Women in the United States Navy
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[edit] Pre-World War I
Women worked as nurses for the Navy as early as the Civil War. The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established in 1908. See United States Navy Nurse Corps for the evolution of the Navy Nurse Corps.
[edit] World War I
The increased size of the United States Navy in support of World War I increased the need for clerical and administrative support. Since Naval Reserve Act of 1916 authorizing the enlistment of yeomen did not specify that they had to be male, the Navy was able to induct its first female sailors into the U. S. Naval Reserve. Women served around the continental U. S. and in France, Guam and Hawaii, mostly as yeomen, but also as radio operators, electricians, draftsmen, pharmacists, photographers, telegraphers, fingerprint experts, chemists, torpedo assemblers and camouflage designers. The women were all released from active duty after the end of the war. See Yeoman (F).
[edit] World War II
World War II again brought the need for additional personnel. This time the Navy organized to recruit women into a separate women's auxiliary, labeled Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES). WAVES served in varied positions around the continental U. S. and in Hawaii. See WAVES.
[edit] Korean War Era
[edit] Vietnam War Era
[edit] Women in the Navy since 1972
[edit] Admirals
The first promotion of a woman in the United States Navy to flag rank occurred in 1972.
Name | Commission[1] | Position | Community [2] | RDML [3] | RADM [4] | VADM [5] | Retired [6] | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Patricia A. Tracey | 1970 | Director, Navy Staff, N09B, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations | URL | ? | ? | 1996 | 2004 | First woman to earn third star in the US Navy. |
2 | Ann E. Rondeau | 1974 (OCS) | Deputy Commander, United States Transportation Command | Fleet Support | 1999 | 2002 | 2005 | Currently on active duty. | |
3 | Nancy Elizabeth Brown | 1974 (OCS) | Director for C4 Systems (J6) | URL | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | Currently on active duty. | |
4 | Elizabeth A. Hight | 1977 (OCS) | Director, Defense Information Systems Agency | URL | 2003 | 2006 | 2008 | Currently on active duty. | |
5 | Fran McKee | 1950 | Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Human Resource Management | URL | 1976 | 1978 | 1981 | First woman line officer promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy. Second woman promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy | |
6 | Roberta L. Hazard | 1960 | Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, Personnel Readiness and Community Support 1989-1992 | URL | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | First woman to command a Navy training command (NTC San Diego 1982). | |
7 | Louise C. Wilmot | 1964 | Commander, Naval Base Philadelphia -1994 | URL | 1988 | ?? | 1994 | First woman to command a naval base. | |
8 | Mariann Stratton | 1966 | 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1991-1994 | Nurse Corps | 1991 | ? | 1994 | 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | |
9 | Marsha J. Evans | 1967 | Superintendent of the Naval Postgraduate School 1995-1998 | Fleet Support | 1992 | 1995 | 1998 | Retired. | |
10 | Barbara E. McGann | 1970 (OCS) | Provost, Naval War College 2000-2002 | URL | 1994 | 1997 | 2002 | Notes. | |
11 | Joan Marie Engel | 1969 | 18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1994-1998 | Nurse Corps | 1994 | ?? | 2000 | 18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | |
12 | Veronica Froman | 1970 | Director, Ashore Readiness, Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C. 2000-2001 | Fleet Support | 1995 | 1999 | 2001 | Commander, Navy RegionSouthwest, 1997-2000. | |
13 | Kathleen Paige | 1971 | Program Director, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense 2003-2005 | Engineering Duty Officer | 1996 | 1999 | 2005 | Retired. | |
14 | Bonnie Burnham Potter | 1975 (OIS) | Fleet Surgeon, U.S. Atlantic Fleet 1999- | Medical Corps | 1997 | 2000 | 2003 | first woman PHYSICIAN to become a flag officer in the military. | |
15 | Karen A. Harmeyer | ???? | Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations, N093R, Washington, D.C. | Nurse Corps (Reserve) | 1997 | 2000 | ? | Retired. | |
16 | Annette E. Brown | 1974 (OCS) | Commander, Navy Region Southeast (2002) | Fleet Support | 1998 | 2001 | 2005 | Retired. | |
17 | Kathleen L. Martin | 1973 (OIS) | Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy/ Vice Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2002-2005 | Nurse Corps | 1998 | 2001 | 2005 | 19th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps from August 1998 to August 2001. First Nurse Corps officer to be assigned to the position of Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy. | |
18 | Linda J. Bird | 1974 (OCS) | Director, Supply, Ordnance and Logistics Operations Division, N41 2003-2005 | Supply Corps | 1999 | 2002 | 2005 | Retired. | |
19 | Elizabeth M. Morris | 1973 (OIS) | Deputy Chief for Reserve Affairs at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2005-2006? | Nurse Corps, Reserve | 2000 | 2004 | 2006? | Retired. | |
20 | Nancy J. Lescavage | 1972 (OIS) | Senior Health Care Executive Regional Director, TRICARE Regional Office – West | Nurse Corps | 2001 | 2004 | 20th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
21 | Donna L. Crisp | 1974 (OCS) | Commander, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command | URL | 2001 | 2005 | Currently on active duty. | ||
22 | Ann D. Gilbride | 1978 (OCS) | Associate Director of Naval Intelligence | Reserve | 2003 | 2006 | Currently on active duty. | ||
23 | Sharon H. Redpath | 1976 (ROTC) | Vice Commander, Navy Expeditionary Combat Command, Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group | Reserve | 2003 | 2006 | Currently serving. | ||
24 | Carol M. Pottenger | 1977 (ROTC) | Commander, Expeditionary Strike Group 7/Task Force 76 | SWO | 2003 | 2007 | Currently serving. | ||
25 | Christine Bruzek-Kohler | 1974 | 21st Director, Navy Nurse Corps | Nurse Corps | 2004 | 2007 | 21st Director of the Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
26 | Christine S. Hunter | 1980 | Commander, Navy Medicine West, Naval Medical Center San Diego | Medical | 2004 | 2007 | Currently on active duty. | ||
27 | Moira N. Flanders | 1978 (OCS) | Director, Inter-American Defense College | URL | 2005 | 2008 | Currently on active duty. | ||
28 | Wendi B. Carpenter | 1977 (AOCS) | Deputy Commander, Second Fleet | Reserve | 2004 | 2008 | Currently serving. | ||
29 | Karen A. Flaherty | 1973 (OIS) | Senior Health Care Executive,Deputy Commander Force Integration National Capital Area, Deputy Director of the Nurse Corps | Nurse Corps, Reserve | 2003 | 2008 | Currently serving. | ||
30 | Alene B. Duerk | 1943 | Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970-1975 | Nurse Corps | 1972 | 1975 | First woman promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy. Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970-1975. | ||
31 | Maxine Conder | 1951 | Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1975-1979 | Nurse Corps | 1975 | 1979? | Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
32 | Frances Shea-Buckley | 1951 | 14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1979-1983 | Nurse Corps | 1979 | 1983 | 14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
33 | Pauline Hartington | 1953 | Commander, Naval Training Center Orlando | URL | 1981 | 1983? | Second woman line officer selected for flag rank. | ||
34 | Grace Hopper | 1944 | Head, Training and Technology Directorate/Special Advisor to the Commander, Naval Data Automation Command | URL? | 1983 | 1986 | Co-inventor of COBOL. Arleigh Burke class guided missile destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) named for RADM Hopper. | ||
35 | Mary Joan Nielubowicz | 1951 | 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1983-1987 | Nurse Corps | 1983 | 1987 | 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
36 | Mary F. Hall | 1959 | 16th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1987-1991 | Nurse Corps | 1987 | 1991 | Director, Navy Nurse Corps. | ||
37 | Maryanne T. Gallagher Ibach | 1964 | Reserve Nurse Corps | 1990 | 1995 | First Reserve flag officer for Navy Nurse Corps. | |||
38 | Katharine L. Laughton | ???? | Commander, Naval Space Command, Dahlgren, VA 1995-1997 | Fleet Support | 1993 | 1997 | Retired. | ||
39 | Jacqueline O. (Allison) Barnes | ???? | Director, On-Site Inspection Directorate 1998-2000 | Fleet Support | 1996 | 2000 | Retired. | ||
40 | Lillian E. Fishburne | 1973 (OCS) | Director, Information Transfer Division for the Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control Directorate ?-2001 | URL | 1998 | 2001 | first African-American woman to achieve flag rank. | ||
41 | Marianne B. Drew | 1967 | Deputy Commander, Navy Personnel Command | Reserve, Fleet Support | 1998 | ? | Retired. | ||
42 | Rosanne M. Levitre | 1973 (OCS) | Director of Intelligence, J2, U.S. Joint Forces Command | Intelligence | 2000 | 2005 | First Director, Navy Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), FORCEnet. First female Intel officer selected for flag rank in the United States Navy. | ||
43 | Eleanor Mariano | 1977 | White House Physician | Medical Corps | 2000 | 2001 | First Filipino-American flag officer. | ||
44 | Carol I.B. Turner | 1977 | Senior Health Care Executive, U.S. Navy Commander, Navy Medicine Support Command | Dental Corps | 2003 | Currently on active duty. | |||
45 | Deborah Loewer | 1976 (OCS) | Commander, Mine Warfare Command 2005-2006 | Surface Warfare | 2003 | 2006 | First warfare-qualified woman selected for flag rank in the United States Navy. | ||
46 | Janice M. Hamby | 1980 (ROTC) | Director of Global Operations Naval Network Warfare Command | URL | 2006 | Currently on active duty. | |||
47 | Michelle J. Howard | 1982 (USNA) | Senior Military Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy | Surface Warfare | 2006 | Currently on active duty. | |||
48 | Kathleen M. Dussault | 1979 (OCS) | Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy For Acquisition and Logistics Management | Supply Corps | 2006 | Currently on active duty. | |||
49 | Robin R. Braun | 1980 | Deputy Commander, Navy Recruiting Command | Reserve, Naval Aviator | 2007 | Currently serving. | |||
50 | Sandy L. Daniels | 1980 (USNA) | Reserve Assistant Communication Networks (OPNAV N6R) | Reserve | 2007 | Currently serving. | |||
51 | Cynthia A. Dullea | 1980 (OIS) | Deputy Commander, Navy Medicine National Capital Area | Reserve | 2007 | Currently serving. | |||
52 | Patricia E. Wolfe | 1981 (ROTC) | Commanding Officer, Navy Supply Support Battalion ONE, Phoenix, Ariz. | Reserve, Supply Corps | 2007 | Currently serving. | |||
53 | Nora W. Tyson | 1979 (OCS) | Commander, Logistics Group, Western Pacific | Naval Flight Officer | 2007 | Currently on active duty. | |||
54 | Elizabeth S. Niemyer | ???? | assistant deputy chief of staff for operations, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery | ??? | 2008 | Currently serving. | |||
55 | Cynthia A. Covell | ???? | executive assistant to the assistant secretary of the Navy (manpower and reserve affairs) | ??? | 2008 | Currently on active duty. | |||
56 | Margaret D. Klein | 1981 (USNA) | Commandant of Midshipmen, USNA | Naval Flight Officer | 2008 | 82nd Commandant of Midshipmen, USNA - first woman. | |||
57 | Maude E. Young | ???? | major program manager for National Reconnaissance Office and National Remote Sensing System, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Space Field Activity, Chantilly, Va. | ??? | 2008 | Currently on active duty. |
[edit] See also
United States Navy Nurse Corps
[edit] Further Reading
- Godson, Susan H. (2001). Serving Proudly: A history of Women in the U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-317-6.
- Ebbert, Jean and Marie-Beth Hall (1999). Crossed Currents: Navy Women in a Century of Change [Third Edition, Revised and Updated]. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1574881936.
- Ebbert, Jean and Marie-Beth Hall (2002). The First, the Few, the Forgotten: Navy and Marine Corps Women in World War I. Annapolis, MD: The Naval Institute Press. ISBN 155750203X.
- Sterner, Doris M. (1997). In and Out of Harm's Way: A history of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. Seattle, WA : Peanut Butter Publishing. ISBN 0897167066.
- Hancock, Joy Bright Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) (1972). Lady in the Navy A Personal Reminiscence. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-336-9.
- Collins, Winifred Quick Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) with Herbert M. Levine (1997). More Than A Uniform: A Navy Woman in a Navy Man's World. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 1-57441-022-9.
- Holme, Jeanne Maj Gen, USAF (Ret) (1972). Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution [Revised Edition]. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-089141-450-9.
[edit] Bibliographies
- Women in the Navy, a bibliography compiled in 1998 by Diana Simpson, Bibliographer, Air University Library, Maxwell AFB.
- Women in the U.S. Navy: Bibliography and Sources from the Naval Historical Center.
- 30 YEARS OF WOMEN AT USNA, selected bibliography of resources available in the Naval Academy's Nimitz Library.
- Bibliography on women in the military from the Women in Military Service for America (WIMSA) Memorial
[edit] External Links
- Sea Services Leadership Association supporting motivated Sea Service officers since 1978. (Formerly Women Officers Professional Association.)