World Finance Corporation
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World Finance Corporation (abbreviated WFC; it was later renamed simply WFC Corp.) was a financial corporation founded in 1971 and headquartered in Coral Gables Florida. When WFC Corp was headed and controlled by Guillermo Hernandez-Cartaya (a former Cuban banker who was an agent of the CIA, and believed to be an agent of the Mafia, Fidel Castro[1], and also of various Colombian drug lords) through the WFC Group shell company, it became known for a major financial scandal in which over $50 million was lost. This scandal was the subject of a 60 Minutes segment on 26 February 1978. Cartaya controlled it through a number of shell companies, the most well known of which was the WFC Group.
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[edit] Founding
The corporation was founded in 1971 by the Cuban expatriate banker Guillermo Hernandez-Cartaya, after he finished serving a Cuban sentence for his participation in The Bay of Pigs Invasion. The New York Times said:
With the formation of WFC, former associates said, Mr. Hernandez-Cartaya hoped to utilize his wide-ranging contacts in the Latin American political and economic world to tap the growing market between American lenders and Latin American borrowers made possible by the 1969 Edge Act.[2]
[edit] Overseas loans and banks
In 1975, WFC was designated an "exclusive official agent by the Colombian Government for a loan of $100 million, the largest in the nation's history."
[edit] Unibank
Two years previously, in 1973, WFC founded a bank in Panama called "Unibank". It received with unusual swiftness Panama's most liberal banking license, a Class One license. Most of the equity was held by WFC, but a total of %24 (8 per cent each) was held by three American banks- Mercantile International Corporation (subsidiary Mercantile Trust Company of St. Louis), First National Bank of Louisville (subsidiary of First Kentucky National Corporation), and Midatlantic International Inc. (subsidiary of Midatlantic Banks of West Orange, N. S.).
Unibank was rather successful- by 1976 it had affiliates world-wide and ~50 million dollars in deposit. Unibank was instrumental in the frauds, as it often diverted loans and loan repayments to WFC, where they typically vanished. Financial fraud was not the only actitiy- it diversified into arms smuggling and circumventing the embargo of Cuba. The deceit could not last forever, and in 1977, the Banking Commissioner of Panama seized Unibank; he had little choice since Unibank was a debtor to the National Bank of Panama, and already $10,000,000 had been lost. Unibank would not be the only bank begun by WFC principals to collapse with great financial loss.
[edit] Pan American Bank
In 1976, the Comptroller of the Currency forced Cartaya out of his control of the Pan American Bank of Hiateah in Florida- 2 million dollars had gone missing due to bad overdrafts and uncollected funds. This incident was the reason for the Comptroller's later involvement in the investigation that broke open the WFA scandal.
Also in 1976, US Customs agents intercepted a private plan inbound from Panama. Aboard was thousands of dollars in cash, strapped to a woman associated with WFC's Vice President. On the plane were also that Vice President, Cartaya, and Cartaya's wife.
[edit] Ajman Arab Bank
Another bank had been started in the United Arab Emirates's Sheikdom of Ajman, with the collaboration of the Ajman government. It was called the Ajman Arab Bank. It was plagued by the same problems as Unibank, and was shut down May of 1977. Cartaya went to the UAE, apparently to try to explain the missing money, and the authorities confiscated his passport. Cartaya none the less escaped the UAE, using documents brought him by a fellow Cuban.
[edit] Investigation and scandal
WFC came to national attention when an investigation in 1976 by the District Attorney of Dade County, Florida, (along with four other governmental agencies; besides the Dade County Public Safety Office, the FBI, the IRS, the DEA, and the Comptroller of the Currency all participated in the joint investigation) revealed that the WFC held the dubious distinction of being the longest running (and largest) launderer of money for Colombian cocaine smugglers; the investigation proceeded for approximately two years. Somewhat ironically, the law enforcement personnel literally stumbled onto lead, when, during an investigation of a pest-control service called King Spray Service suspected of drug smuggling, two agents of the Dade County Public Safety Office (which, under Donald Skelton, led the investigation until the Justice Department took over) were searching through the company's garbage, in which they found financial records of WFC, recording very large transfers of funds between the bank and the company, along with small amounts of marijuana. The investigation ruined WFC Corp, and it closed in 1980. [3]
Cartaya used the bank as the centerpiece of an elaborate corporate labyrinth, through which the funds and bad loans (to Cartaya and his associates) were filtered and "laundered". An example of the labyrinth: WFC Corp. was 100% owned by the WFC Group, which itself was owned by Cartaya to the amount of %24.7; another %23.3 was held by "Neo-Floridian Development Company"- of NFDC, %54.4 was held by Cartaya, again.
A considerable proportion of the money was funneled through a bank in the Bahamas called the Cisalpine Bank, and from thence to the Vatican Bank to Swiss numbered accounts; this bank was owned by Vatican Bank manager Archbishop Paul Marcinkus and notorious dirty Italian banker Roberto Calvi. Interestingly, the Cisalpine bank seems to have also been laundering heroin profits through the Nugan Hand Bank bank for the Grey Wolves.
The bank was involved with a number of prominent Floridians, such as Walter Sterling Surrey, a stockholder in, director of, and lawyer for, WFC Corp. Kwitny recounts,
Surrey says he came aboard mainly to help start a foreign-based mutual fund for an old client, a Cuban exile who helped found World Finance. He says he dropped out in 1976 when the mutual fund deal fell through, and that he was unaware of any criminal or intelligence activities of the company.[3]
The investigation and its aftermath were marred and dogged by persistent rumors and allegations of corruption and cover ups by various governmental agencies. Jonathan Kwitny writes this of the Justice Department's head investigator, Jerome Sanford:
He says the main investigation was halted by Washington in 1978, after the CIA objected that 12 of the Justice Department's chief targets were "of interest" to it. Sanford says he was told that this meant the men he was investigating were CIA operatives of one sort or another. Florida lawmen who worked with Sanford backed up his story.[3]
Two of the suspects were Richard Fincher and Hernandez-Cartaya. In the aftermath, Florida Attorney General Robert Shevin returned $7,600 in contributions from WFC-connected Latin businessmen. Dade County Democratic chairman Michael Abrams resigned from the board of a WFC-backed insurance company[4].
Kwitny and Sanford were not the only ones to detect things amiss; Kwitny offers this extract from a House Select Committee on Narcotics and Drug Abuse staff report:
There is no question that the parameters of the WFC can encompass a large body of criminal activity, including aspects of political corruption, gun running, as well as narcotics trafficking on an international level... It is against this background that our investigation encountered a number of veiled or direct references to CIA or KGB complicity or involvement in narcotics trafficking in South Florida.[3]
There were also allegations that 8 of the 12 bank directors were either current or former CIA employees, and that then-CIA director William J. Casey (coincidentally, a Roman Catholic) apparently stymied the investigation for reasons of "national security". And so the two year investigation ended in the conviction of Cartaya in 1982 for nothing more than tax evasion.
[edit] References
- ^ The Miami Herald; February 27, 1978, Monday; Section 1, Page 8, Column 1; an abstract of William R. Amlong's article:
"Representative Lester Wolff, chairman of House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, says Guillermo Hernandez-Cartaya is being investigated as a business partner of Fidel Castro. His committee is looking at $100 million loan arranged by Castro and Hernandez-Cartaya's Miami-based international banking firm, WFC Corp, to Colombia. Wolff alleges loan conditions include facililtation of cocaine smuggling from Colombia to US by Miami firm. Cites intelligence reports from various federal agencies."
- ^ "Cuban Exile Banker Under Wide Inquiry", Jeff Gerth, 15 December 1977, A1, The New York Times
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedendless - ^ Gloria Marina; Patrick Riordan (reporter). "Sunday; Section 4, Page 8, Column 1", The Miami Herald, March 19, 1978.
- "People", 12 March 1978, section F7, The New York Times
- Mark Lombardi: Global Networks. Mark Lombardi, Robert Carleton Hobbs, Judith Richards; Independent Curators, 2003 (published for the travelling exhibition of his work, "Mark Lombardi Global Networks"). ISBN 0-916365-67-0
