William King (Royal Navy officer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William Donald Aelian King
Born 1910 (age 97)
Nickname Bill
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch Royal Navy
Years of service December 1927 – April 1946
Rank Commander
Unit Submarine Service
Commands held Commanding Officer:
: HMS Snapper (1939–40)
: HMS Trusty (1941)
: HMS Telemachus (1943–45)
Executive Officer:
 : HMS Medway II (1943)
 : HMS Forth (1945–46)
Battles/wars North Sea (1939–40)
Mediterranean Sea (1941)
Strait of Malacca (1944)
Awards Distinguished Service Order (1940)
Distinguished Service Cross (1940)
Bar to the DSO (1945)
Arctic Emblem (2006)
Others: Battle of Britain Star, Atlantic Star, Burma Star, War Medal[1]
Civilian: Blue Water Medal (1975)
Relations Anita Leslie (spouse)
William King (grandfather)
Other work Farmer (Galway, Ireland)
Solo circumnavigator (1969–73)
Author (1958–97)

William Donald Aelian (Bill) King DSO & Bar DSC (born 1910), is a retired British naval officer, yachtsman and author. He was the oldest participant in the first solo non-stop around the world yacht race, the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, and is the oldest surviving World War II submarine commander.

Brought up by his mother and grandmother, King went to the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth. He was first assigned to the HMS Resolution, and later became commander of the HMS Snapper. He served on three separate vessels in World War II, and was promoted to Commander and awarded seven medals during the war. King not only survived World War II, but succeeded in a singlehanded circumnavigation in 1973 on his third attempt. During the latter journey, he managed to reach port despite a collision with a large sea creature 400 miles (640 km) southwest of Australia.

Contents

[edit] Family background and childhood

William Donald Aelian King was born to William Albert de Courcy King and Georgina Marie MacKenzie in 1910. King's grandfather, William King, was Chair of Mineralogy and Geology at Queen’s College, Galway. He was appointed when the College first opened in 1849.[2][3] Grandfather King was the first to argue that Neanderthals were a species separate from modern humans.[3]

King's father, William Albert de Courcy King, was born in 1875. He married Georgina Marie, daughter of a "Mr. D. F. MacKenzie, of Collingwood Grange, Camberley, Surrey" in June 1908.[4][5][6][7] De Courcy King attended Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and then the School of Military Engineering, Chatham.[8] He received his commission as Second Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1894.[9] Prior to World War I, his postings included Saint Lucia in the 1890s, where the Engineers constructed gun emplacements and fortified coal stations, and South Africa, where the Engineers built blockhouses (designed by Major S. R. Rice, RE) during the Anglo Boer War.[10][8] De Courcy King was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1916 while a Major.[11] During the First World War Lieutenant-Colonel De Courcy King served with the 36th (Ulster) Division in Belgium.

De Courcy King was killed on May 27, 1917 at the age of 42, and lies buried at Dranoutre Military Cemetery in Belgium.[12] In April the Engineers had helped prepare for the Battle of Arras (1917), primarily tunelling and mining of enemy positions.[13][14]

As a result of his father's death, Bill King was brought up by his mother and grandmother.[15] His MacKenzie grandmother was a formidable woman who learnt to ski at the age of 75 and still sailed in her eighties.[15][7]

[edit] Early naval career

The Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, which King attended from 1922, when he was twelve.
The Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, which King attended from 1922, when he was twelve.

After preparatory school, at the age of twelve, King was sent to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, in Devon. In the 2006 documentary Deep Water King said that had been a boxer and a "champion long-distance runner" in his youth.

From December 1927 to April 1930 King was assigned to the battleship HMS 'Resolution, which served in the Mediterranean.[16][15] During this time he became a midshipman. From June 1932 to January 1934 he was posted on the submarine HMS Orpheus (N46), which served near China.[17][18] He was promoted Lieutenant in 1932.[19] In April 1935 King, by now a First Lieutenant, was assigned to the service vessel HMS Pigmy, a Polish sailing vessel, formerly ORP Iskra I, used by the Royal Navy at Gibraltar to supply the 8th submarine squadron.[20] After seven months he was transferred to HMS Starfish, then to HMS Narwhal, before being sent to Portsmouth for a commanding officers' course at HMS Dolphin. A four month stint aboard the submarine depot ship HMS Titania (F 32) followed, before King was appointed commanding officer of HMS Snapper.[21][22]

[edit] World War II

During World War II, King served in three submarines of the Royal Navy: HMS Snapper, HMS Trusty, and HMS Telemachus. He patrolled the North Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Far East.[23]

At the outbreak of the war, Lieutenant King and his S-class submarine, HMS Snapper, were sent to patrol the North Sea. King was commanding officer on Snapper from April 16, 1939 to April 1940.[22] On December 3, 1939, Snapper sustained a direct hit from a British aircraft while returning to Harwich after a patrol, but without taking damage.[24] Between December 1939 and July 1940 HMS Snapper sank six ships, mainly in the Skagerrak Strait.[24] These include the tanker Moonsund, the merchant ship Florida, the minesweepers H. M. Behrens and Carsten Janssen, and the armed trawlers Portland and Cygnus. HMS Snapper was later lost under command of Lieutenant Geoffrey Vernon Prowse, either in a minefield or sunk by German depth charges.[24][25]

The HMS Telemachus, which King commanded from 1943 to 1945.
The HMS Telemachus, which King commanded from 1943 to 1945.

In 1941 King served on the T-class submarine HMS Trusty in the Mediterranean Sea. On December 4, 1941 Trusty unsuccessfully launched torpedoes against a boat which may have been the Italian torpedo boat Orsa.[26][27] From July 21, 1943 to August 1945 King was Commanding Officer of the T-class submarine HMS Telemachus. His sub-lieutenant was Kenneth Michael Barbour, who was later Professor of Geography at several African universities and the University of Ulster at Coleraine. Telemachus dropped off a Special Forces unit in western Malaya in October 1944.[28][22][29]

Operating from a joint British-Dutch base at Ceylon, Telemachus sunk the Japanese Kadai class submarine IJN I-166 in the Strait of Malacca on July 17, 1944.[30][31] Under command of Lieutenant Suwa Koichiro, IJN I-166 had been one of the most successful Japanese submarines, having accounted for the Dutch submarine HNMS K-XVI,[32][33] an army transport vessel (USAT Liberty Glo), and several merchant ships (including the SS Nord). On July 17, 1944 Telemachus tracked the I-166 for about 30 minutes in the Strait, before firing six torpedoes. One hit and sank the Japanese submarine with 89 crew on board. Five men on bridge watch survived, and were recovered by the Japanese. Among them was Lieutenant Suwa, who was later promoted, but killed in action in 1945.[30]

During the War King was promoted to Commander, and awarded seven medals, including King was awarded the DSO on 9 May 1940 for "daring, endurance and resource in the conduct of hazardous and successful operations in His Majesty's Submarines against the enemy",[34] and the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) on September 6, 1940 "for bravery and determination during arduous and successful patrols in H.M. Submarines" both whilst in command of Snapper.[22][35] A Bar was added to his DSO on January 16, 1945 "For outstanding courage, skill and determination in one of H.M. Submarines in successful patrols in Far Eastern waters"[36] (for the sinking of the I-166).[37] In 2006 he received an eighth medal, the Arctic Emblem.[2]

King ended his Royal Navy career as Executive Officer of the submarine depot ship HMS Forth, an appointment he held from September 1, 1945 to April 1946.[22] His formal retirement came on 9 May 1948.[38]

[edit] Post-war life and marriage

On 1 January 1949, King married divorceé Anita Theodosia Mouira Leslie (1914–1984). She was the eldest child of Sir John Randolph Shane Leslie, 3rd Baronet and his wife Marjorie Ide, the Vermont-born daughter of the US ambassador to Spain.[39] Leslie-King was also the cousin of Winston Churchill.[15] Bill and Anita probably met in Lebanon in 1943, where King served for 5 months as Executive Officer of the submarine base at Beirut.[15] She was on a skiing trip after doing duty in Africa in the Motor Transport Corps in 1940–42, although a letter mentions her being in Beirut in 1941–42.[40] Leslie-King then became an ambulance driver in the French Army from 1944 to 1945. For the latter, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1945 by General Charles de Gaulle.[5] As Anita Leslie, she wrote over a dozen books, including Love in a Nutshell (1952), The Remarkable Mr. Jerome: The Life and Times of Leonard Jerome, Sir Winston Churchill's American Grandfather (1954). In 1974 she wrote the biography of Francis Chichester, the first person to sail around the world single-handedly. The Kings had two children, Richard Tarka Bourke King (b. 1949), and Leonie Rose King (b. 1951).[41]

After the war, King took up farming and was an avid fox hunter, as was his wife. In 1946 the Kings bought Oranmore Castle, a 15th century Norman keep built on Galway Bay in county Galway, Ireland for ₤200-.[2] Other sources report that Anita Leslie-King was given the castle by her mother, who had bought it in 1946.[42] For a while the Kings lived in a hunting lodge outside Oranmore village, designed by Bill, and built while he and Anita went on a "world sailing cruise."[43] To help combat his wife's asthma, King developed an organic farm and garden to feed his family. Both Anita Leslie's mother and grandmother had suffered asthma.[44]

[edit] Solo circumnavigation

A junk rigged schooner, similar to the Galway Blazer II with which Bill King sailed around the world in 1973.
A junk rigged schooner, similar to the Galway Blazer II with which Bill King sailed around the world in 1973.

By 1967 King was intent on sailing around the world by himself. He had a boat built for this purpose at Souter's yard at Cowes, on the Isle of Wight.[45][46]

King's boat, the two-masted Galway Blazer II, a cold-molded plywood schooner, was specially designed for him by Angus Primrose. It is not certain whether the boat was named after The Galway Blazers, a local fox hunting club in Galway, Ireland, which dates to 1839.[47][48] Based on boats he had seen in China, the 42-foot (13 m) schooner had a junk rig (a sail stiffened by battens). In this regard Galway Blazer II was similar to Jester, the junk-rigged Folkboat used by former Marine Colonel Herbert Hasler in the first single-handed cross-Atlantic race (OSTAR).[49][50] King, Hasler and Primrose had "teamed up" to design the boat, which was displayed "at the London Boat Show in January 1968."

King's intention to sail around the world was overtaken by the institution in March 1968 of the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. Aged 58, King became the oldest participant in what was the first organized round the world solo yacht race. In Deep Water, King explained that he joined the race as a means of recovering psychologically from fifteen years of service in submarines. This, he said, had left him "a nervous wreck". He had planned to sail around the world before he heard of the race, which "sort of caught up with me." An aunt's legacy provided him with the means to finance the boat.

King was sponsored by the Daily Express and Sunday Express newspapers.[51] One of the shortcomings of the boat was that it had neither guard rails or shrouds to hold on to. King solved this problem with a steel wire that stretched from stem to stern, to which he clipped a harness. His method was then copied by fellow racers Loïck Fougeron and Bernard Moitessier.[52]

King started the race on August 24, 1968.[53] During the race, King lived on raw food, such as dried fruit stirred into almond paste and green sprouts that he grew on board. He read through the New Testament, the Qur'an, and Edwin Arnold's 1880 Buddhist writing, "The Light of Asia",[54] as well as "all the best novels, such as Tolstoy." He said that he did not get depressed during the journey, because of the beauty surrounding him. "You are...alone with God...there's no opportunity to sin" (Deep Water).

King lost radio contact during the race [55]. On October 31, Galway Blazer II capsized in 50-foot (15 m) waves northeast off Gough Island while King rested, breaking both masts.[56][53] King had to be towed to Cape Town, South Africa.[46]

In 1969 King again tried and failed to circumnavigate in Galway Blazer II.[57]

In 1970 he was ready for another attempt, again using Galway Blazer II.[57] Ill-health and hull damage forced him to put ashore at Australia. After departing on December 12, 1971, a large sea creature (a whale or shark) damaged his boat about 400 miles (640 km) southwest of Fremantle. "Only his skill and heroic efforts were able to keep the vessel afloat until jury repairs could be made".[58] King was below deck when he heard a shattering sound and saw the hull below the water line bulge inward and splinter. He rushed upstairs and heeled the boat so that the hole was lifted out of the water. He had to hang over the side and submerge himself to carry out emergency repairs with material that included thirteen ropes, sticky tape, collision covers, sheet copper, and sponge rubber. Then he had to fix the inside of the hull as well. After three days of work, he was able to return to Fremantle, "barely able to limp into port".[59][58]

The 1970 journey was eventually successful, with Bill King completing his global circumnavigation in 1973.[59][60] In 1975 the Cruising Club of America (founded 1921) awarded King the Blue Water Medal in recognition of his feat.[61] The same year Galway Blazer II was sold to Peter Crowther, landlord of a Devon pub.[62] Crowther wrote a book about his experiences with the boat, which was lost on June 24, 1996 during the tenth Singlehanded Transatlantic Race from Plymouth, England, to Newport, Rhode Island in the USA.[63][64][65]

[edit] Later life

In September 2007 King and his daughter, Leonie, still lived at Oranmore Castle.[42] His life's experiences continue to attract media attention, from film to music to art installation.

He was filmed for two documentaries about the Golden Globe Race, including the 1960s BBC short Golden Globe - Lone Sailor Round the World Race and 2006's Deep Water. His war experiences still fascinate documentary film makers. King was interviewed for two planned productions, a 24 minute episode entitled "To Honour and Peace" for the proposed series entitled Bravery Beneath the Waves,[66] and for The Stick & The Stars: The Life & Times of Commander Bill King.

Most recent attention arises from King's interaction with Akira Tsurukame and Katja Boonstra-Blom — the subject of print media articles, an exhibition, and video interviews. Tsurukame, son of the Chief Engineer who perished with the I-66, in 2004 sought out King. King, Tsurukame, and Katja Boonstra, whose father was killed when the I-66 sunk the K-XVI, together planted a tree at Oranmore Castle to honour the latter two's fathers.[67]

The local paper, The Galway Advertiser, dubbed their threeway meeting at Oranmore Castle a "reconciliation". Subsequently Akira Tsurukame released video material of his interviews with Bill King on the internet. Two installations in July 2006 at the Project 06 art exhibition in Galway referenced King. "Response to Japanese Peace and Reconciliation" was arranged in Swan House. The "Lost at Sea" installation was a collaboration between Galway-based Cane 141, who set stories told by Bill King to electronic music, and visual artist Roisin Coyle. The latter installation has since been exhibited in Dublin, and, in May 2007, at New York City's Grace Exhibition Space.[68][69][70] He is currently the oldest surviving World War II submarine commander.[37]

[edit] Books authored

  • 1958: The Stick and the Stars. (Hutchinson).
  • 1969: Capsize. (Nautical Publishing
  • 1975: Adventure in Depth.(Putnam Publishing).
  • 1983: Dive and Attack. Revises and updates The Stick and the Stars, describes author's experiences during World War II. (W. Kimber/ Hutchinson)
  • 1989: The Wheeling Stars : A Guide for Lone Sailors. Boston, London: Faber & Faber.
  • 1997: Kamikaze: the Wind of God (Minerva Press)

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Medal names were deduced by comparing a photograph of Commander King's medals[1] with images in the booklet British Armed Forces Medals,[2] published by the Medals Office of the British Ministry of Defence, and should be regarded as approximations. Both images retrieved on 14 February 2008.
  2. ^ a b c Sharrock, David. 2006. "A medal at 96? I was not brave or clever." TimesOnline. Interview with King about his Arctic Medal and war stories. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  3. ^ a b National University of Ireland, Galway. "William King (1809–1886)". History of NUI Galway, the Science Faculty and associated scientists. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  4. ^ FreeBMD. "Marriages Jun 1908: MacKenzie, Georgina Marie". freebmd.org.uk. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  5. ^ a b Bunbury, Turtle. 2003. "The Leslie Family: Hungary to Ireland (12th century – 2003)". Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  6. ^ FreeBMD. "Marriages Jun 1908: King, William Albert De C." freebmd.org.uk. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.]
  7. ^ a b Warnock, Gabrielle and Jeff W. O'Connell. 2000. Face to Face. Trident Press Ltd., p.249. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  8. ^ a b Finan & Co. 2003. "St. Lucia & Africa: the albums of Lt.-Col. William Albert de Courcy King, D.S.O., R.E." Item 179, Spring Sale, Saturday 5th April. Fine Art Consultants, Auctioneers, and Valuers. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  9. ^ London Gazette: no. 26561, page 5795, October 16, 1894. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  10. ^ Royal Engineers Museum. "Field (Combat) Engineers, Significant Dates and Events, 1899–1902." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  11. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29608, pages 5566–5568, 2 June 1916. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  12. ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Casualty Details: King, William Albert de Courcey" (sic). Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  13. ^ Baker, Chris. "The 36th (Ulster) Division. Summary history of the division." The Long, Long Trail. The British Army in the Great War of 1914–1918. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  14. ^ Royal Engineers Museum. "1917 - Divisional field engineering activities." Corps History - Part 14: The Corps and the First World War (1914–18). Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  15. ^ a b c d e Galway Diary. 2004. "The strange journey to Oranmore Castle." Galway Advertiser, August 26. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  16. ^ a b battleships-cruisers.co.uk. HMS Resolution. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  17. ^ speedie.blogspot.com. 2006. "In the Company of a True Hero--Commander Bill King". (Blogger recounts a 2006 encounter with King, posts photographs.) Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  18. ^ uboat.net. "Allied Warships: HMS Orpheus (N46). Submarine of the O class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  19. ^ London Gazette: no. 33890, page 7833, 9 December 1932. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  20. ^ uBoatnet. 2003. "HMS Pigmy". Warship Forum. Not the Pigmy Class Composite Gunboat of the same name. Retrieved on 19 February 2008.
  21. ^ battleships-cruisers.co.uk. "HMS Titania, June 1938." Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Image).
  22. ^ a b c d e Hans Houterman & Jeroen Koppes. "King, William Donald Aelian." Royal Navy (RN) Officers, 1939–1945. World War II Unit Histories and Officers. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  23. ^ Biblio.com. Dive & Attack (rev. ed.) by King, Cdr. W. Description. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  24. ^ a b c uboat.net. "Allied Warships: HMS Snapper (N 39). Submarine of the S class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  25. ^ Kindell, Don. "1-28 February 1941: Snapper, submarine, lost." Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies, 1922–present. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  26. ^ uboat.net. "Allied Warships: HMS Trusty (N 45). Submarine of the T class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  27. ^ uboat.net. "Allied Warships: Orsa. Torpedo boat of the Orsa class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  28. ^ Hawley, Sir Donald. 2005. "Barbour On 20.9.2004 Professor Kenneth Michael Barbour (a, 1935-1939). Obituaries." Old Radleian. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (PDF).
  29. ^ HMS Telemachus. "British Submarines of World War Two." Retrieved on 12 February 2008.
  30. ^ a b Hackett, Bob & Sander Kingsepp. 2001. "Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-166: Tabular Record of Movement." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  31. ^ uboat.net. "Allied Warships: HMS Telemachus (P 321). Submarine of the T class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  32. ^ uboat.net. "Allied Warships: HNMS K XVI. Submarine of the K XIV class." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  33. ^ dutchsubmarines.com. "Boat K XVI. Member of Class K XIV." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  34. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34845, page 2786, 7 May 1940. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  35. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34941, page 5442, 6 September 1940. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  36. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36895, page 417, 12 January 1945. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  37. ^ a b British Medal Forum. "Local Hero". British, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, Indian, South African and all Commonwealth Medals. britishmedalforum.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  38. ^ London Gazette: no. 38239, page 1882, 16 March 1948. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  39. ^ New York Times. 1912. "Marjorie Ide Weds Under Canopy." June 12. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (PDF).
  40. ^ Georgetown University Libraries. "Special Collections: Sir Shane Leslie Papers." Box: 31 Fold: 1 Alec Waugh. Letter(s) dated 8/28/1949. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  41. ^ thePeerage.com. "Commander William Donald Aelian King." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  42. ^ a b tourismresources.ie "A Royal Castle! Oranmore Castle, near Galway. Havens & Hideaways." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  43. ^ Finlan, Michael. 2006. "Galway Hunting Lodge is bang on." The Irish Times, October 26. Retrieved on 8 January 2008.
  44. ^ Tsurukame, Akira. Video of a visit with Commander Bill King at Oranmore. Retrieved on 15 February 2008.
  45. ^ Knox-Johnston, Robin. 1969. A World of My Own. W. W. Norton & Company, p.18. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  46. ^ a b Paine, Lincoln P. 2000. Ships of Discovery and Exploration. Houghton Mifflin Books, p.57. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  47. ^ Hightower, Elizabeth. 2001. "Sailors Take Warning!" (Review of A Voyage for Madmen, by Peter Nichols.) New York Times on the Web. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  48. ^ St. Gabriel's National School, Ballinasloe. The Galway Blazers. Fionn Films. ("Children talk with a local hunt master and follow the Galway Blazers on a hunt.") Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Video file).
  49. ^ Elliott, Ray. "Millennium Single Handed Trans Atlantic Race." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  50. ^ Royal Western Yacht Club. "OSTAR-the Original Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  51. ^ Holm, Donald. 1974. The Circumnavigators: Small Boat Voyagers of Modern Times. New York: Prentice-Hall, p.248. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Full text).
  52. ^ Moitessier, Bernard. 1995. The Long Way. Translated by William Rodarmor. Sheridan House, p.123. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  53. ^ a b Pickthall, Barry. "The Golden Globe Race." boats.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  54. ^ Arnold, Edward. 1880. The Light of Asia, Or, The Great Renunciation. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Full text).
  55. ^ (Holm 1974:270)
  56. ^ robinknox-johnston.co.uk 1968-69: "Suhaili-The Sunday Times Golden Globe Race." Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  57. ^ a b Henderson, Richard. 1992. Singlehanded Sailing: The Experiences and Techniques of the Lone Voyagers. McGraw-Hill Professional, p.42. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  58. ^ a b Holm, Donald. 1974. The Circumnavigators: Small Boat Voyagers of Modern Times. New York: Prentice-Hall, pp.384, 271 n. 3. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Full text).
  59. ^ a b Henderson, Richard. 1992. Singlehanded Sailing: The Experiences and Techniques of the Lone Voyagers. McGraw-Hill Professional, pp.261-62. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  60. ^ Ryan, Des. 2007. "Knox-Johnston and Blyth's Madmen-Where are they?" sail-world.com. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  61. ^ The Cruising Club of America. "The Blue Water Medal Awards, 1923-2004." Retrieved on 8 January 2008.(PDF).
  62. ^ Coote, Jack and Paul Gelder. 2002. Total Loss: A Collection of 45 First-Hand Accounts of Yacht Losses at Sea. Sheridan House, Inc., p.26. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  63. ^ Crowther, Peter. 2003. Single-handed Sailing: Twenty Years in Galway Blazer. Thomas Reed Publications. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  64. ^ bluegreenpictures.com. Galway Blazer II. Retrieved on 7 January 2008. (Race picture.)
  65. ^ Coote, Jack and Paul Gelder. 2002. Total Loss: A Collection of 45 First-Hand Accounts of Yacht Losses at Sea. Sheridan House, Inc., p.21. Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  66. ^ Periscope Productions. "To Honour and Peace." Episode from proposed Bravery Beneath the Waves series. Retrieved on 15 February 2008.
  67. ^ O'Gorman, Ronnie, 2004. "Tree of peace planted as former enemies embrace beside Galway Bay." Galway Advertiser, August 24. (In 2004 King meets the son of a Japanese chief engineer, whose submarine (I-166) was sunk on July 17, 1944 by HMS Telemachus under King's command). Retrieved on 7 January 2008.
  68. ^ Caine141. Lost at Sea Installation. Retrieved on 15 February 2008.
  69. ^ Grace Exhibition Space. Roisin Mary Installation. Retrieved on 15 February 2008.
  70. ^ "Lost at Sea". Grace Exhibition Space, Williamsborough, New York. May 2007. Retrieved on 15 February 2008.

[edit] External links

Languages