Works of Demosthenes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Logoi, the famous speeches by Demosthenes, in a 1570 edition, in greek surrounded by greek commentary, amongst other works of the period
The Logoi, the famous speeches by Demosthenes, in a 1570 edition, in greek surrounded by greek commentary, amongst other works of the period

Demosthenes (384–322 BC, Greek: Δημοσθένης) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute the last significant expression of Athenian intellectual prowess and provide a thorough insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece. The Alexandrian Canon compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace recognized Demosthenes as one of the 10 greatest Attic orators and logographers. Cicero acclaimed him as "the perfect orator,"[1] while Quintilian extolled him as "lex orandi" and underscored that "inter omnes unus excellat."[2]

Contents

[edit] Manuscript tradition

Demosthenes must have written down and put them into circulation most of his orations.[3] In the next generation after his death, texts of his speeches survived in at least two places: Athens and the Library of Alexandria (early-mid third century BC). During this period, Callimachus was responsible for producing the catalogue of all the volumes contained in the Library. Demosthenes' speeches were incorporated into the body of classical Greek literature that was preserved, catalogued and studied by scholars of the Hellenistic period. From then until the fourth century CE copies of his orations multiplied at a time when Demosthenes was deemed the most important writer in the rhetorical world and every serious student of rhetoric needed access to his writings. Texts of his speeches were in a relatively good position to survive the tense period fron the sixth till the ninth century CE.[4]

Scholars have recorded 258 Byzantine manuscripts of Demosthenes' speeches and 21 of extracts. Modern editions of these speeches are based on four of these manuscripts:

  • The tenth-century Venetus Marcianus 416 (called F), including the sixty-one orations, which finally survived. The Aldine edition was based on three manuscripts of the same family as F, though not on F itself; so the customary order of the speeches is of this family.[5]
  • The tenth- or eleventh-century Monacensis Augustanus 485 (called A), which includes fifty-four speeches. Those omitted are 12, 45, 46, 52, 60 and 61.[5]
  • The tenth- or eleventh-century Parisinus 2935 (called Y), which includes twenty-nine speeches (1-21, 23, 22, 24-26, 59, 61 and 60 in that order[5]).
  • The tenth- or eleventh-century Parisinus 2934 (called S) considered to be the most reliable by many scholars.[6] It omits item 12 (Philip's Letter) but includes the 60 speeches. A facsimile of the code was published in 1892-93, in Paris, by H. Omont.[7]

[edit] Authorship

The authorship of at least nine of the sixty-one orations is disputed. F.Blass disputes the authorship of the following speeches: Fourth Philippic, Funeral Oration, Erotic Essay, Against Stephanus 2 and Against Evergus and Mnesibulus.[8] A. Schaefer recognizes as genuine only twenty-nine, disputing the authorship of the following orations among others: Reply to Philip, Against Leochares, Against Stephanus 1 and Against Eubulides.[9] Friedrich Blass argues that nine more speeches were recorded by the orator, but they are not extant.[10]

v • d • e
Demosthenes' orations
Political
Olynthiacs 1-2-3 · First Philippic · On the Peace · Second Philippic · On the Halonnesus · On the Chersonese · Third Philippic · Fourth Philippic · Reply to Philip · Philip · On Organisation · On the Navy · For the Megalopolitans · On the Liberty of the Rhodians · On the Accession of Alexander
Judicial
On the Crown · On the False Embassy · Against Leptines · Against Meidias · Against Androtion · Against Aristocrates · Against Timocrates · Against Aristogiton 1-2 · Against Aphobus 1-2-3 · Against Ontenor 1-2 · Against Zenothemis · Against Apatourius · Against Phormio · Against Lacritus · For Phormio · Against Pantaenetus · Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes · Against Boeotus 1-2 · Against Spudias · Against Phaenippus · Against Macartatus · Against Leochares · Against Stephanus 1-2 · Against Evergus and Mnesibulus · Against Olympiodorus · Against Timotheus · Against Polycles · On the Trierarcic Crown · Against Callipus · Against Nicostratus · Against Conon · Against Callicles · Against Dionysodorus · Against Eubulides · Against Theocrines · Against Naeara
Epideictic

[edit] Prologues

Fifty-five passages bearing the collective title prooimia (or prooimia dēmēgorika) — (demegoric) prologues or preambles — are extant. These were openings of Demosthenes' speeches, collected by Callimachus for the Library of Alexandria, and preserved in several of the manuscripts that contain Demosthenes' speeches.[11] The passages vary somewhat in length, though most are about one page or slightly less.[12] The majority of the prologues bear no relation to Demosthenes' other extant speeches (only five correspond closely to the beginnings of five of Demosthenes' Assembly speeches), but we have only seventeen public orations by him. The topics that arise vary considerably, and there is no apparent order.[11] The prologues give us insights into the Athenians' attitude to their democracy as well as to the reactions and even expectations of an audience at an Assembly.[13] Callimachus believed that Demosthenes composed them, as also did Julius Pollux and Stobaeus.[14] Modern scholars are divided: Some of them reject them,[15] while others believe they were genuine.[16]

[edit] Letters

Six letters are written under Demosthenes' name, but their authorship has been fiercely debated.[17] J.A. Goldstein regards Demosthenes's letters as authentic apologetic letters that were addressed to the Athenian assembly and asserts that "whether the letters had a spurious origin as propaganda or as rhetorical fictions, the aim of the author would be to present a defense of Demosthenes' career, a simulated self-defense".[18] Ostensibly, the first four were written by Demosthenes during his exile in 323 BC, the fifth in his youth, and the sixth during the Lamian War.[5]

[edit] Citations and notes

  1. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 35
  2. ^ Quintillian, Institutiones, X, 1, 6 and 76
  3. ^ H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66
  4. ^ H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 28
  5. ^ a b c d R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 222
  6. ^ I. Kalitsounakis, Demosthenes, 958; C.A. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1; K.A. Kapparis, Apollodoros against Neaira, 62. The preference for S has been challenged by Dieter Irmer (Zur Genealogie, 95-99) and defended by Hermann Wankel (R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 222).
  7. ^ I. Kalitsounakis, Demosthenes, 958; Maurenbrecher-Wagner-Freund, Grundzüge, 176
  8. ^ F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 404-406 and 542-546
  9. ^ A. Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, III, 111, 178, 247 and 257
  10. ^ F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 2, 60
  11. ^ a b I. Worthington, Demosthenes, 57
  12. ^ H. Yunis, Taming Democracy, 287
  13. ^ I. Worthington, Demosthenes, 56
  14. ^ I. Worthington, Oral Performance, 135
  15. ^ I. Kalitsounakis, Demosthenes, 957. In prologues 54-55, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff recognized parts of Athenian speeches of the third century BC (R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 221).
  16. ^ F. Blass, Die Attische Beredsamkeit, 3.1, 281-287; H. Yunis, Taming Democracy, 289: "No imitator [...] could perfectly imitate Demosthenes in style and substance while excluding all inappropriate or anachronistic elements."
  17. ^ F.J. Long, Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology, 102; M. Trap, Greek and Latin Letters, 12
  18. ^ J.A. Goldstein, The Letters of Demosthenes, 93

[edit] References

  • Blass, Friedrich (1887–1898). Die Attische Beredsamkeit — Third Volume (in German). B. G. Teubner. 
  • Gibson, Graig A. (2002). Interpreting a Classic. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22956-8. 
  • Goldstein, Jonathan A. (1968). The Letters of Demosthenes. Columbia University Press. 
  • Irmer, Dieter (1972). Zur Genealogie der Jungeren Demostheneshandschriften: Untersuchungen an den Reden 8 und 9 (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. 
  • Kalitsounakis, Ioannis (1952). "Demosthenes". The Helios. Ed. Ioannis D. Passias. Athens: Encyclopedic Review "The Helios". 
  • Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros Against Neaira. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016390-X. 
  • Long, Fredrick J. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84233-6. 
  • Schaefer, Arnold (1885). Demosthenes und seine Zeit — Third Volume (in German). B. G. Teubner. 
  • Sealey, Raphael (1993). "The Transmission of the Demosthenic Corpus", Demosthenes and His Time: A Study in Defeat. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-07928-0. 
  • Trapp, Michael (2003). Greek and Latin Letters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49943-7. 
  • Weil, Henri (1975). Biography of Demosthenes in "Demosthenes' Orations". Papyros (from the Greek translation). 
  • Worthington, Ian (2004). "Oral Performance in the Athenian Assembly and the Demosthenic Prooemia", Oral Performance and its Context edited by C.J. MacKie. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9-004-13680-0. 
  • Worthington, Ian (2006). "Prologues", Demosthenes, Speeches 60 And 61, Prologues, Letters. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71332-0. 
  • Yunis, Harvey (2001). "Introduction", Demosthenes: On the Crown. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62930-6. 
  • Yunis, Harvey (1996). "Appendix II: The Authenticity of Demosthenes' Collection of Demegoric Preambles", Taming Democracy. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-801-48358-1.