 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 28,300 lb (12,840 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× General Electric J47-GE-7 (later GE-17) axial-flow turbojet, 5,200 lbs dry, 6,900 lbs with afterburner and water injection (30,6 kN))
- Powerplant: 4x Reaction Motors XLR11-RM-9 rockets, 1,500 lbf (7 kN) Performance
- Maximum speed: 984 mph (1,584 km/h)
- Range: 1,170 mi (1,880 km)
- Service ceiling 50,000 to 55,000 ft (15,200 to 16,800 m)
- Rate of climb: 47,500 ft in 2.5 minutes (14,500 m)
- Wing loading: 58.12 lb/ft² (283 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.60
Armament
- 4 x 20 mm cannon
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1, Post-World War II Fighters, 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Bibliography
- Pace, Steve. Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor Rocket Fighter (Air Force Legends N.210). Simi Valley, Ca: Steve Ginter Books, 2000. ISBN 0-942612-91-4.
- Winchester, Jim. The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-904687-34-2.
- Yeager, Chuck and Janos, Leo. Yeager: An Autobiography. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. ISBN 0-553-25674-2.
[edit] External links
[edit] Descriptions
- XF-91 in U.S Centennial of Flight Commission
- XF-91 in sci.military
- The two XF-91s at Edwards AFB in 1953 after modifications
- XF-91b at www.aerophiles.com
- XF-91 at www.aerophiles.com
- Several pictures of the XF-91 46-680
[edit] See also
Comparable aircraft Saunders-Roe SR.53 - Saunders-Roe SR.177
Related lists List of military aircraft of the United States - List of fighter aircraft
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