Wilfred Cantwell Smith
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Wilfred Cantwell Smith (July 21, 1916 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian scholar of comparative religion. He notably and controversially questioned the validity of the concept of religion in his 1962 work The Meaning and End of Religion.
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[edit] Early life & career
Smith was born in Toronto, Canada and received his B.A. with honours in Oriental Languages in 1938 from the University of Toronto. After having his thesis rejected at the University of Cambridge for its Marxist critique of the British Raj, he and his wife Muriel Mackenzie Struthers spent seven years in India (1940-1946). During this time Smith taught Indian and Islamic history at the Forman Christian College in Lahore. In 1948 he obtained his Ph.D in Oriental Languages at Princeton University, after which he taught at McGill, founding the McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies in 1952. From 1964 to 1973 Smith taught at the Harvard Divinity School. He left Harvard for Dalhousie University in Halifax, NS, where he founded their Department of Religion. In 1978 he returned to Harvard, and remained there for the duration of his career.
[edit] The Meaning and End of Religion
In his most controversial work, The Meaning and End of Religion, Smith contends that religion, contrary to what is generally supposed - rather than being a universally valid category - is a peculiarly European concept of comparatively recent origin. Practitioners of any given faith do not, historically, come to regard what they do as 'religion' until they have sprouted that form of collective self-regard which causes them to have absorbed the perspective of the outsider, so to speak. Religion, in the contemporary sense of the word is, for Smith the product of identity politics and apologetics :
"One's own 'religion' may be piety and faith, obedience, worship, and a vision of God. An alien 'religion' is a system of beliefs or rituals, an abstract and impersonal pattern of observables. A dialectic ensues, however. If one's own 'religion' is attacked, by unbelievers who necessarily conceptualize it schematically, or all religion is, by the indifferent, one tends to leap to the defence of what is attacked, so that presently participants of a faith - especially those most involved in argument - are using the term in the same externalist and theoretical sense as their opponents. Religion as a systematic entity, as it emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, is a concept of polemics and apologetics" (p. 43).
Through an etymological study of 'religion' (religio, in Latin), Smith further contends that the term, which at first, and for most of the centuries, denoted an attitude towards a relationship between God and 'man' (p. 26), has, through conceptual slippage, come to mean a "system of observances or beliefs" (p. 29), a historical tradition which has been institutionalized through a process of reification. Whereas 'religio' denoted personal piety, 'religion' refers to an abstract entity (or transcendental signifier) which Smith claims does not exist.
Smith argues that the term as found in Lucretius and Cicero was internalized by the Catholic church through Lactantius and Augustine. During the Middle Ages it was superseded by the term "faith", which Smith favors by contrast. In the Renaissance, via the Christian Platonist Marsilio Ficino, 'religio' becomes popular again, retaining its original emphasis on personal practice even in John Calvin's Christianae Religionis Institutio (1536). During seventeenth century debates between Catholics and Protestants, religion begins to refer to an abstract system of beliefs, especially when describing an oppositional structure. Through the Enlightenment this concept is further reified, so that by the nineteenth century Hegel defines religion as 'Begriff', "a self-subsisting transcendent idea that unfolds itself in dynamic expression in the course of ever-changing history ... something real in itself, a great entity with which man has to reckon, a something that precedes all its historical manifestation" (p. 47).
Smith concludes his etymology by arguing that religion now has four meanings: 1) personal piety; 2&3) "an overt system of beliefs, practices, values" related to the time and place of community religion. The term is split into two meanings, a. the 'ideal' religion of the theologian, and b. the 'empirical phenomenon' of the lived tradition; and 4) a generic summation, or universal category, ie: religion in general (p. 48-9).
The Meaning and End of Religion remains Smith's most influential work. The writer who, in turn, has taken up and applied most vigorously Smith's emphases is the former nun Karen Armstrong.
[edit] Books
- The Muslim League, 1942-1945 (1945) Minerva Book Shop, 57 p.
- Pakistan as an Islamic State: Preliminary Draft (1954), Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 114 p.
- Islam in Modern History: The tension between Faith and History in the Islamic World (1957), Princeton University Press 1977 paperback: ISBN 0-691-01991-6
- The Meaning and End of Religion (1962), Fortress Press 1991 paperback: ISBN 0-8006-2475-0
- Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis (1963), South Asia Books 1985 edition: ISBN 0-8364-1338-5
- The Faith of Other Men (1963), Dutton, ISBN 0-453-00004-5. from seven CBC radio talks
- Questions of Religious Truth (1967), Scribner
- Religious Diversity: Essays (1976), HarperCollins paperback: ISBN 0-06-067464-4
- Belief and History (1977), University of Virginia Press 1986 paperback: ISBN 0-8139-1086-2
- On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies editor, (1981), The Hague: Mouton Publishers: ISBN 90-279-3448-7, Walter De Gruyter Inc. hardcover: ISBN 90-279-3448-7, paperback: ISBN 3-11-010020-7, 2000 reprint: ISBN 3-11-013498-5
- Scripture: Issues as Seen by a Comparative Religionist (1985) Claremont Graduate School, 22 p., no ISBN
- Towards a World Theology: Faith and the Comparative History of Religion (1989) Macmillan paperback: ISBN 0-333-52272-9, Orbis Books 1990 paperback: ISBN 0-88344-646-4
- What Is Scripture?: A Comparative Approach, Fortress Press 1993: ISBN 0-8006-2608-7
- Patterns of Faith Around the World, Oneworld Publications 1998: ISBN 1-85168-164-7
- Faith and Belief, Princeton University Press 1987: ISBN 0-691-02040-X, Oneworld Publications 1998: ISBN 1-85168-165-5
- Believing, Oneworld Publications 1998: ISBN 1-85168-166-3
- Wilfred Cantwell Smith Reader (2001), Kenneth Cracknell editor, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 1-85168-249-X
[edit] Further reading
- Talal Asad. "Reading a Modern Classic: W. C. Smith's The Meaning and End of Religion," History of Religion 40, no. 3 (2001): 205-22.
- Edward J Hughes. Wilfred Cantwell Smith: A Theology for the World (1986), SCM Press, ISBN 0-334-02333-5
- Kuk-Won Bae, Homo Fidei: A Critical Understanding of Faith in the Writings of Wilfred Cantwell Smith and Its Implications for the Study of Religion (2003), Peter Lang, ISBN 0-8204-5112-6
