Wu (Ten Kingdoms)
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| Wuyue |
| Min |
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| Former Shu |
| Later Shu |
| Others |
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| Qi |
| Chengde Jiedushi (Zhao) |
| Yiwu Jiedushi |
| Dingnan Jiedushi |
| Qingyuan Jiedushi |
| Wuping Jiedushi |
| Yin |
Wu 吳 (also referred to as Huainan 淮南) was one of the Ten Kingdoms in south-central China which was in existence between the years of 907 and 937. Its capital was Guangling 廣陵 or Jiangdu 江都 (modern Yangzhou 揚州 in Jiangsu Province). It was replaced by Nantang (Southern Tang) in 937.
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[edit] Founding
The founder of Wu, Yang Xingmi, started his career as a volunteer soldier before seizing power in his home prefecture Luzhou in a military coup. The weak Tang court could only confirm his position. In 883 the governor of Huainan, Gao Pian, was captured by the rebel Bi Shiduo. Xingmi defeated Shiduo and captured the provincial capital Yangzhou, but by then Pian had been put to death. Another rebel leader, Sun Ru had Shiduo killed and absorbed his forces. Yang Xingmi was forced to abandon Yangzhou and retreat to Luzhou. With Luzhou as his base, Xingmi increased his power by seizing neighbouring prefectures until he could recapture Yangzhou in 892. For this the Tang court granted him the military governorship of Huainan.
While still nominally loyal to the Tang dynasty, rival warlords were now carving out their own statelets. Yang Xingmi clashed with Zhu Wen of Liang in the north and Qian Liu of Wuyue in the south, successfully defending his territory. In 902 Yang Xingmi was named Prince of Wu by Emperor Zhaozong of Tang.
[edit] Independence
Yang Xingmi died in 905 and was succeeded by his oldest son Yang Wo. In 907 Zhu Wen forced the last Tang emperor to abdicate and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Later Liang dynasty. Yang Wo refused to acknowledge this change and continued the use of the last reign name of Tang. From this point Wu was an independent, sovereign entity.
[edit] Subversion of power by Xu Wen
Young and untested at his father's death Yang Wo had relied on the director of the guard, Xu Wen, for his ascension, but later grew to resent Xu Wen's influence. However before he could pull himself free, Yang Wo was assassinated by Xu Wen and his colleague Zhang Hao in 908. Wen and Hao had initially planned to divide Wu between themselves and submit to Liang, but they soon fell out. Xu Wen installed Yang Wo's younger brother Longyan and had Zhang Hao killed. Yang Longyan was a mere puppet with Xu Wen as the state's true ruler. Wen made himself Runzhou governor and moved his command to Jinling. The regular administration at the capital was left to his son Xu Zhixun. After Zhixun's murder in 918 this position was inherited by Wen's stepson, Zhigao. In 919 Yang Longyan proclaimed himself King of Wu and inaugurated a new era name, thus for the first time Wu officially claimed to be a sovereign state. Longyan died of illness in 922 and was succeeded by his brother, Xingmi's fourth son, Yang Pu. As before, Xu Wen had the real power. He prodded Yang Pu to proclaim himself emperor, but died in 927 before this could happen. 29 November 927 Yang Pu acceded the throne as Emperor of Wu. Xu Zhigao was made grand marshal and director of the Chancellery.
[edit] Territorial Extent
Originally, the Wu Kingdom capital was at Guangling (present-day Yangzhou), and held present-day southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, much of Jiangxi, Hunan, and eastern Hubei. The capital was later moved to Jinling (present-day Nanjing).
[edit] End of the Kingdom
Xu Zhigao had been adopted by Xu Wen on Yang Xingmi's insistence and soon proved himself an able man. He came to power in Wu after his stepfather's death in 927 and continued to rule the state as governor of Jinling for some time. Finally in 937 he formally seized power for himself by proclaiming himself King of Qi and Yang Pu abdicated. Claiming descent from a Tang prince he restored his surname of Li and renamed the state the Southern Tang.
[edit] Rulers
- 904–905: Yáng Xíngmì 楊行密 (Tài Zǔ Xiàowǔ Huángdì 太祖孝武皇帝)
- 905–908: Yáng Wò 楊渥 (Liè Zōng Jǐng Huángdì 烈宗景皇帝)
- 908–921: Yáng Lóngyǎn 楊隆演 (Gāo Zǔ Xuān Huángdì 高祖宣皇帝)
- 921–937: Yáng Pǔ 楊溥 (Ruì Huángdì 睿皇帝)
[edit] References
^ Mote, FW. (1999). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 14.
Ouyang Xiu (2004). Historical records of the five dynasties, trans. by Richard L. Davis, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12826-6.
