Winfield Scott (ship)
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| SS WINFIELD SCOTT (Steamship) | |
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| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
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| Location: | Anacapa Island |
| Architect: | Westervelt & McKay |
| Added to NRHP: | September 12, 1988 |
| NRHP Reference#: | 87002111 |
| Governing body: | National Park Service |
The Winfield Scott was a sidewheel steamer that transported passengers and cargo between San Francisco, California and Panama in the early 1850s, during the California Gold Rush. After entering a heavy fog off the coast of Southern California on the evening of December 1, 1853, the ship crashed into Middle Anacapa Island. All 450 passengers and crew survived, but the ship was lost.
The Winfield Scott has been the object of numerous salvage operations since the crash, and currently rests underwater as part of the Channel Islands National Park and Marine Sanctuary. The wreck site of the Winfield Scott is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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[edit] History
[edit] California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 brought thousands of people to California in search of fortune until the late 1850s. Since neither the Panama Canal nor the First Transcontinental Railroad had been constructed, people emigrating to California from the Eastern United States had three main routes of passage. They could travel over land, which was expensive and dangerous, or they could sail the roughly 14,000-mile route around South America. This was more attractive to some but no less dangerous, due in part to the rough waters of the Drake Passage. In addition to the inherent dangers of either route, the journey often took as long as six months to complete.
The third route involved traversing the jungles of the Isthmus of Panama, then departing via the southern coast of Panama. While this cut the length of the sea journey in half, ships to ferry passengers from Panama to San Francisco were not commonplace. As a result, many had to wait months to complete the second half of their journey.[1] To fill this growing need for swift passage from Panama to California, shipbuilding activities increased dramatically.
[edit] Construction and service
The Winfield Scott (originally to be named Placer) was constructed by the shipbuilding company Westervelt and Mackey of New York, and was completed in March 1850. The ship was named for the celebrated United States Army general Winfield Scott (the stern was built with a bust in his likeness), and it was launched on October 22, 1850. An announcement in the October 20 edition of the New York Herald stated that "We understand that no expense has been spared to secure strength, safety and speed..."[2]
The steamer, owned by Davis, Brooks and Company, initially transported passengers on the New York-New Orleans route. In 1852, the ship's ownership was transferred to the New York and San Francisco Steamship Company Line, and it arrived in San Francisco on April 28, 1852. Once there, it began taking argonauts[3] on the Panama Route (between San Francisco and Panama). After the demise of the New York and San Francisco Steamship Company Line (which had been renamed as the New York and California Steamship Company in May 1853), the ship's ownership was again transferred on July 8, 1853, this time to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.[2] Its duties, however, did not change after this transfer.
[edit] Last voyage
The Winfield Scott, bound for Panama, departed from San Francisco on the morning of December 1, 1853. In addition to its complement of passengers and crew, the ship was transporting a shipment of gold bullion worth an estimated US $2 million.[4] The ship's progress was slowed in the afternoon when repairs had to be made to a leaking boiler, but it had resumed course at full speed.
Later that evening, Captain Simon F. Blunt navigated the ship into the Santa Barbara Channel in an effort to save time. Captain Blunt knew the channel well, having helped survey the area a few years previous.[5]
At approximately 11 PM, the ship encountered a heavy fog, and ran aground into Middle Anacapa Island (approximately 400 miles from port). Its speed at the time of the wreck was estimated at 10 knots. It struck the island bow first, and when Capt. Blunt attempted to back away the stern was struck, removing the ship's rudder. With the ship taking on massive amounts of water and unable to steer, all aboard began scrambling for land.[5] The ship was completely evacuated in approximately two hours, and the survivors spent the first night camped on a pinnacle of rock that measured 50 yards long by 25 yards wide. The next day they moved to a larger piece of land on the island.[6]
One of the passengers, Asa Cyrus Call, recalled "a terrible jar and crashing of timbers...I hurried out on deck, where my attention was fixed on a wall of towering cliffs, the tops of which were hidden by the fog and darkness and appeared about to fall and crush us. All round was the loud booming of angry breakers surging about invisible rocks."[2]
On December 2, the steamship California, returning to San Francisco from Panama, was alerted to the presence of the wreck survivors by the smoke of a gun they had fired.[7] The California rescued the women and children, as well as the Winfield Scott's complement of gold bullion. On December 9, the California returned to rescue the remaining passengers.[2] The crew stayed behind to recover as much of the mail and passenger luggage as possible. The Winfield Scott, however, had sustained too much damage and was left in the waters of the channel.
[edit] Wreckage and salvage
The remains of the Winfield Scott are located under 25-30 feet of water in the Channel Islands National Park and Marine Sanctuary. The wreckage site was verified in 1981[8] and was registered with the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The site is protected by California and United States law, which prohibits divers from removing any part of the wreckage.
A salvage operation was undertaken in 1894, utilizing the San Pedro. Much of the iron machinery, as well as hundreds of copper bolts, were recovered. An additional salvage operation during World War II recovered additional iron and brass for the war effort.[9]
The remaining wreckage is considered important from an historical perspective, as it represents a tangible example of mid-19th century shipbuilding. Although much of the wooden hull has long since disintegrated, some of the machinery is still relatively intact.[10]
Between 1853 and 1980, more than 140 shipwrecks were documented in the Channel Islands National Park Marine Sanctuary. As of December 2000, twenty sites had been located. The prevailing currents and weather conditions of the area make it a dangerous place for navigation.[11]
[edit] Legacy
[edit] Light beacon
Shortly after the wreck, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey recommended that a permanent lighthouse facility be built on Anacapa Island. Due to a lack of funding, the installation (an unmanned acetylene beacon on a fifty-foot tower) was not constructed until 1912. The tower was replaced by a lighthouse in 1932.[12]
[edit] Impact on local ecosystem
One of the lingering effects of the Winfield Scott's wreck was the introduction of black rats to the local ecosystem of the Channel Islands.[13] The black rats were a major disruption to the local wildlife on Anacapa Island and are still a problem on San Miguel Island. The black rats were successfully eradicated from Anacapa Island by 2003, with a controversial program that involved an aerial application of the rodenticide brodifacoum, the first such eradication in the United States. The program cost nearly $1 million US.[14][15]
[edit] Specifications
- Three masts, four decks
- 1,291 gross tons
- 225 foot overall length, 34 ft. 8 in. beam
- 29 ft. 2 in. hold depth
- Hull–Wooden with double iron bracing. Wooden hull was comprised of White oak, Live oak, Locust, Redcedar and Georgia yellow pine.
- Propulsion–Two side-lever steam engines (manufactured by Morgan iron works) driving two paddle-wheels, assisted by square sails on the foremast.
- Accommodations for 165 cabin and 150 steerage passengers.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ "The Gold Rush: The Journey". PBS.org. Retrieved June 10, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Winfield Scott Vessel History. Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Retrieved June 8, 2006
- ^ The name used to describe gold seekers during the Gold rush of the 19th century.
- ^ "Winfield Scott Shipwreck". RAIN.org. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
- ^ a b "Gold Rush Shipwrecks". Minerals Management Service. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
- ^ Diary of Asa Call. From the Diaries of Asa C. Call. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
- ^ Wreck of the Winfield Scott. pt5dome.com. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
- ^ 2005 Symposium on Maritime Archaeology and History of Hawaii and the Pacific. Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation (MAHHI). Retrieved June 24, 2006.
- ^ The Winfield Scott at the CINMS Shipwreck Database. Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
- ^ http://www.ecu.edu/maritime/Publications/s2s01.pdf "Archaeological Investigation of the Gold Rush Steamship Winfield Scott". Stem to Stern. Retrieved June 24, 2006.
- ^ "Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Data Exercise". Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Retrieved June 24, 2006.
- ^ "History of Anacapa Island". Santa Cruz Island Foundation. Retrieved June 24, 2006.
- ^ "Rats as Introduced Predators". The National Park Service. Retrieved June 8, 2006.
- ^ Howald, Gregg. R., Faulkner, Kate et al. 2003. Eradication of Black Rats From Anacapa Island: Biological and Social Considerations. Unpublished Report.
- ^ "Anacapa Island Likely Free of Black Rats, Finally". AnimalRights.net. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
[edit] External links
- Video gallery with a clip of a diver exploring the Winfield Scott wreck
- Excerpts from passenger Asa Cyrus Call's diary
- Navigating the Channel Islands - Features an interactive game allowing the player to assume command of the Winfield Scott.
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