Wilbur Fisk
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Wilbur Fisk, a prominent American Methodist minister, educator and theologian, was born in Guilford, (near Brattleboro), Vermont on 31 August 1792. He was the son of the Hon. Isaiah Fisk (1763 – 1859) and Hannah Bacon (abt 1760 – 1845). Fisk's first name is properly spelled 'Willbur', with two ll's, as can be seen in his signatures and his grave marker. However, there are numerous printed sources, including in his lifetime, that print his name as 'Wilbur'.
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[edit] Family Background
Wilbur’s father, Isaiah, was from Massachusetts and descended from William Fisk who emigrated to America from England in about 1637. His mother, Hannah (Bacon) was also from Massachusetts and was descended from John Bacon who came to America in 1640. Isaiah and Hannah married on 2 May 1786 and moved to Guildford, near Brattleboro, Vermont where Isaiah’s father, Amos Fisk, had purchased land at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Their first child, Isaiah Jr. was born in 1789, and died as a youngster in 1793. Polly, their second child, was born in Brattleboro in 1790. Wilbur, their third child, was born two years later in 1792. Unfortunate business interests caused a financial hardship for Isaiah and Hannah, and they moved with their children from Guilford to Lyndon, Vermont in Caledonia County, which is about forty miles from the Canadian border. Isaiah Fisk became a respected citizen in Lyndon, and he was elected by his fellow citizens as Assistant Judge, Caledonia County Court from 1808 – 1813 and Chief Judge, Caledonia County Court from 1815 – 1823. He was also a presidential elector in the 1816 presidential election.
[edit] Early life
Wilbur was raised in Lyndon, and at age 16 he was admitted to the Peacham Academy in Vermont where he completed a course of instruction in two years. After leaving the Academy, he began attending Burlington College in Vermont in 1812 (now the University of Vermont). The outbreak of the War of 1812, however, caused classes to be suspended. Wilbur then transferred to Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island in 1814 and graduated in 1815.
While at Brown he determined to pursue a career in law, and upon graduation returned to Lyndon where he began working at the law office of the Hon. Isaac Fletcher. Wilbur was not known as a particularly devote student while in college, but after a year or so decided that a career in law was at odds with his Christian character. He left the legal profession behind and moved to Baltimore where he was engaged as a tutor.
Wilbur was plagued by respiratory problems throughout his life, and ill health in Baltimore caused him to move back home to Lyndon to recuperate. While in Lyndon, he came in contact with the great religious revival sweeping the state of Vermont. His mother, Hannah, had forsaken her New England Calvinist roots to become a Methodist, and her home was a center of Methodist activity in northern Vermont. Wilbur, after much contemplation, decided to become a Methodist minister and was appointed an itinerant minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1818. He only served as a minister for three years in Vermont and Massachusetts before becoming interested in furthering educational opportunities in New England. In about 1820 he suffered a relapse in his health and did not resume his preaching until about 1822.
[edit] Wesleyan Academy and Wesleyan University
While still engaged in his ministerial duties, Fisk became actively involved with the New Market Academy in New Market, New Hampshire and in 1824 was appointed to the Board of Trustees. When it was relocated to Wilbraham, Massachusetts (and renamed the Wesleyan Academy), he was appointed to the position of principal in 1826. The success of the Academy under his direction was noted by many Methodists, and he was then offered the Presidency of the new Wesleyan University which was being established in Middletown, Connecticut. He accepted that position and remained as its first president from its opening in 1831 until his death in 1839. As an indication of the high esteem with which he was regarded by his contemporaries, he was elected to the office of Bishop in 1835 which he declined to devote his energies to educational matters. In 1851 Wesleyan Academy (now Wilbraham & Monson Academy) erected Fisk Hall in his honor.
Under his leadership the university became an important center for Methodist education in New England. Many of his ideas were regarded as being unusual in his day: admission was not dependent on religious affiliation, he encouraged the “bodily health” of students, and he regarded modern languages as being as important as classical languages. His views may be summed up with this quote from his writings: “The great object which we propose to ourselves in the work of education is to supply, as far as we may, men who will be willing and competent to effect the political, intellectual, and spiritual regeneration of the world.” To that end, he worked to insure the physical, moral and intellectual developments of his students.
[edit] European Travel
In 1835 Fisk suffered another relapse in his battle with what appears to have been some sort of chronic respiratory disease. His physician advised him to take a sea voyage to try and regain his health. The Trustees of the Wesleyan University were anxious for him to make a complete recovery and offered to let him take a year off to travel to Europe to acquire books and laboratory equipment for the University. Wilbur and Ruth left New York in the company of a faculty member and friend, Wilbur B. Lane, in 1835. Before their departure in 1835 the Board of Fellows of Brown University awarded him a Doctor of Divinity degree.
While in England, Fisk gave many sermons, and throughout his trip he was actively engaged in carrying out his assignment of acquiring supplies for the university. In addition to sightseeing, the European tour proved to be quite strenuous for his frail constitution. His health did improve, however, and after he returned to Middletown in 1836, he resumed his duties as president of the university. In 1838 Harper’s published his book describing the European tour: Travels On The Continent Of Europe; Viz., In England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, And The Netherlands
[edit] Slavery, Temperance & Indian Missions
The question of slavery was one of the burning issues of the day, and one that often put Wilbur Fisk at odds with many of his fellow Methodists. He was a colozationist who favored repatriating slaves to Africa. He opposed the abolitionists within the church who sought to deny membership to any slaveholder or any supporter of slavery. Wilbur felt that the abolitionist approach would split the church and prevent those who needed Christian love and teachings the most from receiving it. He endorsed what he believed was a truly Christian, non-violent way of solving this social evil. Many felt his approach would not bring about emancipation. Toward the end of his life he regretted some of his arguments, but still stood on the principle that a unified church was the quickest way to emancipate slaves. Whether his way would have worked is open to debate, however, in one sense he was correct—in 1844 the Methodist church did split along exactly the lines that he predicted, and only twenty years after his death the nation was plunged into war as the time for talking about slavery ended.
Fisk was an early advocate for temperance throughout the 1830’s and often wrote and lectured on the "evils of alcohol." He believed that a person should abstain entirely and felt that “drinking rum and going to hell are synonymous terms.” (Prentice p. 188)
Wilbur was instrumental in securing funds for a translation of the Bible into the Mohawk language in 1831 (the project was completed in 1839).
[edit] Marriage and Family
Wilbur most likely met his wife, Ruth Peck of Providence, at some point while he was in Rhode Island. They carried on a seven year engagement, primarily through correspondence, until they decided marry on 9 Jun 1823 in Providence, Rhode Island. She was an Episcopalian prior to her marriage. Prentice indicates that most friends believed that Wilbur and Ruth had an unhappy marriage, and her letters indicate dissatisfaction with her ability to have a harmonious relationship. Wilbur expected to outlive his wife, and did not prepare adequately for his early demise. He expressed concern for Ruth’s continuing welfare on his deathbed. In an expression of true friendship and Christian charity, faculty members and students of Wesleyan University helped Ruth for the remainder of her life, taking care to provide her with food, help around the house, etc., despite the fact that according to Prentice, “she acted like a spoiled child.”
Wilbur and Ruth adopted a daughter, Martha S. Fisk, who was born on 24 Oct 1824. She lived with her parents in Middletown and then with her mother and grandmother, Lydia Peck, after her father’s death in 1839. Martha died at age twenty on 25 Apr 1844 in Middletown, Connecticut. She is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery.
Ruth’s mother, Lydia (Lyon) Peck was born 9 May 1769 in West Woodstock, Connecticut and came to live with Wilbur and Ruth in her old age. She is mentioned in Prentice’s biography (though not by her first name) as living with them in Middletown. Lydia was the daughter of Amos Lyon (1733 – 1812). She died on 25 June 1843 in Middletown, Connecticut and is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery.
Wilbur Fisk died after a long, painful illness in Middletown, Connecticut on 22 Feb 1839 with his wife by his side. He is buried in the Wesleyan Cemetery in Middletown.
[edit] Bibliography
This is a partial biography of works by and about Wilbur Fisk. Also see entries in the Dictionary of American Biography, the Encyclopedia Britannica, as well as many Methodist histories..
Bangs, Nathan, A discourse on occasion of the death of the Reverend Wilbur Fisk, D.D., president of the Wesleyan University: Delivered in the Greene-Street Church, New-York, on the evening of the 29th of March 1839, NY: T. Mason & G. Lane, 1839, 24 p.
Bangs, Nathan, A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, NY, T. Mason and G. Lane, 1839, 3rd edition, 4 volumes (see volume four)
Fisk, Wilbur, Travels On The Continent Of Europe; Viz., In England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, And The Netherlands, NY: Harper’s, 1838, 688 p.
Fisk, Wilbur, Calvinist Controversy: Embracing a Sermon on Predestination and Election; and Several Numbers on the Same Subject,..., New York: B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1835, 273 p. [Articles originally published in The Christian Advocate and Journal]
Holdich, Joseph, The Life of Wilbur Fisk, D.D., First President of Wesleyan University, NY: Harper, 1842, 455 p.
Pierce, Frederick C., Fiske and Fisk Family, Chicago: Published by the Author, 1896
Prentice, George, Wilbur Fisk, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1889, 289 p. (American Religious Leaders Series)
Vermont Historical Magazine, No XI, October 1867, pp 348-349
