William Usery, Jr.
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Willie Julian Usery, Jr. (December 21, 1923) was a labor union activist and U.S. government political appointee who served as United States Secretary of Labor in the Ford administration.
Although Willie is his birth name, official sources often mistakenly call him "William." For much of his life, Usery was known as "W.J.," although most associates call him "Bill."
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[edit] Early life and military service
Usery was born in Hardwick, Georgia, to Willie J. Usery, Sr. and Effie Mae Williamson (later Phillips), and attended Midway High School.
From 1938 to 1941, Usery attended Georgia Military College in Milledgeville, Georgia. Usery dropped out of college to become an underwater welder. From 1941 to 1942 he worked for the J. A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia, building Liberty ships.
In 1942, Usery married Gussie Mae Smith.
With the need for naval welders growing dramatically during World War II, Usery enlisted in the United States Navy. From 1943 to 1946, Usery worked on a U.S. Navy repair ship in the Pacific.
After mustering out of the military in 1946, Usery worked as a steamfitter, welder and machinist for various firms in Georgia. In the 1948 to 1949 school year, Usery took night classes at Mercer University in Macon, Georgia.
[edit] Union career
On March 1, 1952, while working as a machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Usery helped co-found Local Lodge 8 (now Local Lodge 918) of the International Association of Machinists (IAM), AFL-CIO. Over the years, he was elected to a series of offices within Local Lodge 8, eventually becoming president of the local union.
While working at Armstrong Cork, Usery served as the IAM's special representative at the U.S. Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC).
In 1956, Usery retired from his job at Armstrong Cork after being elected a Grand Lodge Representative for the IAM. In this capacity, in 1961 Usery became the union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission. Usery was responsible for leading labor negotiations and helping to administer and service union contracts at Cape Canaveral AFMTC, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center Manned Spacecraft Center. In 1967, Usery was designated by IAM to a labor-management council at Kennedy Space Center. He became the council's chair in 1968.
[edit] Federal career
[edit] Tenure as Assistant Secretary of Labor
In February 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated Usery to be Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations in the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Usery oversaw the implementation and enforcement of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.
Usery helped write and implement Executive Order 11491 (October 29, 1969, which gave union organizing rights to two million federal government workers and established collective bargaining, grievance and dispute resolution procedures.[1] The executive order had been long-sought by the American labor movement, and brought federal collective bargaining practices in line with those already in use in private industry.
During his tenure at DOL, Usery was instrumental in averting several large strikes. In April 1969, Usery helped avert a nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen through round-the-clock, non-stop negotiations. He helped resolve collective bargaining disputes between the railways and the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks and the United Transportation Union.
Other strikes could not be avoided. Usery was part of a DOL team which was unable to avoid a national postal service strike. The illegal strike by more than 210,000 United States Postal Service workers began on March 18, 1970, in New York City. Nixon appeared on national television and ordered the employees back to work, but his address only stiffened the resolve of the existing strikers and angered workers in other 671 locations in other cities into walking out as well. Workers in other government agencies also announced they would strike as well if Nixon pursued legal action against the postal employees. The strike crippled the nation's mail system, disrupting delivery of pension and welfare checks, tax refunds, census forms, and draft notices. Businesses hired planes and trucks to deliver publications or letters. Nixon spoke to the nation again on March 25 and ordered a 24,000 Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Air National Guard, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, and Marine Corps Reserve forces to begin distributing the mail. But the military proved ineffective at distributing the mail.[2]
Negotiations, in which Usery played a key role, resolved the postal strike in just two weeks. Postal unions, Nixon administration officials and Congressional aides not only negotiated a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted, but which also established a legislative framework which led to the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Under the act, postal unions won the right to negotiate on wages, benefits and working conditions.[3] On July 1, 1971, five federal postal unions merged to form the American Postal Workers Union, the largest postal workers union in the world.[4]
Although influential in the Nixon administration, Usery was unable to persuade the president to refrain from temporarily suspending the Davis-Bacon Act in 1971. The act set wages for construction workers on projects receiving federal funds. But the Vietnam War was putting significant inflationary pressure on construction wages. Although Nixon suspended Davis-Bacon, Usery and others soon convinced Nixon to reinstate Davis-Bacon enforcement and establish a separate body to review contract union contracts. Within a year, the new committee had identified a number of wage increases it had deemed extravagant, and won renegotiation of the agreements. Soon, wage increases on Davis-Bacon projects dropped from 14 percent to 6 percent.[5]
[edit] FMCS tenure
In March 1973, Nixon appointed Usery to be director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), a federal agency which offered arbitration and mediation services to employers and labor unions.
On October 17, 1973, the AFL-CIO executive council unanimously asked Usery to become director of the federation's Department of Organization and Field Services. Usery accepted the offer. But when Usery told Nixon about his decision, Nixon asked Usery to reconsider. Usery subsequently declined the AFL-CIO's offer.
In part to reward Usery for his loyalty and as a sign of respect for Usery's mediation and negotiation skills, Nixon appointed Usery to be Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs in January 1974. In this capacity, Usery advised the president on labor-management relations in the federal government and private sector, and became the presidential point-man in labor disputes which might have a significant impact on the national economy. The appointment lapsed after Nixon's resignation in August, but Gerald Ford re-appointed him to the position in January 1975.
[edit] Secretary of Labor
On February 10, 1976, President Gerald Ford nominated Usery to be United States Secretary of Labor.
Usery's tenure as Secretary of Labor, however, was limited. Ford lost the presidential election in November 1976. Incoming president Jimmy Carter declined to keep Usery on at DOL, preferring to install F. Ray Marshall instead. Usery's tenure as Secretary of Labor ended on January 20, 1977.
[edit] Later career
After leaving public service, Usery founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc., a labor relations consulting firm.
In 1983, Usery Associates was involved in automobile manufacturing industry negotiations between the United Auto Workers (UAW), General Motors (GM) and Toyota Motor. Usery assisted the UAW, GM and Toyota in crafting a contract which established a new, jointly-owned and -operated corporation, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI). NUMMI implemented Toyota's "lean" production system in the U.S., but utilized a closed plant owned by GM. The UAW agreed to support the joint venture if NUMMI agreed to recognize the union at the NUMMI plant in Fremont, California. The UAW's support was crucial in winning an anti-trust exemption from the Federal Trade Commission. Usery was able to get GM, Toyota and the UAW to agreed to a first-of-its-kind labor-management partnership: The UAW agreed to Toyota's production methods and Toyota agreed to make the UAW an equal partner in managing the plant's productivity and quality control procedures. The NUMMI collective bargaining agreement was signed in June 1985. The labor-management partnership has won a number of labor-management, productivity, quality and good corporate citizenship awards.[6]
Also in 1983, Usery mediated an education workers' strike in Chicago which involved 38,000 teachers and paraprofessionals.
In 1985, Usery founded and financed the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation. The foundation assists and advises democratic unions and employers in Russia on how to improve and professionalize labor-management relations.
In addition to his consulting work, Usery has served on several federal labor-management commissions. One of these was the "Coal Commission." In the 1980s, the United Mine Workers (UMWA) and coal mining companies began to dispute who was responsible for paying medical benefits to retired miners. The issue came to a head in 1989. The Pittston Coal Company (now part of The Brink's Company) refused to make its monetary contribution to the mineworkers' retiree medical benefits fund. UMWA struck the company. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole asked Usery to mediate the dispute. Usery won both parties' agreement to form an Advisory Commission on United Mine Workers of America Retiree Health Benefits (the "Coal Commission"). The investigative body, which included Usery as co-commissioner, made regulatory and legislative recommendations to resolve the retiree health benefit issue. The Coal Commission's recommendations were enacted in the Coal Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486).[7] The Coal Act of 1992 created a Combined Benefits Fund (CBF) to provide health benefits by merging coal company retiree health programs, levying additional premiums on coal companies and working miners, and providing that unneeded accumulated interest in the CBF be used to provide health care for retirees whose employers no longer exist.
From 1993 to 1995, Usery also served the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (the "Dunlop Commission").
In 1994, President Bill Clinton appointed Usery to mediate a major league baseball strike.
In 1997, Georgia State University established the W.J. Usery, Jr., Center for the Workplace. The center provides for the study of cooperative labor-management relations and serves as a resource for employers and workers seeking assistance in resolving disputes. In 2000, Usery began devoting most of his time to the work of the center.
[edit] Memberships and awards
Usery is a member of the Labor and Employment Relations Association. In 1999, he received LERA's Lifetime Achievement Award.[1]
In 2004, the board of regents of Georgia State University approved the establishment of the William J. Usery, Jr. Chair of the American Workplace at Georgia State University.[2]
[edit] External links
- Papers of William Usery, Jr. in the Georgia State University Library Special Collections
- U.S. Department of Labor Biography
- New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.
- Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, U.S. Dept. of Labor
- Georgia biography of William Usery, Jr.
[edit] Notes
- ^ For the text of this Executive Order (EO), see the NARA Archives. This EO has subsequently been modified by EO 11616, EO 11636, EO 11838, EO 11901, EO 12027 and EO 12107.
- ^ "APWU History," American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, accessed Dec. 5, 2006; William Gardner Bell, Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1970, 1973.
- ^ "The Strike That Stunned the Country," Time, March 30, 1970.
- ^ "APWU History," American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
- ^ "Chapter 7: Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969-1977," Brief History of DOL, U.S. Dept. of Labor, accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
- ^ "What We're About - Culture," New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
- ^ "The Coal Act," A Brief History of UMWA Health and Retirement Funds, United Mine Workers of America. Accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
[edit] References
- "About: W.J. Usery, Jr.", Papers of William Usery, Jr., Special Collections, Georgia State University Library
- "APWU History," American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. Accessed December 5, 2006.
- Bell, William Gardner, ed. "II. Civil Disturbance and Emergency Operations." In Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1970. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1973.[3]
- "Chapter 7: Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969-1977," Brief History of DOL, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
- "The Coal Act." A Brief History of UMWA Health and Retirement Funds. United Mine Workers of America. Accessed December 5, 2006.
- "Mediator Set to Join Chicago School Talks." New York Times. October 23, 1983.
- "The Strike That Stunned the Country." Time. March 30, 1970.
- "What We're About - Culture," New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. Accessed Dec. 5, 2006.
| Preceded by John T. Dunlop |
U.S. Secretary of Labor 1976–1977 |
Succeeded by Ray Marshall |
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