Wolf Totem

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Wolf Totem
Cover of the first edition
Author	Jiang Rong (pseudonym)
Original title	狼图腾 (Láng Túténg)
Country	People's Republic of China
Language	Chinese; translations planned into 17 languages
Genre(s)	Novel
Publisher	Changjiang Literature and Arts Publishing House
Publication date	April 2004
Media type	Print (Paperback)
ISBN	7535427308

Wolf Totem is a semi-autobiographical novel about the experiences of a young student from Beijing who finds himself sent down to the countryside of Inner Mongolia in 1967, at the height of China's Cultural Revolution.^[1] The author, Lu Jiamin, wrote the book under the pseudonym Jiang Rong; his true identity did not become publicly known until several years after the book's publication.^[2]

1 Themes
2 Marketing
3 Awards and critical reaction
4 Editions and translations
5 See also
6 References

[edit] Themes

Wolf Totem is narrated by protagonist Chen Zhen, a young man in his 20s who, like the author, left his native Beijing to work in Inner Mongolia during the cultural revolution.^[3] Through descriptions of folk traditions, rituals, and life on the steppe, Wolf Totem compares the culture of the ethnic Mongolian nomads and the Han Chinese farmers who settle in their territory, praising the "freedom, independence, respect, unyielding before hardship, teamwork and competition" of the former and criticising the "autocratic, sheeplike" nature of the latter.^[1] The book condemns the agricultural collectivisation imposed on the nomads by the settlers, and the ecological disasters it caused, and ends with a 60-page "call to action" disconnected from the main thread of the novel. The author states that he was inspired to begin writing Wolf Totem by an accident: he ignored the advice of the clan chief of the group of nomads with whom he was staying, and accidentally stumbled across a pack of wolves. Terrified, he watched as the wolves chased a herd of sheep off a cliff, then dragged their corpses into a cave. From then on, fascinated by the wolves, he began to study them and their relationship with the nomads more closely, and even attempted to domesticate one.^[4]

[edit] Marketing

Wolf Totem exhibited strong sales almost immediately after its release, selling 50,000 copies in two weeks; pirated editions began to appear just five days after the book first appeared on shelves.^[5] As of March 2006, it had sold over four million copies in China, and had also been broadcast in audiobook format in twelve parts during prime time on China Radio International.^[4] Despite the author's refusal to participate in any marketing activities, deals for adaptations of the novel into other media and translations into other languages have set various financial records. In August 2004, the Beijing Forbidden City Film Company purchased the movie rights to the novel for one million RMB; the Beijing Youth Daily described the movie version as China's highest-budget film as of 2005, and noted that the same special effects team which worked on The Lord of the Rings film trilogy had been contracted to work on the special effects for Wolf Totem. The production team are aiming to complete the film in time for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[6] Jiang also released a children's edition of the book in July 2005, cut down from the 650 pages (540,000 characters) of the original (including a 60-page, 50,000 character "call to action" at the end) to roughly one-third the length.^[4]^[7]^[8] Overseas, Penguin Books paid US$100,000 for the world-wide English rights, setting a record for the highest amount ever paid for the translation rights to a Chinese book; an unspecified Tokyo publisher paid US$300,000 for the rights to publish a manga adaptation, and Bertelsmann bought the German-language rights for €20,000.^[4] The author himself is looking forward to the translations; in his own words, he believes that "in the West they may understand [my book] more fully" than in China.^[7]

A number of other writers took advantage of the author's anonymity to write fake sequels to Wolf Totem, including two books both entitled Wolf Totem 2, as well as the 250,000-character long Great Wolf of the Plains^[9] all with the imprint of the Changjiang Arts Publishing House. As a result, in April 2007, he issued a statement which denounced all such "sequels" as fraudulent; he indicated that he was doing research for another book, but would not be publishing anything new in the short term.^[10]

[edit] Awards and critical reaction

Despite Jiang's stated refusal to attend any awards ceremonies or participate in any publicity activities, Wolf Totem has received more than 10 literary prizes, as well as other recognitions, including:^[4]

Named as one of the "Ten Best Chinese-language Books of 2004" by international newsweekly Yazhou Zhoukan^[11]
Nominee for the 2nd "21st Century Ding Jun Semiannual Literary Prize" in 2005^[12]
Recipient of the first Man Asian Literary Prize, November 2007^[13]

However, Wolf Totem has also been the subject of several criticisms. German sinologist Wolfgang Kubin described the book as "fascist", and asserted that the ideas expressed therein had caused China to "lose face" in Germany.^[14] Later, Pankaj Mishra, reviewing the English translation for The New York Times, faulted Lu's writing as "awkwardly paced" and "full of set-piece didacticism".^[15]

[edit] Editions and translations

First edition: Jiang, Rong (April 2004), 狼图腾, Wuchang, Hubei: Changjiang Arts Publishing House, ISBN 7535427308
Further editions:
- Jiang, Rong (January 2005), 狼圖騰, Hong Kong: Lee Man Publication, ISBN 9629881292
- Jiang, Rong (January 2005), 狼圖騰, Taipei: Feng Yun Publishing, ISBN 986146123X
Children's editions:
- Jiang, Rong (July 2005), An Boshun (editor), ed., 小狼小狼 (Little Wolfie), Wuchang, Hubei: Changjiang Literature and Arts Publishing House, ISBN 7535430678 ^[8]
- Jiang, Rong (December 2005), An, Boshun, ed., 小狼小狼 (Little Wolfie), Taipei: Feng Yun Publishing, ISBN 9861462406
Korean edition (in 3 parts):
- Jiang, Rong & Song, Hajin (June 2006), 랑 1: 초원의 바람 (Wolf 1: Wind on the Plains), Seoul: Dongbang Media, ISBN 8990488532
- Jiang, Rong & Song, Hajin (June 2006), 랑 2: 푸른 늑대 (Wolf 2: The Blue Wolf), Seoul: Dongbang Media, ISBN 8990488540
- Jiang, Rong & Song, Hajin (June 2006), 랑 3: 영혼의 부름 (Wolf 3: The Cry of the Soul), Seoul: Dongbang Media, ISBN 8990488559
Japanese edition (in 2 parts):
- Jiang, Rong; Tang, Yaming & Sekino, Kikuko (2007-11-29), 神なるオオカミ・上, Kōdansha, ISBN 4062138492
- Jiang, Rong; Tang, Yaming & Sekino, Kikuko (2007-11-29), 神なるオオカミ・下, Kōdansha, ISBN 4062138506
French edition: Jiang, Rong (31 January 2008), Le totem du loup, Bourin Editeur, ISBN 2849410810
English edition: Jiang, Rong & Goldblatt, Howard (2008-03-27), Wolf Totem, Penguin, ISBN 1594201560 ^[16]
Hungarian edition: Jiang, Rong (2008-04-07), Farkastotem, Magvető, ISBN 9632540733 ^[17]
German edition: Bertelsmann/Random House, forthcoming.^[4]
Portuguese edition: Editora Sextante, forthcoming.^[16]
Dutch edition: Prometheus, forthcoming.^[16]
Italian edition: Mondadori, forthcoming.^[16]
Greek edition: Psichogios, forthcoming.^[16]
Hebrew edition: Kinneret, forthcoming.^[16]
Turkish edition: Dogan Kitapcilik, forthcoming.^[16]
Spanish edition: Alfaguara, forthcoming.^[16]
Catalan edition: RBA Libros, forthcoming.^[16]
Russian edition: Mir Knigi, forthcoming.^[16]
Romanian edition: Curtea Veche, forthcoming.^[16]
Slovenian edition: Zabzba Mladinska Knjiga, forthcoming.^[16]
Serbian edition: Alnari, forthcoming^{[citation needed]}

[edit] See also

Zhang Chengzhi, a senior of Jiang's at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences who was also sent down to Ujimqin Banner during the Cultural Revolution and rose to fame through his writings about Inner Mongolia