Wissahickon Formation
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The Wissahickon Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. In Maryland, the term "Wissahickon" is no longer used and has since been divided into several units.[1] It is named for the Wissahickon gorge in Fairmont Park, Philadelphia.
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[edit] Description
The Wissahickon is described as a pelitic schist and gneiss with interlayers of quartzite. Color is highly variable as is the mineralology.[2] A general description for the unit is described as a silver to brown garnet mica-schist. (see photo)
[edit] Metamorphic Grade
The highly variable nature of this rock type is also why the metamorphic grade is also complex. The existence of the minerals biotite, garnet, staurolite, and kyanite all imply a low-intermediate to high metamorphic grade. The metamorphic facies, which is described as lower to upper amphibolite facies, implies a moderate to high metamorphic temperature and a moderate pressure.
[edit] Age
[edit] Depositional Age
The age indicated on the most recent geologic map of southeast Pennsylvania shows the Wissahickon being Ediacaran to Cambrian in age. This age is a relative date since the sediments that created the Wissahickon are highly deformed and went through several deformation events.
[edit] Deformation Age
The sediments of the Wissahickon were altered during the Taconic orogeny and most dates do not place the deformation older than the Silurian. Although there is some evidence of Devonian-aged deformation.[3]
[edit] Divisions
The current map sought to divide the Wissahickon into three informal units. The type described here has been the restricted Wissahickon, or its eastern most section that exists in the City of Philadelphia and eastern Delaware County. The Glenarm Wissahickon and Mt. Cuba Wissahickon are two units described in western Delaware and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania. The metamorphic and depositional histories of these two series are different from the Wissahickon type described here.[2]
[edit] Economic uses
The Wissahickon is quarried as a building stone and is used primairly as a decorative stone rather than a weight bearing stone. Although there are numerous old buildings in the Philadelphia area that are constructed almost entirely of this rock.
[edit] References
- ^ Geologic Maps of Maryland: Eastern Piedmont Metasedimentary Rocks
- ^ a b Blackmer, G.C., (2005). Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of a Portion of the Wilmington 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Open-File Report OFBM-05-01.0.
- ^ Bosbyshell, H., (2001). Thermal evolution of a convergent orogen: Pressure-Temperature-Deformation-Time paths in the central Appalachian Piedmont of Pennsylvania and Delaware:[Ph.D. thesis]: Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 233 p.
