William Forgan Smith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
William Forgan Smith (1887-1953), was Premier of the Australian state of Queensland from 1932 to 1942. He came to dominate politics in the state during the 1930s, and his populism, firm leadership, defence of state’s rights and interest in state development make him something of an archetypal Queensland Premier. He represented the Australian Labor Party (ALP).
[edit] Early Life and Career
Smith (Forgan was his mother's maiden name) was born in Scotland. His father had intended him for the church, but he apprenticed himself to a painter and decorator in Glasgow. He took an early interest in politics, and his Labor sympathies were probably influenced by his observations of the poor conditions in the Clydeside shipyards and other working-class areas in Glasgow. He emigrated to Queensland in 1912, where he had an aunt. He settled in Mackay and became involved in Trade Unionism and Labor Politics. Mackay is the centre of the sugar industry in Queensland and sugar remained a major priority for Smith throughout his career. Despite the fact that he was only 28 and had been in Queensland only three years, he was pre-selected to run for the seat of Mackay in the 1915 election as the Labor candidate. The election saw a decisive victory for Labor under Thomas J. Ryan, and Forgan Smith won the seat and entered Parliament.
Despite his youth and inexperience, it did not take Smith too long to adjust. When Prime Minister Hughes called for conscription to be introduced Smith joined Premier Ryan in opposing it. This gave him recognition in the Queensland Labor Party, but made him a lifelong enemy in Hughes.
Smith read heavily on Parliamentary procedure, and as such was made a temporary Chairman of Committees in 1917, a position which became permanent in 1920. Soon after, he entered Cabinet as a Minister without portfolio assisting the Premier. Both roles gave him ample opportunity to build a profile in Parliament and the party. In 1922 he became Minister for Public Works, where he administered a new system of unemployment relief and earned the respect of the Unions. In 1923 he was elected to the Queensland Central Executive of the Labor Party, a position which gave him considerable power. In 1925 he became Minister for Agriculture under Premier Gillies. By the end of 1925 he was Deputy Premier after only ten years in Parliament.
Labor suffered a surprising election loss in 1929, and Smith was elected leader of the party unopposed. As the Great Depression deepened, Smith knew that he had a good chance of victory in the next election. He concentrated on keeping his party held together, while trying to prevent the pro-Lang faction from gaining influence. He concentrated his criticism of the Government of A. E. Moore on its decision to closely follow the Premier’s Plan, which Smith believed to be only making the depression worse.
Smith campaigned furiously in the lead-up to the 1932 election, travelling broadly around the State. He was rewarded when he came into Government with a seven-seat majority. Smith himself took on the Treasury portfolio in addition to the Premiership. Caucus elected a cabinet of generally moderate members – the radicalism of the Ryan Government had largely gone from the Queensland ALP by this time.
[edit] Premiership
As both Premier and Treasurer, Smith’s immediate problem was the depression. As with other Governments throughout the world at this time, there was great pressure to try and improve the economy and reduce unemployment. He continued to follow the principles of the Premier’s Plan, although he insisted that the Government fulfill its contractual obligations. His greatest concern was unemployment, and he moved to implement something akin to the New Deal of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although he predated Roosevelt by some nine months. Like Roosevelt, his policies were similar to the economic theory of John Maynard Keynes.
Smith was willing to raise taxes, especially on the wealthy and on corporations, in order to fund unemployment relief programs. He was successful in raising revenue from £5.6 million in 1932-1933 to £8.6 million in 1938-1939, although in the process he turned Queensland into Australia’s highest taxing state. The Commonwealth Bank also paid Queensland £920,000 as part of a program to aid the states. This money was put towards coupons and relief work.
Like most Queensland Premiers, Smith was an advocate of development. As such, he could put the relief work programs to good use building infrastructure and undertaking other capital works projects. He embarked on a number of ambitious ones, including the Storey Bridge, an upgrade of Mackay Harbour, the Somerset Dam (which was not completed until after the end of his Premiership) and a new building for the University of Queensland at St. Lucia that now bears his name. The relief work program was unsound over the long term, and was meant as a stop-gap measure. In some cases, local authorities took advantage of it, while in other cases, communities became dependent on it. For example, at one stage half of the workers of Coolangatta on the Gold Coast were on relief work. In 1938 relief work was abolished in favour of a permanent, long-term capital works program.
Smith was also a typical Queensland Premier in that he was criticsed for being authoritarian and dictatorial. He used his strong and forceful personality to dominate Cabinet and the QCE, and his Government passed a number of controversial pieces of legislation. He added clauses to the 1936 Racing Bill which made it harder for reporters to find out and divulge information about proposed legislation, which drew heavy criticism from the press. The 1940 Public Safety Bill gave the Government vast powers during wartime. The most authoritarian, though, was probably the Transport Act of 1938, which allowed the Government to declare ‘State of Emergency’ in any part or all of the state for any time for any reason. In such a case, the Government’s actions were effectively beyond legal challenge. In Smith’s defence, these laws were more or less in line with similar ones passed in other jurisdictions (for example, the Official Secrets Act in the United Kingdom). Also, Smith never declared a State of Emergency himself – it would fall to later Premiers to take advantage of that power. He would regularly consult with his Ministers to reach a decision, and while he could be heavy-handed he was not truly dictatorial.
Smith, like most Queensland Premiers, was a defender of States’ Rights. For example, he opposed the Uniform Tax Plan of 1942, even though it was a Federal Labour Government which was proposing it. Many people expected Smith to make a move to Federal Politics himself, just as Edward Theodore had done. However, he seemed satisfied with his secure position in Queensland.
Smith was the first Queensland Premier to make wide use of radio. He was an effective speaker, and he made a good impression on many of those who listened to him. Radio allowed him to reach a wider audience, and he also traveled throughout the state, especially to turn the first sod on a new capital works project. Though somewhat dour, he became very popular. He was faced by a weak and divided opposition, and won large victories not only in 1932 but also in 1935, 1938 and 1941. He faced little opposition from within his own Government, and was able to retire of his own volition from the Premiership on September 16, 1942. On November 9 he resigned from the Government and Parliament, and was able to pursue his other interest – sugar and education. He became a member and then chairman of the sugar board following his resignation, and then became the Chancellor of the University of Queensland in 1944. He remained there until his death in 1953.
Smith was a pragmatic and hard-working politician who rose, step by step, through careful planning. He was not dogmatic, nor did he do anything spectacular, preferring to busy himself with day-to-day administration. He claimed to be a socialist, although he was an ardent critic of communism. His populism, interests in education and state development and dominance of politics throughout his time in office occasionally invite comparisons with Premier Peter Beattie.
[edit] Sources
Brian Carroll (2003) ‘William Forgan Smith – Dictator or Democrat?’ in ‘The Premiers of Queensland’ (Eds. Denis Murphy, Roger Joyce, Margaret Cribb and Rae Wear) U.Q. Press, St. Lucia.
| Preceded by A.E. Moore |
Premier of Queensland 1932-1942 |
Succeeded by Frank Cooper |
|
|||||||
