William Markowitz
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William Markowitz (February 8, 1907 in Austrian Empire - October 10, 1998 in Pompano Beach, Florida) was an American astronomer, principally known for his work on the standardization of time.
His mother was visiting Meltsch über Troppau in Austrian Silesia (now cs:Melč, Czech Republic) when William was born. The Polish family emigrated to the U.S. in 1910 and settled in Chicago.
William earned his doctorate from the university in 1931, under W.D. MacMillan. He taught at Pennsylvania State College before joining the United States Naval Observatory in 1936, working under Paul Sollenberger and Gerald Clemence in the time service department.
After having merried Rosalyn Shulemson in 1943, Markowitz eventually became director of the department. He developed the ephemeris time, which had been proposed by Simon Newcomb in the 19th century, as an international time standard. He subsequently worked with Louis Essen in England to calibrate the newly developed atomic clocks in terms of the ephemeris second. The fundamental frequency of caesium atomic clocks, which they determined as 9,192,631,770 Hz, was used to define the second internationally since 1967. At the International Astronomical Union (IAU) meeting in Dublin in 1955 he had proposed the system which remains today.
He served as President of the IAU commission on time from 1955 to 1961, and was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the American Geophysical Union, and the International Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Second.
After retirement in 1966, Markowitz served as professor of physics at Marquette University until 1972, and also held a post at Nova Southeastern University.
