William Segar

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William Segar, Garter Principal King of Arms, early 17th century
William Segar, Garter Principal King of Arms, early 17th century

Sir William Segar (in or before 1564–1633) was a portrait painter and officer of arms to the court of Elizabeth I of England who became Garter King of Arms under James I.

Like other artists of the Tudor court, Segar was active in more than one medium, painting portraits of luminaries of the court in addition to his duties in the College of Arms. He painted Elizabeth's favourite the Earl of Essex in his "Sable sad" (black) armour for the Accession Day tilt of 1590. The famous "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth is sometimes attributed to Segar.[1]

Contents

[edit] Personal life

William Segar may have been the son of one Nicholas Segar[2] or of Francis Nycholson, alias Seager, who became a freeman of the Stationers' Company in 1557[3]. Once thought to be of Dutch origin, Segar is now believed to have been born in England of an English mother.[4] By 1584 William had married Helen Somers, and had three sons and three daughters. By 1596 Segar was married to Maria Browne and had four sons, including Thomas Segar who later became Bluemantle Pursuivant, and three daughters. In December of 1616 one of Segar's rivals, York Herald Ralph Brooke, tricked him into confirming foreign royal arms to Gregory Brandon, a common hangman of London who was masquerading as a gentleman. Brooke then reported him to James I, who imprisoned both Brooke and Segar in Marshalsea. They were released a few days later and the Lord Chamberlain hoped that the experience would make Brooke more honest and Segar more wise.[5]

[edit] Heraldic career

William Segar as Norroy King of Arms in the funeral procession of Elizabeth I, 1603.
William Segar as Norroy King of Arms in the funeral procession of Elizabeth I, 1603.[6]

Segar was trained as a scrivener and found employment with Sir Thomas Heneage, vice-chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth. Through Heneage's influence, Segar was admitted to the College of Arms in June 1585.[3][4][2] While serving as Portcullis Pursuivant, he "reluctantly"[4] accompanied Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester on his 1586 expedition to the Netherlands[7] to serve as the Master of ceremonies for the St. George's Day festivities in Utrecht[3]. A description of this festival in John Stow's Annales is based on "the true and faithful description by one William Segar, alias Portclose [Portcullis], an officer of arms in that service."[2]

Segar was promoted to Somerset Herald in 1589 and to Norroy King of Arms in 1593[8] During his tenure as Norroy, Robert Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, was encroaching on the traditional privileges of Garter King of Arms, Sir William Dethick. In 1595 Segar sided with Dethick, criticizing Cooke for his inability to write clearly and for making many grants of arms to "base and unworthy persons for his private gaine onely."[9]

In 1596, Segar accompanied the Earl of Shrewsbury to invest Henry IV of France with the Order of the Garter, witnessing Henry's famed Royal entry into Rouen.[4][3]

As Norroy, Segar carried the Sword of state in the funeral procession of Elizabeth I (1603). A comtemporary manuscript shows Segar in the black gown and hood with liripipe of Tudor court mourning[10] worn with his herald's tabard (image, left).[6] That same year, Segar was made deputy Garter to invest Christian IV of Denmark with the Order of the Garter in place of the unpopular Dethick. He was appointed as Garter by a signet bill in January 1604, although Dethick (who now described Segar as "a poor, base, beggarly painter, and an ignorant peasant"[4]) refused to resign until December 1606. Segar obtained a great seal patent, confirming him as Garter, on 17 January 1607.[11] In 1612 he invested Maurice, Prince of Orange, with the Garter, and the same year was granted arms. He was knighted on 5 November 1616.[12]

Segar was the author of The Booke of Honour and Armes which was published anonymously in 1590. An expanded and illustrated version was published as Honour Military and Civil 1602; some editions had an engraved frontispiece by Francis Delaram (image, above right).[3]

[edit] Court painter

Francis Meres in his Palladia Tamia (1598) lists "William and Francis Segar brethren" among famous painters of the day.[4] Little is known about Francis, who was residing abroad by 1605.

Segar's first documented activity is an illumination of Dean Colet in the Statute Book of St. Paul's School, for which payment is recorded in the accounts for 1585/86. The "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth I is dated to the same period. Segar was heavily patronized by Essex in the early 1590s, and also painted portraits of Leicester, Sir Francis Drake, and other members of the court. The last recorded payment to Segar as a painter is for a portrait of the queen in 1597.[4]

Two sonnets by one "Ch.M." in honour of his lady Oriana were addressed to Segar, who seems to have been painting her portrait; these probably date to the 1590s.[4]

[edit] Portraits

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, c. 1590

Queen Elizabeth, the "Ermine Portrait" (attributed}

Unknown Lady, c. 1595 (attributed)

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Strong, Gloriana
  2. ^ a b c Moule, Thomas, Bibliotheca heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ, 1822, at Google Books, retrieved 7 December 2007
  3. ^ a b c d e Sir William Segar: Information and Much More from Answers.com
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Strong 1969, English Icon, p. 17-18
  5. ^ Wagner, Heralds of England, p. 219-220
  6. ^ a b Marks and Payne, British Heraldry, p. 48, 87
  7. ^ Hearn, Dynasties, p.97
  8. ^ Strong 1969 gives the date as 1602; see English Icon, p. 17.
  9. ^ Wagner, Heralds of England, p. 207
  10. ^ For the traditional, essentially medieval dress associated with Court mourning under the Tudors, see Hayward, Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII, p. 169-170
  11. ^ Marks and Payne, British Heraldry, p. 50
  12. ^ Noble, A History of the College of Arms, p. 172

[edit] References

  • "Sir William Segar." The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com, retrieved 08 December 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-segar-2
  • Hayward, Maria: Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII, Maney Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1905981414
  • Hearn, Karen, ed. Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530-1630. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X.
  • Marks, Richard, and Anne Payne, eds.:British Heraldry, from its origins to c. 1800, British Museum Publications, 1978.
  • Moule, Thomas, Bibliotheca heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ, 1822, at Google Books, retrieved 7 December 2007
  • Noble, Mark, A History of The College of Arms and the Lives of all the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants, from the Reign of Richard III Founder of the College until the Present Time, London: T. Egerton, 1805.
  • Strong, Roy: The Cult of Elizabeth, 1977, Thames and Hudson, London, ISBN 0500232636 (Strong 1977)
  • Strong, Roy: The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture, 1969, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (Strong 1969)
  • Strong, Roy: Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, Thames and Hudson, 1987, ISBN 0500250987 (Strong 1987)
  • Wagner, Anthony: Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms, London: HMSO, 1967.

[edit] Further reading

  • Segar, William: The Booke of Honor and Armes (1590) and Honor Military and Civil (1602), Scholars Facsimilies & Reprint (May 1999), ISBN 0820111384


Heraldic offices
Preceded by
Richard Lee		 Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms
1585 – 1588		 Succeeded by
Thomas Lant
Preceded by
Robert Glover		 Somerset Herald of Arms
1589 – 1597		 Succeeded by
Robert Treswell
Preceded by
Edmund Knight		 Norroy King of Arms
1593 – 1603		 Succeeded by
Richard St George
Preceded by
William Dethick		 Garter Principal King of Arms
1607 – 1633		 Succeeded by
John Borough
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