Wolverhampton

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Wolverhampton
—  City  —
City of Wolverhampton
Skyline of Wolverhampton
Official logo of Wolverhampton
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname: W'ton, Wolves
Motto: Out of darkness cometh light
Wolverhampton shown within England
Wolverhampton shown within England
Coordinates: 52°35′N 2°08′W / 52.583, -2.133
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region West Midlands
Ceremonial county West Midlands
Admin HQ Wolverhampton city centre
Founded 985
Founder Lady Wulfruna
Named for Lady Wulfruna
Government
 - Type Metropolitan borough
 - Governing body Wolverhampton City Council
 - MPs Rob Marris (L)
Pat McFadden (L)
Ken Purchase (L)
Area
 - Total 26.8 sq mi (69.44 km²)
Population (2006 est)
 - Total 236,600 (Ranked 45th)
 - Density 8,824.1/sq mi (3,407/km²)
 - Ethnicity
(United Kingdom Estimate 2005) [1]		 76.5% White
14.7% S.Asian
4.8% Black
1.1% Chinese or other
2.9% Mixed Race
Time zone Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
 - Summer (DST) British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Postcode WV
Area code(s) 01902
ISO 3166-2 GB-WLV
ONS code 00CW
OS grid reference SO915985
NUTS 3 UKG35
Website: http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk

Wolverhampton (pronunciation (help·info)) is a city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England. In 2004, it had an estimated population of 239,100;[2] the wider Urban Area had a population of 251,462,[3] which makes it the 13th largest city in England.

Historically a part of Staffordshire, and forming part of the metropolitan county of the West Midlands from 1974, the city is commonly recognised as being named after Lady Wulfruna, who founded the town in 985: its name coming from Anglo-Saxon Wulfrūnehēantūn = "Wulfrūn's high or principal enclosure or farm".[4] Alternatively, the city may have earned its original name from a local Danish leader who was called Wulfere.[5] Nevertheless, the name Wulfruna is commonly used in the city - for example, for the Wulfrun Centre or for Wulfrun Hall.

The city's name is often abbreviated to "W'ton"[6] or "Wolves".[7][8] The city council's motto is "Out of darkness, cometh light".[9] People from Wolverhampton are known as Wulfrunians.

The city grew initially as a market town with specialism within the woollen trade. During and after the Industrial Revolution, the city became a major industrial centre, with mining (mostly coal, limestone and iron ore) as well as production of steel, japanning, locks, motorcycles and cars - including the first vehicle to hold the Land speed record at over 200mph. Today the major industries within the city are both engineering based (including a large aerospace industry) and within the service sector.[10]

Contents

[edit] History

Wolverhampton is recorded as being the site of a decisive battle between the Saxons and Danes in 963.[11] The Saxons claimed a decisive victory and the field of Woden is recognised by numerous place names in Wednesfield.[12][13]

Statue of Lady Wulfruna on western side of St. Peter's Collegiate Church
Statue of Lady Wulfruna on western side of St. Peter's Collegiate Church

A monastery existed in Wolverhampton in Saxon times, founded by Lady Wulfruna and consecrated in 994, for which Wulfruna granted land at Upper Arley in Worcestershire, Bilston, Willenhall, Wednesfield, Pelsall, Ogley Hay near Brownhills, Hilton near Wall, Hatherton, Kinvaston, Hilton near Wolverhampton, and Featherstone. This became the site for the new St. Peter's Church in 1425. A statue of Lady Wulfruna, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, can be seen on the stairs outside the church.

By the 13th century Wolverhampton had grown to become a thriving market town. The city was famous for its part in the woolen trade, a fact that can be seen by the inclusion of a woolpack on the city's coat of arms, and by the many small streets, especially in the city centre, called "Fold" (examples being Blossom's Fold, Farmers Fold, Townwell Fold and Victoria Fold), as well as Woolpack Street and Woolpack Alley.

From the 16th century onwards, Wolverhampton became home to a number of metal industries including lock and key making and iron and brass working. In 1512, Sir Stephen Jenyns, a former Lord Mayor of London, who was born in the city founded Wolverhampton Grammar School, one of the oldest active schools in Britain.

In January 1606, two farmers, Thomas Smart and John Holyhead of Rowley Regis, were hanged in High Green, now Queen Square, for sheltering some of the Gunpowder Plotters who had fled to the Midlands. The pair played no part in the original plot but nevertheless suffered the traitor's death of being hanged, drawn and quartered on butcher's blocks set up in the square a few days before the execution of Guy Fawkes and several other plotters in London.

In the 19th century the area to the south-east of the city became known as the Black Country because of the heavy industrial pollution which covered the area in black soot. In Victorian times, Wolverhampton grew to be a wealthy town mainly due to the huge amount of industry that occurred as a result of the abundance of coal and iron deposits in the area. The remains of this wealth can be seen in local houses such as Wightwick Manor and The Mount (both built for the Mander family, prominent varnish and paint manufacturers), and Tettenhall Towers. Many other houses of similar stature were built only to be demolished in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 19th century the city saw much immigration from Wales and Ireland. Wolverhampton is home to a large proportion of the Sikh community who settled in Wolverhampton during the period 1935 - 1970 from the Indian state of Punjab. Today the Sikh community in Wolverhampton is roughly 8% of the city's population.

Wolverhampton was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1849 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

In 1866, a statue was erected in memory of Prince Albert, the unveiling of which brought Queen Victoria to Wolverhampton.[1] The unveiling of the statue was the first public appearance Queen Victoria had made since the funeral of her husband the Prince Consort. A 40 foot tall archway made of coal was constructed for the visit. The Queen was so pleased with the statue that she knighted the then mayor, an industrialist named John Morris. Market Square, originally named High Green, was renamed Queen Square in honour of the visit. The statue replaced a Russian cannon captured from Sevastopol during the Crimean War in 1855, and remains standing in Queen Square althogh not quite in its original position when it was moved by about 10 yards down the side of the hill also it is not in the original direction.

Location of the UK's first set of traffic lights at Princes Square: the poles are painted with black and white bands as they were originally.
Location of the UK's first set of traffic lights at Princes Square: the poles are painted with black and white bands as they were originally.

England's first automatic traffic lights could be seen in Princes Square, Wolverhampton in 1927. The modern traffic lights at this location have the traditional striped poles to commemorate this fact.

The railways reached Wolverhampton in 1837, with the first station located at Wednesfield Heath, now Heath Town. This station was demolished in 1965, but the area exists as a nature reserve just off Powell Street. Wolverhampton Railway Works was established in 1849 for the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and became the Northern Division workshop of the Great Western Railway in 1854.

Wolverhampton High Level station (the current main railway station) opened in 1852, but the original station was demolished in 1965 and then rebuilt. Wolverhampton Low Level station opened on the Great Western Railway in 1855. The site of the Low Level station, which closed to passengers in 1972 and completely in 1981, is currently undergoing redevelopment. Wolverhampton St George's (in the city centre) is now the northern terminus for the Midland Metro light rail system. Wolverhampton was one of the few towns to operate surface contact trams and the only town to use the Lorain Surface Contact System. Trolleybuses appeared in 1923 and in 1930 for a brief period, Wolverhampton was the world's largest trolleybus system. The last trolleybus ran in 1967, just as the railway line through the High Level station was converted to electric operation.

In 1918 David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister announced he was calling a General Election at "The Mount" in Tettenhall Wood. Lloyd George also made his "Homes fit for heroes" speech at Wolverhampton Grand Theatre in the same year. It was on the idea of "Homes fit for heroes" that Lloyd George was to fight the 1918 "Coupon" General Election.

Wolverhampton was represented politically in Victorian times by the Liberal MP Charles Pelham Villiers, a noted free trade supporter, who was also the longest serving MP in parliamentary history. Lord Wolverhampton, Henry Hartley Fowler was MP for Wolverhampton at the turn of the century. Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander, a member of the Mander family, was Liberal MP for Wolverhampton East from 1929 to 1945, distinguished for his stance against Appeasement and as a supporter of the League of Nations; known as "the last of the Midland radicals". More recent members have included the Conservative mavericks Enoch Powell and Nicholas Budgen. In 2005, former Bilston councillor and MP for Wolverhampton South East, Dennis Turner entered the House of Lords as Lord Turner of Bilston.

The United Kingdom government announced on December 18, 2000 that Wolverhampton would be granted city status, making it one of three "Millennium Cities".[14]

[edit] Governance

The vast majority of Wolverhampton is governed locally by Wolverhampton City Council, although some small areas are governed by South Staffordshire District Council.

The area administered by the City Council is represented in the national United Kingdom parliament by three MPs representing Wolverhampton South West, Wolverhampton South East and Wolverhampton North East constituencies, with the areas administered by South Staffordshire District Council being represented by South Staffordshire constituency. The entire city is part of the West Midlands constituency of the European Parliament.

Since the abolition of West Midlands County Council in 1986, Wolverhampton City Council has been effectively a unitary authority. South Staffordshire District Council is a two-tier authority, with some services provided by Staffordshire County Council.

[edit] Civic history

Wolverhampton gained the beginnings of modern local government in 1777, when the Wolverhampton Improvement Act was passed by Parliament. This allowed for the establishment of 125 Town Commissioners who undertook a variety of local improvement work such as punishing bear baiting, improving drainage, widening streets and by the end of the century street lighting had been provided in the at every street corner and over the doorway of every inn, and water supply had been improved by the sinking of ten new wells and the provision of a great water tank in the market place. Policing had been improved with the appointment of ten watchmen and attempts were also made to regulate the markets and inspect hazardous food.[15][16]

Wolverhampton parliamentary borough was created by the Reform Act 1832, which included areas currently located with the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Walsall and Sandwell such as Wren's Nest, New Invention and Gornal. It initially returned two Members of Parliament.

Wolverhampton was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1849 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and at the same time Wolverhampton Borough Police was formed. The town was then made a County Borough in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888.

In 1933, the boundaries of the borough expanded, taking in areas from Cannock Rural District and Seisdon Rural District, with very little of the surrounding urban area being affected,[17] with only Heath Town Urban District being abolished.

The bulk of the formerly independent urban districts of Bilston (a borough itself after 1933), Tettenhall and Wednesfield were added to the borough in 1966,[18] along with part of the urban district of Coseley and small parts from Sedgley and Willenhall. At the same time Wolverhampton Borough Police was disestablished and the larger West Midlands Constabulary, which covered not only Wolverhampton but the County Boroughs of Walsall, Dudley, West Bromwich and Warley took over its duties and was headquartered in the city.

Wolverhampton was one of only two County Boroughs (the other being Liverpool) to have no changes made to the boundary during the 1974 reorganisation of local government, the borough already having a population larger than the 250,000 required for education authorities. This contrasted with both the Redcliffe-Maud Report, and the initial White Paper for the 1974 reforms[19] where large areas of the present South Staffordshire district were to be added to the borough. During the 1974 reforms it was placed within the West Midlands Metropolitan County.

Wolverhampton was also a Royal Peculiar covering a large area.

[edit] Wolverhampton City Council

The council offices are located in the Civic Centre, which is located in St.Peter's Square in the city centre.[20]

No political party currently has a majority on the City Council, and it is currently controlled by a coalition between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrat Party.[21] The Labour Party have been in majority on the council since 1974, with the exceptions of 1978, 1979, 1987, 1992 and 2008.[22]

Councillor Christine Mills is Mayor of Wolverhampton for 2007-08.[23]

Wolverhampton City Council was assessed by the Audit Commission and judged to be "improving well" in providing services for local people; this rating was given to 59% of local authorities. Overall the council was awarded "three star" status meaning it was "performing well" and "consistently above minimum requirements", similar to 46% of all local authorities. It was noted that it was rated as "good" for childrens' and young people's services; whilst the Supporting People programme was judged to be "poor".[24]

The Vision Statement for the council is "Wolverhampton City Council, Leading, Supporting and Inspiring our City. Proud to be of service today and rising to the challenges of tomorrow."[25]

Party political make-up of Wolverhampton City Council
   Party Seats[26] Current Council (2008–09)
2007 2008
  Labour 36 28                                                                                                                        
  Conservative 21 27                                                                                                                        
  Lib Dems 4 5                                                                                                                        
  Independent 1 0                                                                                                                        

[edit] Wards

There are 20 wards of Wolverhampton City Council:

Ward name Area (ha)/mi2 Population Population density (people per hectare) Ref.
Bilston East 384 hectares (1.48 sq mi) 10,741 27.97 [27]
Bilston North 290 hectares (1.1 sq mi) 13,527 46.58 [28]
Blakenhall 342 hectares (1.32 sq mi) 11,301 33.09 [29]
Bushbury North 481 hectares (1.86 sq mi) 12,021 25.00 [30]
Bushbury South and Low Hill 342 hectares (1.32 sq mi) 14,103 41.24 [31]
East Park 342 hectares (1.32 sq mi) 10,452 30.59 [32]
Ettingshall 417 hectares (1.61 sq mi) 10,839 26.00 [33]
Fallings Park 244 hectares (0.94 sq mi) 10,996 45.13 [34]
Graiseley 225 hectares (0.87 sq mi) 11,691 52.07 [35]
Heath Town 270 hectares (1.0 sq mi) 10,876 40.29 [36]
Merry Hill 246 hectares (0.95 sq mi) 11,893 48.36 [37]
Oxley 421 hectares (1.63 sq mi) 12,848 30.54 [38]
Park 385 hectares (1.49 sq mi) 12,844 33.37 [39]
Penn 308 hectares (1.19 sq mi) 12,392 40.19 [40]
St Peter's 496 hectares (1.92 sq mi) 14,472 29.18 [41]
Spring Vale 327 hectares (1.26 sq mi) 12,588 38.45 [42]
Tettenhall Regis 457 hectares (1.76 sq mi) 12,000 26.24 [43]
Tettenhall Wightwick 436 hectares (1.68 sq mi) 10,832 24.83 [44]
Wednesfield North 210 hectares (0.81 sq mi) 10,978 52.22 [45]
Wednesfield South 437 hectares (1.69 sq mi) 11,195 25.62 [46]
Wolverhampton City Council area 6,944 hectares (26.81 sq mi) 236,582 34.07

A map showing the ward boundaries is available here.

[edit] Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Wolverhampton City Council

The coat of arms of Wolverhampton City Council was granted on 31 December 1898, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the council. Prior to this date, there was a former coat of arms in use since 1848, though these arms were never officially granted.[47]

The various symbols within the arms are representative of the history of the city. The book represents the education within the city, specifically the sixteenth century Wolverhampton Grammar School[47]; the woolpack represents the mediaeval woollen trade within the city[47]; the column is a representation of the Saxon pillar that can be found within the churchyard of St. Peter's Collegiate Church in the city centre[47]; whilst the keys are representative of the church itself and its dedication to St. Peter[47]. The padlock represents one of the major industries of the area at the time of the granting of the arms - that of lock-making[47]; whilst the brazier at the top is indicative of the general metal-working industries in the area[47]. The cross is ascribed to King Edgar[47].

The motto on the coat of arms is 'Out of Darkness Cometh Light'[47].

[edit] Geography

Wolverhampton lies northwest of its larger near-neighbour Birmingham, and forms the second largest part of the West Midlands conurbation. To the north and west lies the Staffordshire and Shropshire countryside.

Wolverhampton city centre falls outside of the area traditionally known as the Black Country, although some districts such as Bilston and Heath Town fall within the Black Country coalfields, leading to confusion as to whether the entire city falls within the region. Modern usage has tended towards using the term to refer to the western part of the West Midlands county, excluding Birmingham, Solihull and Coventry. Examples would be UK Government regional bodies such as The Black Country Development Corporation, under whose remit the city fell.

The city lies upon the Midland Plateau at approximately 120m above sea level.[48] There are no major rivers within the city, although the River Penk and River Tame (tributaries of the River Trent) rise in the city, as does Smestow Brook, a tributary of the River Stour, and thence the River Severn. This means that the city lies astride one of the major drainage divides of England.

The geology of the city is complex, with a combination of Triassic and Carboniferous geology; specifically Bunter and Keuper sandstone, and Upper and Middle Coal measures. There is also an area of dolerite deposits.[49]

[edit] Climate

Wolverhampton's climate is quite temperate with average maximum temperatures in July being around 21 °C (70 °F) with the minimum daytime temperature in January being around 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).

The Met Office's nearest observation station is at Penkridge, about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average max. temperature
°C (°F)		 6.5 6.9 9.5 12.0 15.7 18.4 21.1 20.8 17.5 13.5 9.5 7.4 13.3
Average min. temperature
°C (°F)		 1.0 1.0 2.5 3.5 6.2 8.9 11.1 10.9 9.0 6.4 3.3 1.8 5.5
Rainfall
mm (inches)		 62.7 44.4 51.2 48.5 52.7 59.3 46.7 57.7 63.6 60.5 62.0 66.8 676
Source: Met Office

[edit] Areas of the city

Localities in the City of Wolverhampton include:

Notes 
†–Partial Urban Districts added to Wolverhampton County Borough in 1966. These Urban Districts were split between Wolverhampton and other County Boroughs. Those parts within the present City of Wolverhampton local authority area are considered by the ONS to be part of the Wolverhampton Urban Sub-Area.
††–Areas within the Wolverhampton Urban Sub-Area but administered by South Staffordshire District Council.

[edit] Nearby places

Cities
Towns
Commuter villages

See also: The Black Country.

[edit] Demography

Ethnicity Percentage of
population[50]
White
British 75.4%
Irish 1.0%
Other White 1.4%
Mixed
White and Black Caribbean 1.8%
White and Black African 0.1%
White and Asian 0.5%
Other mixed 0.4%
Asian or Asian British
Indian 12.3%
Pakistani 1.2%
Bangladeshi 0.1%
Other Asian 0.7%
Black or Black British
Black Caribbean 3.9%
Black African 0.3%
Other Black 0.5%
Chinese or other
Chinese 0.4%
Other Ethnicity 0.2%
Religion Percentage of
population[51]
Christian 66.5%
No religion 11.4%
Not stated 8.4%
Sikh 7.6%
Hindu 3.9%
Muslim 1.7%
Buddhist 0.3%
Jewish less than 0.1%
Other 0.2%

[edit] Total population

The 2001 census gives the Wolverhampton urban sub-area as the second largest in the West Midlands conurbation.

The figure given for Wolverhampton is 251,462 which also includes areas outside the borough (236,582). By this reckoning it is the 13th largest city in England.

[edit] Age and gender

Wolverhampton has a relatively old population, with the proportion of the population aged 60 and over being larger than the proportion of children aged 15 or under. The proportion of young people in the city has decreased between the 1991 Census and the 2001 Census by 7.4%, compared with an England and Wales average increase of 1.7%.

The proportion of females within the city (51%) is slightly higher than that of males (49%).

Of adults aged over 16, 31.3% were single, 43.4% were married for the first time, 7.7% divorced and 9.6% were widowed.[52]

[edit] Ethnicity

Wolverhampton is an ethnically diverse city, with nearly a quarter (24.6%) of the population being of black or minority ethnic (BME) origin and 22.2% of residents classifying themselves as non-white in the 2001 Census, with the largest non-white category being Indian at 12.3%, which compares with a West Midlands average of 6.2% and an England and Wales average of 2.1%.

[edit] Religion

Wolverhampton’s multi-cultural nature is reflected in an above–average level of non-Christian religions (13.6% of people, compared with 5.5% for England and Wales), with Sikhs accounting for 7.6% of Wolverhampton’s population, the fourth largest Sikh community in England and Wales. The number of Hindus is also higher than the England and Wales average (Wolverhampton 3.9%, England and Wales 1.1%), while the proportion of people following Judaism and Islam was below the average for England and Wales. The figure for Buddhism is in line with the England and Wales average.

[edit] Economic activity and qualifications

According to the 2001 Census, 62.2% of the population of the city between the ages of 16 and 75 are considered to be economically active, with 37.5% holding full time employment, 11.3% part time employment, 5.4% self-employed and 2.6% being full-time students with other employment. The rate of unemployment was 5.3%, above the national average of 3.4%.

Of those who are economically inactive, 14.4% were retired, 7.1& were looking after homes or families, whilst 5.1% were full-time students without other employment.[53]

Degree-level qualifications (or above) were held by 13.6% of the population (compared with 19.8% in England and Wales), while 40.7% possessed no qualifications (compared with 29.1& across England and Wales).[54]

[edit] Transport

Wolverhampton is within the top 11% of local authority areas in England and Wales (excluding London Boroughs) for public transport use for travelling to work at 16% of the total. 63% used private transport, either as a driver or passenger, 13% cycled or travelled on foot, whilst 8% worked from home.[55]

Car ownership is lower than the average for England and Wales with 35.2% of households not owning a car, compared with 26.8% nationally. Single car ownership is in line with national averages (Wolverhampton 42.9%, England and Wales 43.8%), while the proportion of households owning more than one car is lower than the national average.[56]

[edit] Economy

The Chubb Building, Fryer Street
The Chubb Building, Fryer Street
Traditionally, Wolverhampton's economy has been dominated by engineering and manufacturing industries. However, today the economy is dominated by the service sector, with 79.6% of the city's employment being in this area. The major subcomponents of this sector are in public administration, education and health (32% of the total employment), while distribution, hotels and restaurants take up 25.3%, and finance and IT takes up 13.9%. The largest non-service industry is that of manufacturing (15.5%). Perhaps surprisingly, 6.2% of the total employment is related to the tourism industry.[57]

The largest single employer within the city is Wolverhampton City Council.[58] which has over 12,000 staff[59] Other large employers within the city include:

Beatties Wolverhampton.
Beatties Wolverhampton.

Wolverhampton is one of the major retail centres in the West Midlands Region, being placed at 5th largest in 2005, with an annual turnover of £380 million.[60]

Many of the traditional industries in the city have closed or dramatically downsized. Famous companies once based in the city include:

Unemployment within the City Council area at November 2007 was 4.7%,[61] which varied across wards, with three wards having rates of over 7% (being Ettingshall, St Peter's and Heath Town), and three wards with rates less than 3% (Penn, Tettenhall Wightwick and Tettenhall Regis).

[edit] Transport

[edit] Road

Wolverhampton is near to several motorways, with the following being within 7 miles of the city centre:

  • M6 linking the city with the north-west of England (including Manchester and Liverpool, Scotland and London via the M1. This section opened between 1966 and 1970.[62] The section of M6 motorway nearest to the city is one of the busiest within the UK.[63]
  • M5 connecting with the south-west of England, and London via the M40 (opened 1970[64])
  • M6 Toll which bypasses the busiest section of the M6 near the city (opened 2003[65])
  • M54 linking the city with Telford, Shrewsbury and Wales (opened 1983[66])
Wolverhampton Inner Ring Road
Wolverhampton Inner Ring Road

There have also been several motorways proposed near to the city that have not been constructed, or have been constructed to a lower standard:

  • Western Orbital or Wolverhampton Western Bypass. First proposed in the 1970s, and cancelled in the 1990s[67]
  • Bilston Link Motorway. First proposed in 1960s, built in the 1990s as the Black Country Route[68]
  • M54 to M6 / M6 (Toll) Link Road. Proposed in 2000s to relieve the overloaded section of A460 near the city[69]

The main roads radiating from the city centre meet the city's Ring Road, which is acts to keep through traffic out of the city centre itself.

Other major roads passing through the city include:

[edit] Rail

Wolverhampton railway station
Wolverhampton railway station
Main article: Wolverhampton railway station
See also: Category:Disused railway stations in Wolverhampton

The city's railway station is served by the West Coast Main Line. It has regular rail services to London, Birmingham and Manchester, as well as many other major cities in the UK. The Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway has started its train service to London, via Bescot.

The railway station is due for redevelopment, with the main station buildings being demolished in a project called Wolverhampton Interchange. It is due to open in 2012.[72]

There are many local services, including those on the Cambrian Line, the Walsall to Wolverhampton Line, the Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury Line and the Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line.

There are also many closed stations within the city, including Wolverhampton Low Level, the most northerly broad gauge station on the Great Western network.

[edit] Bus

The city's bus station is situated adjacent to the railway station, providing an interchange between the two modes of transport.

Buses in the city are regulated by West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive and the largest provider of services is National Express West Midlands.

[edit] Metro

Main article: Midland Metro
Midland Metro terminus
Midland Metro terminus

The Midland Metro, a light-rail tram system, currently connects Wolverhampton St. George's to Birmingham Snow Hill via West Bromwich and Wednesbury, mostly following the former Birmingham Snow Hill-Wolverhampton Low Level Line. There are plans for further lines within the city, with both a city centre loop and a line to Walsall via Wednesfield and Willenhall, mostly following the route of the closed Wolverhampton and Walsall Railway.[73]

[edit] Air

Wolverhampton's original airport was at Pendeford, opened in 1938 and closed on 31 December 1970.[74] The current Wolverhampton Airport, renamed from Halfpenny Green, is a small general aviation airfield located 8 miles (12.9 km) southwest of the city. Expansion of the airport has been suggested, but this has been successfully resisted by local residents.

The nearest major airport is Birmingham International Airport, approximately 25 miles (40.2 km) away. The airport is easy to reach by train, with a direct express service to it. By car, it can actually sometimes be quicker to reach Manchester Airport instead, due to traffic delays on the M6 eastbound motorway towards Birmingham International.

[edit] Water

There are no navigable rivers within the city, but there are many miles of canal network: the Birmingham Main Line Canal, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Shropshire Union Canal and the Wyrley & Essington Canal are all to be found.

[edit] Cycling

Most places in the borough and some of the neighbouring villages in South Staffordshire are within easy reach by pedal cycle of the city centre and terrain is moderately hilly. Climbs tend to be of two to three minutes duration. Cycling benefits from the 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) city centre within the Ring Road and a number of routes that use quieter roads and paths to avoid the ten 'A' roads that radiate from the Ring Road. Wolverhampton is on the Smethwick to Telford section of Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 81. This follows the Birmingham Main Line Canal towpath from Smethwick to Broad Street Basin, Wolverhampton where the route splits in two. The choice here is between riding the 21 locks section of the Birmingham Main Line Canal to Aldersley Junction or taking the Cross-City route braid in order to visit the city centre, West Park or Smestow Valley Local Nature Reserve before returning to Aldersley Junction . NCN81 continues to Autherley Junction along the towpath of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and then along the east bank towpath of the Shropshire Union Canal as far as Pendeford Mill Lane before turning to Bilbrook in Staffordshire. The lanes of nearby South Staffordshire and east Shropshire provide ideal cycle touring conditions.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Music

Slade
Slade
The rock groups Slade, Cornershop, The Mighty Lemon Drops, Neon Hearts and Babylon Zoo came from Wolverhampton, as do soul/ R&B singer Beverley Knight and Drum n Bass guru Goldie. Musician Jamelia lives in Wolverhampton with her mother and daughter, as does singer-songwriter Rick Dougall (of 'Cabin Fever' fame).

Wolverhampton has a number of live music venues; the biggest is technically the football ground, Molineux stadium, which was used for a Bon Jovi concert in 2003[75], but the biggest indoor venue is Wolverhampton Civic Hall, with a standing capacity of 3,000. Second to that is Wulfrun Hall (part of the same complex as the Civic Hall, which is owned and operated by the City Council) which has a standing capacity of just over 1,100. There are also a number of smaller venues with capacities between 100 and 250: the Little Civic and the Wolverhampton Varsity being the most long-standing of these. The 18th century church of St John's-in-the-Square is a popular venue for smaller scale classical concerts. The city is also home to Regent Records, a choral and organ music recording company.

The city's main choral groups include the City of Wolverhampton Choir (a choral society founded as the Wolverhampton Civic Choir in 1947) and St Peter's Collegiate Church Choir, who perform cathedral style church services each week during term time.

[edit] Arts and museums

Wolverhampton Art Gallery
Wolverhampton Art Gallery

The Grand Theatre on Lichfield Street is Wolverhampton's largest theatre, opening on 10th December 1894. It was designed by C. J. Phipps and completed within six months. Included amongst the people to have appeared at the theatre are Henry Irving, Charlie Chaplin and Sean Connery. It was also used by politicians including Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George. The theatre was closed between 1980 and 1982.[76]

The Arena Theatre on Wulfruna Street, within the University of Wolverhampton is the secondary theatre, seating 150. It hosts both professional and amateur performances.[77]

Cinema is catered for by a multiplex Cineworld located at Bentley Bridge, Wednesfield, and a smaller cinema, The Light House, housed in the former Chubb Buildings on Fryer Street. Cineworld caters mainly for popular tastes, showing Hollywood films and other big-budget films as well as some Bollywood films whilst The Light House shows a range of older and subtitled films as well as some selected new releases. The Light House has also played host to visual art shows, and incorporates a small café.

The City's Arts & Museums service, run by the council, covers three sites: Wolverhampton Art Gallery, home to England's biggest Pop Art collection after that held at the Tate;[78] Bantock House, a fine historic house with Edwardian interior with a museum of Wolverhampton located within Bantock Park; Bilston Craft Gallery with exhibitions of contemporary crafts.

Eagleworks Studio situated in Chapel Ash, is run by an elderly craft group, and has infrequent amateur exhibitions and group shows.

[edit] Media

Wolverhampton is home to the Express & Star newspaper, which boasts of having the largest circulation of any provincial daily evening newspaper in the UK.

The city is also home to four radio stations, WCR FM, 107.7 The Wolf, Beacon Radio and Classic Gold WABC.

In December 2005, the BBC commissioned the poet Ian McMillan to write a poem about Wolverhampton, along with four other towns which "had a reputation they didn't deserve". The result of this can be found here.

[edit] Education

Wolverhampton Grammar School
Wolverhampton Grammar School
Wolverhampton Girls' High School is a well known selective school which has been producing top of league table results for years. Notable old girls include the former English Women's Cricket Captain Rachael Heyhoe-Flint and Baroness Hayman, first Lord Speaker of the House of Lords.

Wolverhampton Grammar School was founded in 1512, making it one of the oldest active schools in the UK. Old boys include Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England since July 2003, and Sir David Wright, former British Ambassador to Japan.

Other notably historic schools include The Royal Wolverhampton School (founded in 1850), St Peter's Collegiate School (founded in 1847) and Tettenhall College (1863).

In 1835, the Wolverhampton Mechanics' Institute was founded, and its lineage can be traced via the Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College (1935), to The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton (1969) to today's University of Wolverhampton, given university status in 1992. The main university campus is in the city centre, with other campuses at Compton, and in the nearby towns of Walsall and Telford.

[edit] Sport

Molineux, home of Wolverhampton Wanderers
Molineux, home of Wolverhampton Wanderers

[edit] Football

Wolverhampton is represented in the Football League Championship by Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.

"Wolves", as they are known, are one of the oldest English football clubs, and were one of the 12 founder members of the Football League. Their most successful period was the 1950s, where they won three Football League Championships (then the highest division) and two FA Cups, and were involved in the earliest European friendlies. They were hailed by the press as "The Unofficial World Champions" after one of their most famous victories, against Budapest Honvéd FC of Hungary. They were also the first English team to play in the Soviet Union. These victories instigated the birth of the European Cup competition which later evolved into the UEFA Champions' League (see European Cup and Champions League History).

In total, they have won three Football League Championships (prior to the top division becoming the Premier League), four FA Cups, have two League Cup victories and many other minor honours, including reaching the UEFA Cup Final in 1972, and appearances in the last eight of both the UEFA European Cup, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, but have spent just one season in the top division since 1984. They are also the only club to have won five different league titles (Division 1, Division 2, Division 3, Division 4 and Division 3 (North)).

The City's second club, Wolverhampton Casuals F.C. play in the West Midlands Regional League Premier Division.

[edit] Athletics

Wolverhampton's Aldersley Leisure Village is also home to Wolverhampton & Bilston Athletics Club, which was formed in 1967 with a merger between Wolverhampton Harriers and Bilston Town Athletic Club. They have won the National League Division One for men from 1975 to 1982, and the Men's National Cup finals in 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980. It also represented Britain in the European Clubs Cup from 1976 to 1983 with the best finishing position of 3rd.[79]

Olympic Medallists in athletics Denise Lewis, Tessa Sanderson, Kathy Smallwood-Cook, Garry Cook and Sonia Lannaman[80] all lived within the city.

[edit] Speedway

Wolverhampton Wolves, one of the leading Speedway clubs in the UK represents the city, participating in the Elite League at the Monmore Green stadium.

Wolverhampton Speedway is one of the oldest speedway tracks in the world that is still in operation being first used, albeit briefly in 1928. The track re-opened in 1950 for a single meeting and in 1952 the Wasps competed in the Third Division on the National League. The track closed early in 1954 and did not re-open until 1961 when the Wolves were introduced to the Provincial League. The track has almost been an ever present ever since and currently operates in the British Elite League. [81] [82] Ole Olsen (in 1971 and 1975) and Sam Ermolenko (in 1993) were riders for the club when thay became World Speedway Champions.

[edit] Cycling

Wolverhampton Wheelers is the city's oldest cycling club (formed in 1891), and was home to Hugh Porter who won four world championship pursuit medals; and Percy Stallard who has been credited with bringing cycle road racing to Britain when he held the Llangollen to Wolverhampton race on June 7th, 1942.[83].

Wolverhampton has also hosted the Tour of Britain, with a stage start in 2006 and a stage finish in 2007.

[edit] Horse and Greyhound Racing

Wolverhampton Racecourse is located at Dunstall Park, just to the north of the city centre. This was one of the first all-weather horse racing courses in the UK and is Britain's only floodlit horse race track. There is also greyhound racing at Monmore Green. West Park, a large park near the city centre, was converted from a racecourse.

[edit] Motor Sports

Sunbeam 1000HP at National Motor Museum in Beaulieu, UK
Sunbeam 1000HP at National Motor Museum in Beaulieu, UK
Le Mans 24 Hours winner Richard Attwood is from the city.

Sunbeam built many early Grand Prix cars and was the only British make to win a Grand Prix in the first half of the 20th century.[84] Sunbeam also built several holders of the Land speed record, including the first vehicle to travel at over 200 miles per hour (322 km/h), the Sunbeam 1000 hp.

Kieft Cars built Formula 3 cars in the early 1950s. Their most famous driver was Stirling Moss.[85]

AJS was heavily involved in motorcycle racing either side of World War II, which included winning the 1949 World Championship in the 500cc category.

[edit] Landmarks

St Peter's Church
St Peter's Church

In and around the city there are a number of places of interest, which include the following:

[edit] People

Statue of Billy Wright outside Molineux Stadium
Statue of Billy Wright outside Molineux Stadium
Main article: List of famous residents of Wolverhampton

There are a number of notable people who are associated with Wolverhampton.

Political figures include Enoch Powell MP, Sir Charles Pelham Villiers MP - who holds the record for the longest serving MP, Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman who was the first Lord Speaker within the House of Lords, former Cabinet minister Stephen Byers, David Wright, a former UK Ambassador to Japan and Button Gwinnett, who was a signatory of the US Declaration of Independence in his capacity as Governor of Georgia.

There are many sportspeople associated with the city, with footballers such as Billy Wright, Steve Bull, Bert Williams and Jimmy Mullen; along with Percy Stallard and Hugh Porter within the world of cycling, the Olympic medallist swimmer Anita Lonsbrough, racing driver and winner of the 24 hours of Le Mans Richard Attwood and athletes such as Tessa Sanderson and Denise Lewis.

Entertainers include actors Nigel Bennett, Frances Barber, Meera Syal and Eric Idle; and musicians Noddy Holder, Jamelia, Beverley Knight, Dave Holland, Maggie Teyte, Edward Elgar, Mitch Harris and Robert Plant; whilst television presenters Suzi Perry, Mark Rhodes and Mark Speight are also associated.

Within the area of commerce and industry, Sir Jack Hayward, Sir Geoffrey Mander, John Marston (founder of the Sunbeam company) and Mervyn King Governor of the Bank of England are amongst the most notable.

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  1. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics
  2. ^ Wolverhampton City Council Population Statistics - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  3. ^ Office for National Statistics - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  4. ^ History of Wolverhampton 985-1985 - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  5. ^ Wolverhampton Architectual Walks - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  6. ^ BBC Black Country Wolverhampton St.George's Day Gallery - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  7. ^ Wolverhampton Civic Hall - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  8. ^ BBC Black Country Wolverhampton Marathon - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  9. ^ Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  10. ^ City Mayors: Historic Cities in Western Europe
  11. ^ http://www.philbateman.com/content/cm002226.htm Councillor Phil Bateman online - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  12. ^ Wolverhampton City Council - Wodensfield School. Wolverhampton City Council. Retrieved on 2007-07-08.
  13. ^ Wodensfield Tower. Skyscraper Page. Retrieved on 2007-07-08.
  14. ^ BBC News City Winners Named - URL accessed 8 July 2007
  15. ^ A history of Wolverhampton 985-1985 URL accessed 15 July 2007
  16. ^ Local Government in Wolverhampton URL accessed 15 July 2007
  17. ^ Vision of Britain URL accessed 15 July 2007
  18. ^ Vision of Britain URL accessed 15 July 2007
  19. ^ HMSO. Local Government in England: Government Proposals for Reorganisation. Cmnd. 4584
  20. ^ Wolverhampton City Council: Contact Us. Wolverhampton City Council. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  21. ^ Lib Dems and Tories agree city pact. Express and Star. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  22. ^ wolverhampton City Council local elections 2008. BBC Online (2008-05-02). Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  23. ^ Wolverhampton City Council. The Mayor of Wolverhampton. wolverhampton.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-10.
  24. ^ Wolverhampton City Council comprehensive performance assessment (CPA) scorecard 2007. Audit Commission (2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  25. ^ Council vision. Wolverhampton City Council. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  26. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2008 election results
  27. ^ Bilston East ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  28. ^ Bilston North ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  29. ^ Blakenhall ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  30. ^ Bushbury North ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  31. ^ Bushbury South and Low Hill ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  32. ^ East Park ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  33. ^ Ettingshall ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  34. ^ Fallings Park ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  35. ^ Graiseley ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  36. ^ Heath Town ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  37. ^ Merry Hill ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  38. ^ Oxley ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  39. ^ Park ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  40. ^ Penn ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  41. ^ St. Peter's ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  42. ^ Spring Vale ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  43. ^ Tettenhall Regis ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  44. ^ Tettenhall Wightwick ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  45. ^ Wednesfield North ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  46. ^ Wednesfield South ward dataset - Population Density (UV02). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wolverhampton Coat of Arms - Wolverhampton History. Wolverhampton City Council. Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
  48. ^ House of Commons Hansard Debates
  49. ^ The West Midland Group (1948). Conurbation: A Survey of Birmingham and the Black Country. London: The Architectural Press, 41. 
  50. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  51. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  52. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  53. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  54. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  55. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  56. ^ Wolverhampton City Council 2001 Census information URL accessed 15 July 2007
  57. ^ Local Authority Profile: Wolverhampton - Office for National Statistics, Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics (Annual Business Inquiry Employee Analysis 2004)
  58. ^ City of Wolverhampton College: About Us
  59. ^ Wolverhampton City Council Jobs and Careers
  60. ^ Comparison Expenditure - CACI Retail Footprint 2005
  61. ^ Wolverhampton City Council Latest Unemployment Information
  62. ^ The Motorway Archive
  63. ^ Traffic Master
  64. ^ The Motorway Archive
  65. ^ The Motorway Archive
  66. ^ The Motorway Archive
  67. ^ Pathetic Motorways: Western Orbital
  68. ^ Pathetic Motorways: Bilston Link Motorway
  69. ^ http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/11814.aspx Highways Agency]
  70. ^ Sedgleymanor Photo Gallery
  71. ^ SABRE Roads
  72. ^ Express and Star newspaper
  73. ^ Centro 5Ws Metro Route
  74. ^ Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society
  75. ^ BBC Black Country music. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  76. ^ Grand Theatre History. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  77. ^ About the Arena Theatre. University of Wolverhampton. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  78. ^ Exhibitions at Wolverhampton Art Gallery. Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  79. ^ Wolverhampton and Bilston AC
  80. ^ Wolverhampton City Council Press Release
  81. ^ BBC Black Country - Wolverhampton Speedway
  82. ^ Speedway Researcher
  83. ^ Wolverhampton History: Percy Stallard
  84. ^ Sunbeam - The Supreme Car
  85. ^ Wolverhampton History and Heritage Society - Kieft Cars
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Coordinates: 52°35′N, 2°08′W