William Barrow

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For the medieval bishop of Carlisle, see William Barrow (bishop).

William James Barrow (1904 – 1967) was an American chemist and paper conservator, and a pioneer of library and archives conservation. He introduced the field of conservation to paper deacidification through alkalization.

Contents

[edit] Overview

An American document restorer and former director of the W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory located in Richmond, Virginia, Barrow was at one time considered by many authorities to be the leading independent scientific center for research into paper and the deterioration of paper. Barrow developed a process for laminating brittle documents between tissue and cellulose acetate film, as well as a highly effective means of deacidifying paper. He demonstrated the actual facts of paper stability over the past four centuries and developed a durable paper having a high degree of permanence. Barrow was also a part of a team of paper manufacturers, partially supported by the paper industry, which developed a large-scale process to manufacture alkaline or permanent-durable paper from wood fiber. He was also involved in other investigations connected with paper and ink for a period of more than 30 years, and was probably the most important single contributor to the knowledge of methods of achieving permanence and durability of archival materials. The Barrow laboratory ceased operations in 1977, ten years after his death on August 25, 1967.[1]

[edit] Significance to preservation

Emerson's Letter to Whitman is yellowing due to acidification.
Emerson's Letter to Whitman is yellowing due to acidification.

Before the 1850s, linen and cotton rag were the primary material source for papermaking, but a shortage drove the market to develop the notoriously acidic wood-pulp alternative. With the advent of steam-driven paper making machines such as the Fourdrinier in the 19th century, in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. The wide availability of cheap wood based paper can be credited with the birth of ephemera, and consequently with the birth of modern paper preservation, as large quantities of rapidly deteriorating materials needed the attention of science.

Barrow published an article in the 1930s that introduced librarians, archivists, and other restorers with chemical means of controlling the acid deterioration of paper. While he is widely considered[2] to be the first promoter of acid paper issues, his earliest published work on this topic goes somewhat unheeded until the 1950s when he began to receive grants from the Council on Library Resources (CLR) and the American Library Association (ALA), among others. The delay in addressing these issues could be largely due to the onset of the Depression, and the following paper-hungry war which pushed the acid paper problem to the back of scientists' minds.

Barrow's greatest significance is perhaps as an aggressive promoter of paper preservation, as in retrospect his scientific discoveries have not been entirely sound. For example, his tests to accelerate the natural aging of paper samples at elevated temperatures have since proven to be erroneous,[3] and modern scholars doubt his importance as an original chemical researcher.[4]

[edit] Education and career

Barrow was born December 11, 1904 in Brunswick County, Virginia. He had little formal education when he began to study paper chemistry, learning instead through apprenticeship with professional paper chemists from the National Bureau of Standards and the National Printing Office.

[edit] Selected bibliography

  • Barrow, W.J. 1939. The Barrow method of laminating documents. Journal of Documentary Reproduction, 2 (June): 147-151.
  • Barrow, W.J. 1954. Migration of impurities in paper.
  • Hummel, R.O., Jr. and W.J. Barrow. 1956. Lamination and other methods of restoration. Library Trends, 4 (January): 259-268.
  • Barrow, W.J. 1957. Physical strength of non-fiction book papers, 1900-1949: A preliminary report to Council on Library Resources, Inc.
  • Barrow, W.J. and R.C. Sproull. 1959. Permanence in book papers. Science, 129 (24 April): 1075-1084.
  • Barrow, W.J. 1959. A sample of strong and stable book paper.
  • Barrow, W.J. 1959. Deterioration of book stock, causes and remedies: Two studies on the permanence of book paper (Virginia. State Library, [Richmond] Publications).
  • Barrow, W.J. Manuscripts and Documents, Their Deterioration and Restoration, Charlottesville, The University Press of Virginia, 1955
  • Barrow, W.J. 1959 The Barrow method of restoring deteriorated documents
  • Church, R.W., ed. 1960. The manufacture and testing of durable book papers. Studies conducted by W. J. Barrow. (Virginia State Library Publications, no. 13). Richmond, Virginia: Virginia State Library.
  • Barrow, W.J. 1964. An accelerated aging study of several writing papers: Re-evaluation of data. Tappi. 47 (February): 105-107.
  • Barrow, W.J. and A.M. Carlton. 1967. Durability of three current laminating tissues. American Archivist. 30 (July): 526-529.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Roberts, Matt T. and Don Etherington.Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books, a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. CoOL, a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. Overview adapted from entry on William Barrow and his work on paper acidity.
  2. ^ Barrett, Timothy and Cynthia Mosier.The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanency II. American Institute for Conservation.. Retrieved on 2007-05-01., The Book and Paper Group Annual, vol. 13, 1994 cites "William Barrow's classic study of historical paper specimens."
  3. ^ Library of Congress. The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. a discussion of the nature of paper, causes of its deterioration, and options for ensuring its longevity.
  4. ^ Roggia, Sally. William James Barrow: A Biographical Study of His Formative Years and His Role in the History of Library and Archives Conservation From 1931 to 1941. CoOL, a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries for Columbia University, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. "This study demonstrates that Barrow's most important contribution was his application and popularization of existing chemical research."

[edit] See also

[edit] External links