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miR-19 has now been predicted or experimentally
SraE (also known as RygB) is highly abundant in stationary
This family also contains snos R70 and R12 from Arabidopsis
18S G-1358.
18S U-1356.
ACA11 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has
Although evidence has been presented for an existence
A similar role has been suggested for the H/ACA snoRNAs U17a
-1 frameshift and translation then continues in the new frame
1-nt different from published.
The classical swine virus UTR described in appears to
This family also contains several other annotated snoRNAs including
This family is predicted to direct a highly conserved
Two independent studies have found that 7SK RNA binds the
201-nucleotide sequence just upstream of the polyadenylation
Many Gram-positive species have two copies of 6S RNA. In
miR-194 appears to be a vertebrate specific miRNA and has now
2'-O-ribose methylation guide for pre-rRNA.
2'O-ribose methylation of snRNA U6 at residue C60.
2'O-ribose methylation of the large 28S rRNA at residue U4590.
2'O-ribose methylation of the small 18S rRNA on position A512. It
2'-O-ribose residues on 18S ribosomal RNA.
The function of these RNAs is unknown.
This mirna appears to be specific to the vertebrates and has
U106 contains conserved antisense elements which would
U25 is thought to as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for
300-nucleotide 7S RNA (RF00017 RF00017]) and six proteins: SRPs 72,
3rd anti-codon position.
3' tails by UnaL2-encoded reverse transcriptase. The solution
3'-terminal 4 bases of the RNA(GCCC-OH).
~55nt pseudoknot structure which has been shown to be necessary
5.8S ribosomal RNA (5.8S rRNA) is a component of the large
5.8S rRNA is also found in archaea.
(5'-ACAGG and CUCUUCC-5') in PSTVd, is thought to bind with the tomato
5' arm of the hairpin.
5 of ribosomal protein S8 in human and in homologous genes in
(5-ribosyluracil) a constituent of structural RNAs (transfer, ribosomal,
5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is a component of the large ribosomal
5' UTRs.
68, 54, 19, 14, and 9. Archaeal SRP consists of a 7S RNA and
68-nucleotide element within the FIE3.
~70nt precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme
7SK was discovered as an abundant small nuclear RNA in the
7S RNA and six proteins: SRPs 72, 68, 54, 19, 14, and 9.
a 50-fold acceleration in transcript degradation.
a biosensor for intracellular free polyamines.
absent in PWS patients. HBII-52 lacks any significant
a bulged adenosine in domain VI attacks the 5' splice site,
abundant snoRNAs in human cells and is essential for the cleavage
ACA13 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNA that guide the sites of
ACA27 is found in the same host gene within a different intron
ACA28 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNA that guide the sites of
ACA35 belong to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the
accession number for 'Homo sapiens snoRNA ACA53 gene' (AJ609478)
access to the ribosome-binding site of ypaA mRNA.
accumulation of gadX (a transcriptional regulator of the acid response) and
achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation
acid cycle, acnA and fumA, two ferritin genes, ftnA and bfr,
acid transporter gene, and members of the yuaA-yubG operon which
a complex secondary structure featuring multiple putative
a conserved secondary structure containing three stem
acquisition of a spliced leader from a SL RNA is a intra-molecular
act as guides in the the modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
activate PKR which is known to be a translational inhibitor. Mutations in
activation of macrophages.
activity in the absence of the protein subunit, i.e. it is a
activity is strictly controlled and highly tissue specific. It is thought
activity is supposed to reside in one of the protein components
activity of poly(A) polymerase (PAP), and inhibits its activity
activity. This rne 5' UTR element acts as a sensor of cellular
acts as a translational repressor by binding to the nested
acts to regulate renin production. REN-SRE is thought to destabilise the
additional hairpin. This family includes a significant
adenosylcobalamin (Ado-CBL) is known to repress expression of genes for
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and other methionine and SAM
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related alpha-proteobacteria. The
a large number of new candidate thiamin-regulated genes, mostly
alignment also includes a portion of the antiterminator
alignment (Bateman A pers obs).
Allosteric rearrangement of mRNA structure is mediated by ligand
almost identical mature sequences. The extents of the hairpin
alpha-proteobacteria that binds S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Its
alpha-proteobacteria. The final stem of the structure overlaps
(Alpharetroviruses and Avian type C retroviruses). dr1 is required for
also be involved in the regulation of viral replication.
also contains the 26 amino acid delta-haemolysin gene (hld).
also encode essential splicing proteins in intronic ORFs. The
also interacts with a CsrA-like protein.
also in the case of monocytes and macrophages, in response to
also present in mice. U79 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which
also present in this family. The hairpin precursors (represented
alternative method of translation via internal ribosome entry where
alternative structures. One that is a series
although it has been suggested that it may function to switch on
Although the U12 sequence is very divergent from that of U2
a methylation guide for 18S ribosomal RNA in plants.Although
amino acid biosynthetic genes usually in Gram-positive bacteria.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases). tRNAs cope with the degeneracy of
and 28S rRNA. Functionally, it is thought that 5.8S rRNA may be
and a 5'-cap) are known to enhance translation.
and ACA10 and mouse MBI-29.
and a gene for superoxide dismutase, sodB.
and are estimated based on hairpin prediction. The products are thought
and a side-by-side helical alignment.
and be expressed during different stages of growth. In many
and create the active site for splicing catalysis. A recycling
and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family
and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but
and experimentally confirmed in Drosophila. miR-219 homologs
and Fugu. snoR75 from Arabidopsis and homologues in rice
and GTL2. snoRNAs 14q(I) and 14q(II) differ from previously
and highly tissue specific.
and hY5. These small RNAs are predicted to fold into
and is critical for leader TRS function.
and is encoded together with HBII-436, HBII-437, HBII-438A/B and
and is known to be a multifunctional cis-acting replication element (CRE),
and is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of U4 snRNA
and is specifically expressed in the brain, specifically in the
and is thought to be needed for the formation of a "replication complex"
and it is thought the IRES may initiate translation of vFLIP from this
and L20 (infC-rpmI-rplT). A Rho-independent transcription
and mir107. Animal miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt precursors and
and mir-200 (MI0000243 MI0000243], MI0000342 MI0000342]) are expressed from
and other plants are alternatively known as U15, and, despite
and plant Z100 snoRNA.
and R59. Members of this family belong to the C/D box class of
and regulates ompF expression by inhibiting translation and inducing
and related bacteria that post-transcriptionally controls expression
and ribosomal protein L27 (rplU-ysxB-rpmA).
and several small untranslated RNA molecules. It has been
and singlet (U4-8) forms of this snRNA have been purified from
and snoZ131 in rice.
and snRNAs. The precise target of this family is unknown.
and so enhance secondary metabolism and biocontrol traits.
and the branchpoint sequence (BPS) of the intron results in
and the H/ACA box snoRNA ACA51 share the same host gene (NOL5A)
and the rpoS-encoded sigma(s) subunit of RNA polymerase.
and thiazole moieties in bacteria. The previously detected
and translation of the tmRNA leads to addition of a proteolysis
and U12 snRNAs and associated proteins, forms a spliceosome that
and U1920 in Drosophila 18S rRNA to pseudouridine.
and U76 snoRNAs show clear similarity to U24.
and was named SraF. The family was later found to exist upstream of
and when deleted leads to a 50% drop in regulation. The element is thought
and ykoK genes in B. subtilis. The specific functions of these proteins are
Animal histone pre-mRNAs are spliced by a different mechanism
Animal miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt precursors and
an important role in the initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis and may
an internal loop of the RRE leading, encouraging further Rev-RRE
an intron of the gene for ribosomal protein L5 in mammals ,
another C/D box domain U12-22 (RF00492 RF00492]). Both the doublet
anterior/posterior patterning in the Drosophila embryo.
anti-sense RNA which inhibits transposase expression when IS10 is
antitermination of genes in the T-box leader family. T-boxes are
anti-terminator form. This entry represents the conserved
antiterminator structure.
antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the level of
a number of archaeal genomes. This family represents
A number of closely related snoRNAs have been found in
any significant complementarity with ribosomal RNA.
apical localisation and the two stem-loop structures act to allow the
appears to be a vertebrate specific microRNA and has now been
appears to be Drosophila specific. Animal miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt
appears to be expressed from intergenic regions in HOX gene
appears to be specific to humans. Animal miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt
a protein required for transcription from the major transfer
Arabidopsis and rice have been named R63 and Z106 respectively.
Arabidopsis homologue is annotated as snoR41 in the sequence
archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes.
Archaeal SRP consists of a 7S RNA and homologues of the eukaryotic
archaea, the SRP19-helix 6 complex is thought to be involved in
are close paralogues sharing the same host gene (FLJ10534) and
are common to all cellular RNase P RNAs. Yet, there is
are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D
are necessary for genome replication. 2 RNA domains in the 5' UTR
are not generally known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction.
are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species
are predicted based on conservation and base pairing and are not
are predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the large 28S
are predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of residue U22
are transcribed as ~70nt precursors (modelled here) and
arm of the precursor, and both Arabidopsis and rice genomes
arm of the precursor. The extents of the hairpin precursors
(ARMV).
as 40 genes, including the fhlA-encoded transcriptional activator
as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA.
a significantly shorter sequence length, appear to be related.
a small complex (the U8 snoRNP) which is required for accumulation
a small RNA called ctRNA (for counter-transcribed RNA) than is
as mediating viral replication.
a specific anti-codon) for a particular amino acid; and 'wobble'
as possibly other, still unknown cellular RNAs. U23 can
associated proteins. In S.aureus, RNAIII acts as the effector of the agr
associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70
as the culture approaches the stationary phase of growth and is
as U46. U40 is encoded in intron 2 of the ribosomal protein S8 gene
a subset of the six short sequence elements found in all U3
at 37 degrees C, almost silent at 30 degrees C and controlled by
at each bend and when complexed with the two proteins it blocks
At least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by
at least two small RNAs, DsrA and RprA, participate in the positive
a transcriptional repressor related to the Myc/Mad family of transcription
attenuation. In each a leader sequence of 150-200 bp
auto-regulated by transcript stability. rnc, the first gene in
a wide variety of bacteria, CsrB RNAs are only known in
(Bachellerie JP, Ganot, P unpublished data). U23 is encoded
Bacillus subtilis, both copies appear to interact with RNA
Bacillus subtilis, the riboswitch most likely controls gene
bacteria (e.g. Bacillus subtilis) have a longer eukaryote-like
bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs
Bacterial tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA or SsrA, is named for its
bacteria. The retron encodes a reverse transcriptase that is
bacteria, the SRP consists of a 4.5S RNA and the Ffh protein (a
bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA (satBaMV). The family is thought to be
based on base pairing and cross-species conservation -- their
based on conservation and base pairing and are not generally
based on hairpin prediction. The products are thought to have regulatory
based on the sequence of the mature RNA.
based on which helix the 5' and 3' ends of the sequence
base-pairing, i.e. permitting non-standard base-pairing at the
base pairing is confined to a short 5' stem loop, but U6 snRNA
base pairs with the 5' splice junction, thus defining the 5'
bases in length and is composed of a hairpin like structure. The
bases in length. sroB is found in several Enterobacterial species but its
bases in length. The function of this family is unknown.
bases of the pRNA are essential for packing the viral DNA. The
becomes stabilised in response to IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha, and
been been predicted and experimentally confirmed in a wide range
been expressed in mouse (MI0000174 MI0000174]) and is predicted in human
been found to be essential for efficient viral replication and it has been
been found to enhance DI RNA accumulation by approximately 10-fold as well
been identified for scaRNA ACA11.
been shown to act as methylation guides for a number of RNA
been shown to localise to the nucleoplasm and is proposed to
been shown to retain its catalytic function, but is still essential for
be homologous to Arabidopsis snoR13.
being involved in wound-healing. It has been found that FGF-2 IRES
believed that these RNAs, guided by a protein, Hfq, can mediate the
believed to act as a negative regulator of repC transcription, be
be longer at the 5' end than other pestivirus UTRs. This family
belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the
belongs to the H/ACA class of guide RNAs. U93 is predicted to guide
belong to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the
be substituted by the trp transcription terminator without loss of
between 135 and 170 bases in length. The t44 gene has been
between organisms.
bicistronic transcript.
binding, and that both the 3' stem-loop and the Sm site are
binding, and this results in modulation of gene expression. A class
binding RNA which is found in the 3' UTR. AMV CP can stimulate the
binding. This RNP complex is critical for mRNA
bind to both aptamers to activate these genes and facilitate
biocontrol model organism Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0. GacA/GacS
biosynthesis genes in other alpha-proteobacteria. Like the other
blockage in RNA replication and it is thought that both the primary
bodies. U88 is found associated with both fibrillarin and
both Arabidopsis and rice genomes contain a number of related
both HB11-99 and U106 snoRNAs share the same host gene. Most
bound by iron response proteins (IRPs). The IRE is found in UTRs
box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of
box domains (termed U12-22 and U4-8). The 5' and 3' C/D domains
box D or D' of the snoRNA, the methyltransferase activity is supposed to
boxes A and A'), and a larger 3' domain (with boxes B, C, C', and
box family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of
breakpoint of chromosomal translocation t(3;6)(q27;q15). The U50HG
(BTE) as found in barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), bean leafroll virus and
(but not essential) for colony formation, though its exact function and
but within introns of the ADP ribosylation factor gene in
by Darzacq and called U91. Both the doublet (U12-22/U4-8)
by promoting efficient translation of the stress sigma factor, RpoS.
by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly to
by the amounts of two proteins, encoded by cotranscribed genes
by the capsid connector protein (PFAM:PF05352). Only the first 120
by this complex pseudoknotted structure. Translation of the
C8. This C/D domain was later found associated in tandem with
(caf) enzyme appears to be involved in processing. In this case
CAGGXXG that is found in up to 18 copies and has been
Cajal bodies whereas the U4-8 single domain appears to accumulate
called candidates 43,55 and 61. These RNAs have also been
can individually mediate internal ribosome entry. However, the full length
can lead to overexpression of Spi-1 which has been linked to
cap-dependent mechanism it has been found to contain a IRES in its 5' UTR.
cap-dependent translation pathway.
capsid proteins so is found in a protein coding region. The family has
cascade.
case the mature sequence comes from both the 3' (miR-30) and 5'
case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm of the precursor. The
catabolism and a positive regulatory effect on glycolysis.
CD11 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C
C/D box domain U91 (also known as U4-8) was identified by Darzacq
C/D box snoRNA terminal stem structure.
C/D box snoRNA U43 (RPL3). N.B. U83A/B/C have no sequence
C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation
CDK9/cyclin T complex (known as elongation factor P-TEFb).
cells as well. RygB is adjacent to RygA a closely related RNA
cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of
central region of 5S RNA. Thus, in addition to positively
ceruloplasmin (Cp) gene called gamma interferon inhibitor of translation
Changes in Spot 42 levels are implicated in affecting the adjacent
charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome
chemical modification and enzymatic cleavage experiments.
chicken, and Xenopus laevis.
chicory yellow mottle virus (CYMV) and arabis mosaic virus
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The family is thought to be involved in the
chloroplasts but are absent from archaeal and eukaryote nuclear
chondrocyte specific 24 (ctgf/hcs24) mRNA has been shown to
choroids plexus. No RNA target has been identified.
chromosome 15. HBII-52 is exclusively expressed in the brain but is
chromosome 15. Unlike most other snoRNAs, HBII-85 is expressed
circle virus replication to unit-length satellite RNA.
cis-regulation is unclear, but this element is postulated to
C kinase (RACK1) gene in mammals (S. Griffiths-Jones,
classical situation a sequence 32nt downstream of the stem is
class of snoRNA which contain C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of
class of snoRNA which contain H (ANANNA) and ACA box motifs. H/ACA box
cleavage leads to the formation of 18S rRNA. Regions of the U17
cleavage of this RNA.
cleavages of eukaryotic precursor rRNAs. In yeasts, this molecule
cleaved from a 45S precursor synthesised by RNA polymerase I).
cleaves a divergent class of low-abundance pre-mRNA introns.
cleaves the internal transcribed spacer 1 between 18S and 5.8S
closely related, but are most likely to be SRP RNA derived pseudogenes.
clustered within 0.5 kb at 13q14 in human, a region shown to be
clusters. The hairpin precursors (represented here) are predicted
cobalamin riboswitch (B12-element) which is widely distributed in 5' UTRs
cobra and the Taiwan banded krait. These snoRNAs have extended
code for KtrA and KtrB K+ transporters.
code for proteins involved in methionine or cysteine biosynthesis
colony formation, though its exact function and mechanism are
combined into a single family here. Reference proposes that
commonplace in nematodes.
compilations of SRP components, with phylogenetic data and
complementarity to mRNA. The involvement of Dicer in miRNA
complementarity with ribosomal RNAs, but does have an 18-nt region
complementary to part of the 5' UTR of the traJ mRNA. The
complementary to part of the loop. In other Coronaviruses
complementary with the upstream leader portion of RpoS messenger RNA,
complete human U12-22/U4-8 scaRNA is composed of two tandem C/D
complex assembly.
component can be one of four small RNAs -- hY1, hY3, hY4
component of this motor. Structural analyses of the packaging
comprising a region of the plasmid called RepI. RepI is negatively
computationally and was later experimentally verified. mir-399 is thought
computational screen in AT-rich hyperthermophiles. R9 was
Computational screens have identified C/D box snoRNAs in
concentration and synthesis.
conditions. During heat shock however, the structure changes
conditions such as heat shock and stress.
conditions that inhibit cap-dependent translation.
confirmed in a wide range of vertebrate species
conformational change in the RNA molecule. The Hfq/RydC complex is then
consensus sequence 5'-AGGA-3', and sequence analysis predicted
consensus sequence, is found in plants, but is absent in
conservation -- their extents are not known. In this case the
conserved box D or D' of the snoRNA, the methyltransferase
conserved bulge in the T-box antiterminator hairpin.
conserved in citrus tristeza viruses. Replication signals are required for
conserved sequence. These helices are called I, II and III.
considerable sequence variation, particularly among the
consists of a complex stem-loop region followed by a single stem
consists of a stem domain topped by a flexibly paired loop; the 5'
consists of domains II, III, IV and V which are known to be essential for
contain a conserved secondary structure in the 3' UTR that
contain a number of related miRNA precursors which give rise to
contain C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the C/D
contains 4 distinct domains -- the 5', central, 3' major and 3'
contains a large symmetrical internal loop (LSL). H5 can repress
contains a putative homologue in Drosophila (Griffiths-Jones SR, pers.
contains mir-10, mir-51, mir-57, mir-99 and mir-100. mir-10,
contains one IRE in its 5' UTR. When iron concentration is low,
contains several related snoRNAs from yeast and plants.
contains snoR47, which has been shown to be homologous to U36 ,
contains two stem-loops. HLE is essential for the mediation of
contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the
contamination.
cooperatively bind glycine to regulate the expression of
copies in rice (alternatively named snoZ181). This family also
copies of this snoRNA have been identified in Arabidopsis, and
copper-containing glycoprotein produced by the liver and secreted into
copy number through inhibition of replication initiator protein
core of the complex structure involving helices 1-4.
Coronaviruses are plus-strand RNA viruses with ~30kb genomes.
Coronaviruses which can promote ribosomal frameshifting. This
coronavirus stem-loop III and function as cis-acting elements for
correct transport and localisation of bicoid mRNA during oocyte and embryo
correlated with mRNA levels for the sdhCDAB operon, encoding
corresponds to a portion of snoRNA ACA24.
covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor protein.
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES-mediated translation, and it has been
cross-species conservation -- their extents are not known. In
CsrB, performs essentially the same function. Both sRNAs possess
CsrC RNA binds multiple copies of CsrA Pfam:PF02599, a protein that
(CUGA) box motifs. This family seems to be found exclusively in
C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. C/D box snoRNAs have
C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs and guide the 2'-O-methylation of rRNA
C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. It is encoded in introns
C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D
cyanide (HCN) production, while increased metabolite production
cytoplasm and activated in the posterior region. Repression is
databases. U43 is hypothesised to guide methylation of
D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in
deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). The ADAR modification causes an
decreased with cell growth. Specific cleavage products of this
defective interfering (DI) deletion mutants, used to study RNA virus
defective interfering (DI) RNA replication.
degradation. It is thought that when glycine is in excess it will
degradation of its own mRNA in response to changes in RNase E
degradation of the message. In addition, other factors, such as the
deleted or down-regulated in more than half of B cell chronic
derived repeats. The threshold is artificially high to minimise
Despite considerable investigation, very little is known about the
destabilisation of the quorum-sensing master regulators LuxR/HapR mRNAs
destabilising element (G-CSF SLDE). G-CSF is secreted by fibroblasts and
developmental timing in C. elegans , and was later shown to be
development and maintenance of the nervous system. The IRES
development. This family represents a regulatory element found in the 5'
DicF RNA is an antisense inhibitor of cell division gene ftsZ.
differentiation.
directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
direct the pseudouridylation of U97 in human 18S rRNA
discovered almost three decades ago. Spot 42 seems to
discriminate poorly between real and Y RNA related
disease adenomatous polyposis coli (APC).It is thought that
disruption of the pseudoknot structure gives rise to a 50% drop in
distance of bulged A from 3' splice site, some tertiary
distant Bcl-2 homologue. The mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of
distinct roles in eukaryotes. In mitochondria it plays a direct
divergent Drosophila and Arabidopsis sequences.
DNA polymerase I levels.
documented RNA target and they share the same host gene with the
domain A, which closes helices 1 and 2, contains the cleavage
domain mediates signal sequence recognition. In eukaryotes and
domain of RNA polymerase II. This process is negatively
domains are presented. This family represents the 5' domain, which
domains domains and is predicted to guide 2'-O-methylation of
domains (usually designated dI to dVI. This model and alignment
domains with similar structures in tandem. The aptamers
domain. The 3' domain has conserved protein-binding sites. Both
domain (U12-22) as the 3' C/D box is represented by
donor site of an intron.
dorsoventral polarity in the oocyte.
double during multiple inflammatory conditions. Plasma Cp has been
double-helical elements and three loops (D, anti-codon, and T
downstream genes. In Bacillus subtilis, this riboswitch is found
downstream that can interact with this family to form kissing
downstream (the histone downstream element, or HDE). The stem-loop
D-RNA. This region is thought to be essential for viral replication and
Drosophila. U21 snoRNA has a 13 nt region of complementarity
Drosophila species. HLE is located in the 3'-UTR of the hairy gene and
DsrA RNA regulates both transcription, by overcoming transcriptional
D), the two domains being linked by a single-stranded
dual tRNA and mRNA-like properties. Its role is to liberate the
due to programmed frameshifting and is shorter than tau. The two products
During replication of linear dsDNA viruses, the viral genome
E2 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. E2 is involved in the
E3 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs and is involved in the
each splicing round, it is displaced from U6 (and the
early embryogenesis, fushi tarazu mRNA is uniformly distributed
early stage of this process such as template recruitment and/or replicase
E. coli 6S RNA was the first noncoding RNA to be sequenced, but
effect on glycogen biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis and glycogen
effects of CsrA, presumably by sequestering this protein.
efficient genome encapsidation.
efficient initiation of reverse transcription.
efficient modification of an adenosine to inosine by an adenosine
efficient packaging.
efficient translation at the AUG start codon , this family
efficient viral replication.
efficient viral replication and deletion of stem loop three is known to be
efficient viral replication and is thought to be involved in genomic RNA
efflux pumps and detoxification systems in response to harmful
EIF4A1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1) is shared
either DsrA function. The sequence of the first stem-loop of DsrA is
elegans (MI0000302 MI0000302]) , mouse (MI0000150 MI0000150]) and human
element allows cap-independent translation of TrkB which may be
element and the conserved box D or D' of the snoRNA, the
element (CRE). Members of this family are related to Bovine
element (CRE). The family is thought to play a crucial role in replication
element (CRE) which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA
element is a riboswitch that directly binds to TPP to
element of structure-anchored repression (CAESAR), probably
element of the Tombus viruses and is found in the 3' UTR. This family has
elements impairs both viral replication and growth.
elements in the fushi tarazu mRNA, one located within the 5'
element. This family is known to interact with the R2-encoded reverse
element which is thought to be essential for both plus and minus strand RNA
element, which is widely distributed in eubacteria and also
elongation factor-1 gamma in both pombe and cerevisiae. snoR38 guides
embryogenic development and wound healing. The 5' UTR of VEGF
encircle the embryo. The instability of fushi tarazu mRNA is
encoded and are processed from the tissue-specific non-coding
encoding homologs of the E. coli YgfA protein which is a putative
encoding initiation factor 3 followed by ribosomal proteins L35
encoding ribosomal protein L19 (rplS).
encoding ribosomal protein L21, a protein of unknown function,
encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L12 (rplJ-rplL). A
encoding the L13-S9 (rplM-rpsI) ribosomal protein operon.
end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES
end of the target molecule, RNA-IN, is complementary to the top
endothelial cell mitogen with many crucial functions such as
endothelial cells in response to the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1
ends of this RNA are uncertain.
enhancer of repC.
enhances the rate of shortening of the poly(A) tail.
enterobacter. The CsrB RNAs contain a conserved motif
Enterovirus genomes. The element has a cloverleaf like secondary structure
entry site (IRES) which allows cap independent translation during
environmental molecules. The Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis
EnvZ-OmpR two-component system to control the OmpF/OmpC protein ratio in
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene. The EBNA IRES allows EBNA1
Epstein-Barr virus mir-BHRF1-1 is found in the 5' UTR of the BHRF1 (Bam HI
erythroleukemic transformation.
Escherichia coli. Included several unknown homologues in
essential coenzyme that is synthesised by coupling of pyrimidine
essential for efficient replication.
essential for establishing a viroid infection.
essential for function. A similar structure, but with a different
essential for functions that provide for efficient viral replication.
estimated based on hairpin prediction. The products are thought
Eukaryotic and archaeal 7S RNAs have very similar secondary
eukaryotic cap-dependent translation pathway.
eukaryotic holoenzyme s have a much greater protein content than
eukaryotic organisms. This is probably due to vector
eukaryotic RNAs.
event targets the process of fast inactivation and allows a more
evolutionarily related to RNase P. Like eukaryotic RNase P, RNase
example, {{PMID|10199569}}), but the alternative single hairpin in
excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin.
excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
exclusively in Pseudomonas species. PrrF sequences are the functional
exclusive to U3 snoRNAs, and boxes C' and D form the C'/D
exons derived from separately transcribed RNAs. This mechanism of mRNA
expensive for database searching, so models of the individual
experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species
experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species. The miRNAs
Experiments provide evidence for at least two destabilising
export and hence for expression of the HIV structural proteins.
expressed and structurally characterised.
expressed from a cluster also containing snoR16. The
expressed the BAG-1 protein is known to enhance the anti-apoptotic
expression by causing premature transcription termination within
Expression of micF is controlled by both environmental and internal
Expression of miR-101 has been validated in both human
Expression of miR-194 has been verified in mouse (MI0000236 MI0000236],
Expression of SraD is highly abundant in stationary phase, but
expression of the dipeptide and oligopeptide transport systems in
expression rapidly evolves into a pattern of seven stripes that
extents are not known. In this case the mature sequence is
extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally known and are
Factors involved in the processing of the intronic snoRNA
factors. It is thought that this family allows efficient Mnt synthesis
family also contains a predicted homologue of mir-101 from
family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate
family. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA
family includes riboswitches that sense lysine in a number of
family includes Schizosaccharomyces pombe snR61, Drosophila
family includes the mouse H/ACA-box snoRNAs MBI-100 and MBI-114
family interacts with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot
family is predicted to form ten stem loop structures some of which are
Family members belong to the C/D class of snoRNAs which
family therefore represents only a subset of known msr genes.
family. U100 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U2
family, which includes mir-20, mir-91, and mir-103. miRNAs
FGF-1 IRES is present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA and allows cap-independent
FIE3 for ftz instability element 3'). The FIE3 lies within a
FinP encodes an antisense RNA product that is complementary
flaviviruses have been shown to be lethal for infectious clones.
flexneri and Escherichia coli. The function of this RNA is unknown.
flexneri and Salmonella species. This RNA gene was discovered by an RNA
flexneri and where it is found between the sseA and sseB genes. The
flexneri, Yersinia pestis and Salmonella species where it is found between
flu genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.
fold into the Alu and S domains, separated by a long linker region.
followed by nucleophilic attack on the 3' splice site by
for 18S ribosomal RNA in plants.
for effective repression, acting by binding to FinP and
For example, the mRNA of ferritin (an iron storage protein)
formation and motility in E. coli. CsrC antagonises the regulatory
formation of of late RNAs.
formation of the processing complex. The histone 3' UTR stem-loop
form base pairs with the 3' UTR of its target mRNA gadX, this pairing is
(formed from the P8, P3, P7 and P9 helices).
form involves bases in the 3' segment of helix 1 with those in
for Rev.
for the Tat protein and this interaction stimulates the activity of the
for translational regulation.
for viral genome replication. The mechanism of
found at the 3'-end of rotavirus mRNAs. The family is thought to promote
found in an intron of the mfl gene in Drosophila.
found in the 3' UTR of the BHRF1 (Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading
found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
found in the rnc leader sequence. The rnc operon is negatively
found to overlap with the smaller snoRNA R19 which is currently a
found upstream of many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes and some
fragment H rightward open reading frame 1) gene which is known to encode a
frame 1) gene which is known to encode a distant Bcl-2 homologue. The
frameshifting element. The element stimulates frameshifting which is
frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the
freeing the ribosome binding site and allowing expression to
frequently in the 5'-untranslated regions of prokaryotic mRNAs
from human, which may be a let-7 homologue.
from the 3' arm of the precursor. The extents of the hairpin
from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine to generate glucosamine-6-phosphate.
functional protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift
function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs
function in the plus-strand.
function is unknown.
function of msDNA, the mobility of retron elements, or their effect
function of the Ro RNP is not known. In humans the RNA
function of this RNA is unknown.
functions of U3 snoRNA.
fundamental functional importance: the anti-codon, which is
Fur (Ferric uptake regulator). RyhB RNA levels are inversely
G4593. The snoRNAs U44, U47, U74, U75, U76, U77, U79, U80 and
G683. snoRNA HBII-108 is encoded in a nucleostemin (NS) gene
(GAIT). The GAIT element is involved in selective translational
gamma which are produced in a 1:1 ratio. The gamma protein is synthesised
Gar1p and co-localises with coilin in Cajal bodies. U88
gene encodes a 106 nucleotide regulatory RNA. As with DsrA
gene in humans and is also present in mice. U42 is a member of the C/D
gene in mammals. This RNA has also been called Z23 snoRNA.
gene is composed of six exons, whose spliced transcripts have little
gene is located in intron 4 of the ribosomal L30 protein gene
gene, NS5B. The structure is important (but not essential) for
gene (pers obs. Bateman A).
generally known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction.
gene. Rev is an essential regulatory protein of HIV that binds
genes in E. coli. This family is thought to be a regulator of OmpC
genes involved in lysine metabolism, including lysC.
genes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis and transport. The
genes involved in the cellular response to hypoxia. The HIF-1a
genetic "off" switch for the ydaO and yuaA genes in its native
genetic "off" switch in response to a cellular compound that
genome. In a recent experimental screen for ncRNAs in A. fulgidus, this
genome packaging during virus assembly. Dimerisation of the
genomes.
giving rise to a distinct mature sequence appears to be related
global regulator to activate or repress the expression of as many
glucose phosphate accumulation causes the degradation of ptsG mRNA. This,
glycine degradation.
Gram-positive bacteria.
Group I catalytic introns are large self-splicing ribozymes.
Group I catalytic introns often have long ORFs inserted
Group II introns are found in rRNA, tRNA and mRNA of organelles
groups IIA and IIB which differ in splice site consensus,
growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) transcript gene. snoRNAs Z20
GSL3 leads to decreases in both viral RNA packaging and dimerisation.
guide 2'O-ribose methylation of large 28S rRNA subunit at
guide 2'O-ribose methylation of small 18S rRNA at residue C1272.
guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the small 18S rRNA at residue
guided by the H/ACA snoRNA ACA48.
guide for 18S ribosomal RNA in plants.
guide RNA for sites on 18S and 25S rRNA. Rice snoZ199 is reported to
guide snoRNAs. RNA residues targeted for pseudouridylation by
guides the pseudouridylation of 28S rRNA subunit at position
guide the pseudouridylation of position U40 in the U6 snRNA.
guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. snoM1 seems
H/ACA-box motifs. U100 is the human orthologue of mouse H/ACA
H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1. ACA57 is
hairpin.
hairpin precursors are not generally known and are estimated based on
hairpin precursor sequences represented here, in this case
hairpin prediction. The products are thought to have regulatory roles
Hammerhead ribozymes are found in plant viroids and other
harmful to the organism.
has been alternatively named snoZ269 in rice.
has been shown to possess a methylated guanosine cap suggesting
has been shown to regulate the production of virulence determinants,
have also been identified in Pseudomonas and Coxiella species.
have a regulatory role on the galactose operon. It is
have been reported , a 5' T-shaped domain (TSD) followed by a
have conserved H and ACA boxes, and may be pseudogenes.
have since been discovered in several other species. The mature
have since been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide
HBII-52 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNAs, which contain the
HBII-52 is encoded in a tandemly repeated array with another C/D
heart, and skeletal muscle, tissues known to express Kv1.4 mRNA
heat shock mRNAs and is known as the ROSE (repression of heat
Hela cells. The doublet form U12-22/U4-8 has been shown to
here) are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species
here). Members of this precursor family have now been predicted or
herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus), cercopithicine herpesvirus 15 and
herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus). In Epstein-Barr virus mir-BHRF1-3 is
herpesvirus papio. In Epstein-Barr virus mir-BHRF1-2 is found in the 3' UTR
HgcC is of unknown function. Two other homologues were detected called
hgcG is significantly similar to a region of the Archaeoglobus fulgidus
HhcA and HhcB after "homologue of hgcC".
hinge. Boxes B and C form the B/C motif, which appears to be
homolog) gene. and is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation
homologous -- helices corresponding to P1, P2, P3, P4, and P10/11
homologous positions in mouse and chicken ribosomal protein genes.
homologs have recently been identified in most bacterial genomes
homologue of the eukaryotic SRP54 protein). Some Gram-positive
homologues in mouse, Arabidopsis (annotated as snoR4) and in several
homologues of the eukaryotic SRP19 and SRP54 proteins. In most
Homo sapiens C/D box snoRNA HBII-108: This snoRNA is the human
host gene but from different introns. The rice homologue is
however, there is another stem loop structure around 150nt
(MIPF0000043 MIPF0000043]). The hairpin precursors (represented here) are
(MIPF0000268 MIPF0000268], MIPF0000271 MIPF0000271]). miRNAs are transcribed as
(MIPF0000303 MIPF0000303]). lin-4 was identified from a study of
AC005219 AC005219].
RF00163 RF00163]), is found in RNA satellites of plant viruses.
RF00283 RF00283]. The 3' C/D domain (U4-8) was also cloned previously
human and mouse.
human, Arabidopsis and rice. It is encoded in the intron of
human (MI0000073 MI0000073], MI0000074 MI0000074], and MI000075 MI000075])
human (MI0000083 MI0000083], MI0000084 MI0000084], and MI0000750 MI0000750]).
human MEG8 RNA, which lies downstream of the imprinted genes DLK1
Human mir-34a was discovered computationally and later experimentally
human, mouse and Fugu and cloned in Fugu , and later predicted
human). Nevertheless, secondary structure predictions suggest
human). Nevertheless, secondary structure predictions suggest
human orthologue of the mouse MBII-135 snoRNA and is predicted to
human orthologue of the mouse MBII-166 and is predicted to guide
human orthologue of the mouse MBII-239 described and is predicted
human orthologue of the mouse MBII-240 and is predicted to guide
human orthologue of the mouse MBII-289 and has no identified RNA
humans. U34 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain C
human (Z96734), Arabidopsis (AB003142), Xenopus (X91243) and S.
hyperthermophiles. The genes were named hgcA through hgcG ("high GC").
hyperthermophiles using QRNA. SscA stands for Secondary
identified by other groups and called QUAD RNAs.
identified C/D box snoRNAs in their expression profiles and lack
identified in. Both MBI-100 and MBI-114 are predicted to
identified in a large scale screen of E. coli, were they were
identified in only 3 plant satellite RNAs -- from TRSV,
identified in several species of enteric bacteria but homologs
identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
identified in Xenopus. U22 is thought to as a 2'-O-ribose
III are linked by a sequence CGAAA. The cleavage reaction
III are linked by a sequence CGAAA. The cleavage reaction
II leading to transcript degradation and a reduction in
II, the proximal region of III, and IV.
II, the proximal region of III, and IV.
II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12. ACA47
(IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha and by activated macrophages. The
illustrations. There are currently several Archaeal sequences in
important for Sm protein binding and cap methylation.
in a new, highly conserved RNA secondary structure, the THI
in archaea, bacteria and eukarya as well as chloroplasts and
in C. elegans from related hairpin precursor sequences. The
in C. elegans (MI0000050 MI0000050]) and worm (MI0000374 MI0000374]). The
included at the 3' end.
included in this family. The hairpin ribozyme has been
includes rice snoRNA Z163 and Z177. Most of the members of the
including atherosclerosis, carotid restenosis after endarterectomy, and
increased mRNA stability. These two activities form the basis of
increased translational efficiency during the heat shock
increase the translation of IFN-gamma.
independently named MBII-98 in mouse.
independently transcribed by RNA pol II.
indication the the gene is in an operon.
in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
indirectly activated by CsrA via the response regulator UvrY.
in Drosophila 28S rRNA.
induced under iron limitation by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and
induces hypertension and REN therefore requires tight control to ensure
In each case the leader also codes for very short peptide
in embryogenesis and in the adult brain.
in encapsidation of the retroviral RNA an essential step
in fungi, plants and protists, and also in mRNA in bacteria.
in Gram-positive bacteria. The SAM riboswitch acts at the level
inhibition.
in human, and is hypothesised to guide methylation of 2'-O-ribose
in human, mouse and chicken.
initiated by RNAII, which acts as a primer by binding to its
initiates a nucleophilic attack at the intronic 5' splice site,
initiation of (-) strand RNA synthesis.
in length. The C0343 RNA gene is present in E. coli, Shigella flexneri and
in length. The tke1 RNA gene is present in Escherichia coli, Shigella
In Listeria monocytogenes, virulence genes are maximally expressed
in loop regions. The window size for this search is chosen to
In other bacteria such as Erwinia caratovara the RsmA protein
in other bacteria. The function of this family is unclear
in other bacteria. The ydaO/yuaA element is thought to act as a
in other snoRNAs.
in plants , and within the U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals
in prion protein translation.
in Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 resulted in a significant
in regulating translation.
in replication. It is found in HIV, SIV and CIV.
in RNA 1 of alfalfa mosaic virus. RNA 1 is responsible for encoding the
in sequence.
In several groups of bacterial plasmids, antisense RNAs regulate
instead. Hence this family are termed purine riboswitches.
interactions, although these regions do not seem to be well conserved
interactions, and intronic ORF phylogeny.
interaction with its target messages.
interference.
interference. miRNAs are numbered based on the mature sequence.
interference. This family also includes the miR-98 precursor
internal ribosome entry site. HIF-1a is a subunit of the HIF-1
internal ribosome entry site (IRES) present in the vCyclin gene. The
internal ribosome entry site (IRES). This region has been shown
interrupted by several unpaired residues or bulged loops. In plasmid
interspersed element (SINE) share a conserved 3' tail containing a
in the 5' UTR of HCV RNA. HCV IRES adopts a complex structure, and
in the nucleolus. In humans the genomic location of
intron 3 of the L21 ribosomal protein gene. The H/ACA box snoRNA
intron-exon interactions are important for splice site
intron like the HBII-210
intron of rpL7a, and has two regions of complementarity
intron of the Suppressor of SWI4 1 homolog (Ssf-1) (Peter Pan
introns of the cardiotoxin 4 and cobrotoxin genes of the Taiwan
in turn limits the uptake of glucose which in high concentrations can be
in two parts. tmRNAs have been identified in eubacteria and some
in U12 (RF00007 RF00007]) and residue C8 in U4 (RF00015 RF00015]) snRNAs
in U2 snRNA.
involve a conformational switch in the pseudoknot region and
involved in changing the cellular response in relation to amino acid
involved in directing the efficient production and orientation-dependent
(involved in pre-mRNA splicing). Its 5' end forms complementary
involved in ribosome translocation. It is also known to form
involved in translational regulation and the pseudoknot has been found to
involvement of Dicer in miRNA processing suggests a relationship
involves the U7 snRNP, which contains only one RNA species: U7.
In Xenopus oocytes, it has been shown that fingers 4-7 of the
IRES allows translation to be maintained under hypoxic cell
IRES elements allow cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host
(IRES). IRES elements allow cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in
IRES is necessary for the regulation of latent gene expression.
IRES-mediated translation.
IRES-mediated translation of APC is important for an apoptotic
(IRES) which is found in the U leader exon in the 5' UTR of the
(IRES) which is present in the 5' leader sequence of the
iron homeostasis in the vertebrate cell.
iron-using proteins when iron is limiting; it is itself
IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation
is able to specifically bind to the first stem loop. CAL binding is thought
is also involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of the mRNA, and in
is a member of the box C/D class. Indeed, the box C/D element is
is around 500-800 nts in length.
is bound by a 31 kDa stem-loop binding protein (SLBP - also termed
is composed of two tandemly arranged box H/ACA RNA motifs and
is directed by an in-frame UGA codon (usually a stop codon)
is essential for antisilencing and less critical for RpoS translation.
is essential for viral replication and is thought to be required at an
is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
is expressed mainly in the brain, but is also in the lungs, the
is found in the intronic regions of the BART (Bam HI-A region rightward
is found upstream of the first gene in the operon. This
is hosted, together with HBII-95, by the core C/D box snoRNA
is initiated by a different mechanism from the usual 5' cap-binding
is initiated by the covalent attachment of UMP to the terminal
is known to direct specific packaging of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Deletion of
is known to encode a distant Bcl-2 homologue. The mature sequence is
is know to be essential for stable dimerisation and efficient
is of unknown function. This RNA is currently restricted to
isoleucine/valine recoding event which lies in the ion-conducting
is packaged into the pre-formed viral procapsid. The packaging
is required for the distinction of UGA stop from UGA
is stimulated by a pseudoknot present 3' of the frameshift site in the
is the fastest known naturally occurring self-cleaving RNA.
is thought to be regulated by temperature. This regulation blocks
is thought to form extensive base-pair interactions with U4
is thought to induce premature transcription termination within
is used as the primary template for the in vitro uridylylation
it from its initiation role. The rate of degradation of RNAI is
It has been shown that SL1 may provide a secondary binding site
It has been suggested that proteins may only bind to a specific structure
it is independently transcribed by RNA pol II.
It is thought that at 37 degrees C the SD sequence is unmasked.
it is thought to function as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide
its function was unknown until recently. It consists of 184
It was first identified in the minus strand of the tobacco
J26 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
Japanese encephalitis and related viruses. This element is significantly
join. This family are the type I hammerheads.
join. This family are the type III hammerheads.
kb at 13q14. This region has been shown to be deleted in more
kidneys and muscle. HBII-13 snoRNA has no identified RNA target
known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction. The
known as the terminator and the anti-terminator structure.
known to be required for transposition.
known to negatively regulate prgQ transcription via an antisense mechanism
L13A and intron 3 of ribosomal protein S11 in humans and at
L13a gene in humans and is also present in mice. Most of the
laminin-binding protein. This family also contains the related ACA6,
large number of closely related sequences that do not appear to
large number of closely related sequences that do not appear to
large, paternally expressed, transcription unit
large single-stranded internal bulge. 6S RNA specifically
leader from a SL RNA is a intra-molecular reaction which precisely joins
leader sequence can assume two different secondary structures
least two CP binding sites which are thought to be essential for efficient
length of these introns can therefore be up to 3kb.
lengths in a self cleavage reaction. The ribozyme is found
length. Their secondary structure includes four short
length. The IS128 RNA gene is present in Escherichia coli and Shigella
length. The ryfA RNA gene is present in E. coli, Shigella flexneri and
length which are found between the tar and cheW genes in E. coli and
length, which are found between the yghK and glcB genes in both Shigella
lethal.
levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.
levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.
lies between yegQ and orgK in E. coli. This small RNA was shown
lipopolysaccharide. It is likely that the presence of the SLDE in the G-CSF
localisation to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm,
localise to the nucleoplasm and is proposed to reside in the
located in the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome of human
located in the 5' UTR and is required for specific RNA encapsidation.
located in the 5' UTR of apoB mRNA. The element is important for optimal
location of U12-88/U4-8 is intergenic and the purified transcript
locus was identified as the second-most abundant transcript (Afu-4)
longer SRP RNAs is not included in this model and therefore the
long range intron-intron and
long terminal repeat promoter.
loops). Further hydrogen bonds mediate the characteristic
loops L3 and L4 that interact with the RNA target.
loop terminator region. An alternative and mutually exclusive
lower eukaryotes. Trans-splicing is a form of RNA processing. The
low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as
L-shaped molecular structure. tRNAs have two regions of
lymphocytic leukaemias (CLL). The hairpin precursors
M1 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to
M2 and MBI-136 snoRNAs.
mammalian c-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is required for cell
mammals.
Many sequences below the threshold for this family are clearly
many Staphylococcus aureus genes encoding exoproteins and cell wall
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) packaging signal. The packaging signal is
maturation has been shown to occur in a number of lower eukaryotes and is
mature ~21nt miRNAs are processed from hairpin precursor sequences
mature RNA.
mature sequence comes from the 5' arm of the precursor. The extents of the
mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
mature sequences are expressed from the 3' arms of the hairpin
may differ significantly from IRES elements identified in
may serve as CsrA binding elements. Transcription of csrC increases
MBI-161 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide
MBI-1 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide the
MBI-28 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide
MBI-57 identified in.
MBI-87 is thought to belong to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which guide the
MBII-202 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C
Me28S-Um3344 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C
mediated by a translation control element (TCE) in the 3' UTR of
mediate splicing.
mediterranea, several arthropod species and a wide range of
melanogaster Z1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae snR61 and Z11
members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific
members of the C/D class of snoRNA containing the C (UGAUGA)
Members of this family belong to the C/D box class of small
metabolite preQ1, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the
methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase.
method of translation via internal ribosome entry where ribosomes are
methylation guide and is found in an intron of ribosomal
methylation guide and is found in intron 11 of the gas5
methylation guide for 18S and 25S ribosomal RNA in plants.
methylation guide for 18S ribosomal RNA in plants. snoR66
methylation guide for 25S ribosomal RNA in Arabidopsis.
methylation guide for 25S ribosomal RNA in plants.
methylation guide for 5.8S ribosomal RNA. This family contains a
methylation guide for ribosomal RNA.
methylation guides but lack complementarity to ribosomal RNA.
methyltransferase activity is supposed to reside in one of the protein
Met-tRNA, several initiation factors, and GTP with the 40S ribosomal
MicC (previously known as IS063 ) is located between the ompN and ydbK
mid-70s but a possible function has only recently been suggested
minimal RNA element, predicted to form a stable secondary
minimise search time and catch the small examples. A larger
minimise this problem, but many annotated pseudogenes remain.
minor domains. A model representing the whole RNA is prohibitively
minus-strand synthesis when the 3' side of the LSL pairs with the
miR-124 has been identified in Drosophila (MI0000373 MI0000373]) , C.
mir-129 was first experimentally characterised in mouse and homologues
miR-130 has been identified in mouse (MI0000156 MI0000156],
mir-133 was first experimentally characterised in mouse and homologues
miR-135 has been shown to be expressed in human (MI0000452 MI0000452],
mir-13 (MIPF0000049 MIPF0000049]). mir-2 has now been predicted or
mir-141 (MI0000166 MI0000166], MI0000457 MI0000457]), mir-429 (MI0001642 MI0001642])
mir-156. This miRNA has now been predicted or experimentally
miR-15a and miR-16 are deleted or down-regulated in more than two
miR-160 has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a range
mir-166. This miRNA has now been predicted or experimentally
miR-16, miR-15, mir-195 and miR-457 are related miRNA precursor
mir-172 has been experimentally verified in Arabidopsis thaliana.
miR-196 has been shown to be expressed in human (MI0000238 MI0000238],
miR-19 is processed from multiple predicted precursor hairpins in
mir-206 from human, which appears to be related to mir-1.
mir-215. Animal miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt precursors and subsequently
miR-218 appears to be a vertebrate specific microRNA and has now
miR-219 was predicted in vertebrates by conservation between
miR-26 appears to be a vertebrate specific miRNA and has now been
miR-26 is processed from multiple predicted precursor hairpins in
mir-395 was identified in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa
mir-399 was identified in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa
miR-46 (MI0000017 MI0000017]) and miR-47 (MI0000018 MI0000018]) are expressed
miR-8 from Drosophila (MI0000128 MI0000128]) and human and mouse
mir-92-2 on chromosome X. miR-92 has also been cloned from mouse embryonic
(mir-97-6) arms of the precursor. The extents of the hairpin precursors
mir-98. let-7 was identified from a study of developmental
mir-99 and mir-100 have now been predicted or experimentally
miR-9 has been identified in Drosophila (MI0000129 MI0000129]) , mouse
mir-BART1 is found in all stages of infection but expression is
mir-BART2 is expressed in all stages of infection but expression is
miRNA has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide
miRNA precursors which give rise to almost identical mature
miRNAs are numbered based on the sequence of the mature RNA.
miRNAs are transcribed as ~70nt precursors (modelled here) and
miRNAs let-7 and mir-98 have now been predicted or experimentally
mitochondria. Its best characterised activity is the generation
model. This alternate mechanism relies on the direct binding of
(modelled by this family) and a purine rich region around 20 nts
modification of rRNA in the nucleolus. There are two main classes
modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
modified nucleoside queuosine from GTP. One example of this
Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MMLV) core encapsidation signal
Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing
motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in
motifs. This family includes Arabidopsis thaliana snoRNA R64 and
motifs. This family includes plant snoRNA Z195 and human snoRNA
motifs. This family is predicted to target two neighbouring
motifs. This family seems to be found exclusively in plants. C/D box small
motif. The latter is functionally similar to the C/D motifs found
motion. In some bacteriophage, an RNA (pRNA) molecule is a vital
motor have demonstrated that the pRNA molecule has fivefold symmetry
mouse and cow. U38 guides the methylation of 2'-O-ribose
mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have have two
mRNA contains two IRES elements which are able to promote
mRNA contributes to the specificity of regulation of G-CSF mRNA and
mRNA from a stalled ribosome. To accomplish this part of the
mRNA. Further deletion constructs identified an essential
mRNA produces 4 ribosomal protein products, one of which (S4)
mRNA, promoting degradation of the sequence. It has been found that a
mRNA. This family allows cap-independent translation of the mRNA and it is
mRNA. TrkB is a neurotrophin receptor which is essential for the
MRP is not catalytically active without associated protein subunits.
much larger class of non-coding RNAs termed miRNAs. Both
much longer (568 nucleotides as compared to 164 nucleotides in
much longer (568 nucleotides as compared to 164 nucleotides in
(multi-copy single-stranded DNA). msDNA has both DNA (encoded by
mutants and is itself regulated by the GacS-GacA two-component
myc family of genes when expressed are known to be involved in the control
myc family of genes when expressed are known to be involved in the control
myocardial infarction. Translational silencing of Cp, and
needed for efficient translation in neuronal dendrites.
negatively regulated by the ferric uptake repressor protein,
negative regulation of antirepressor synthesis during development
nine-zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the
non-translated 93 nt antisense RNA that binds its target ompF mRNA
not confirmed. Co-precipitation of U19 snoRNA with RNase MRP RNA
novel class of small nuclear RNAs which localise to the Cajal
now been predicted or confirmed in a wide range of vertebrate
Nuclear cleavage occurs in the single strand region linking these
nucleolar localisation, stability and hyper-methylation of
nucleolar RNAs are known to act as a methylation guides for 18S ribosomal
nucleolar RNA which contain C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box
nucleotide requires the antisense element and the conserved box D or D' of
nucleotide requires the antisense element and the conserved box D or D' of
nucleotides, longer than most snoRNAs. It is one of the most
nucleotides that fold into an extended hairpin structure with a
number B) gene product, which polyadenylates the 3' end of RNAI
number of annotated pseudogenes and the model is expected to
number of hits to such regions, it is likely that some remain.
number of proteins bind to the REN-SRE to stabilise the mRNA and promote
obs.).
occur.
occurs between helix III and I, and is usually a C.
occurs between helix III and I, and is usually a C.
occurs frequently in rubella infections in adults and is independent of
occurs in some archaea. Analysis of operon structures identified
of a pseudoknot structure in this RNA , it does not appear to be
of bacteriophage P22.
of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. L-myc undergoes translation
of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. n-myc mRNA has an
of complementarity to rRNA and snRNA. Homologues of these
of conserved complementarity to serotonin 2C receptor mRNA.
of Dicer in miRNA processing suggests a relationship with the
of DNA into the procapsid requires a molecular motor which
of elongation factor 1 beta in yeast. Related snoRNAs in
of mature 5'-ends of tRNAs by cleaving the 5'-leader elements of
of mature large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. U8
of mRNA degradation in E. coli that is able to auto-regulate the
of mRNA stability. In unstimulated cells G-CSF mRNA is unstable but
of p27 mRNA. This element contributes to cell-cycle regulated translation
of plant species including Arabidopsis and rice
of pre-rRNA within the 5' external transcribed spacer (ETS). This
of proteins (including dyskerin, Gar1p and Nop10p in the case
of repC causing translational repression.
of residue U799 of the small 18S rRNA subunit.
of ribosomal protein L1 in Xenopus and human, and in introns
of ribosomal RNA.
of riboswitches that selectively recognises guanine and becomes
of RNA interference. miRNAs are numbered based on the sequence of the
of RNA interference. miRNAs are numbered based on the sequence of the
of RNase E mRNA. RNase E is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway
of snoRNAs: the box C/D class, and the box H/ACA class. U3 snoRNA
of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box
of SRP components, with phylogenetic data and structural
of substrate RNAs. This family does not appear to have the
often are autocatalytic. Structurally it is composed of
often are autocatalytic. Structurally it is composed of
of the BHRF1 (Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1) gene which
of the B. subtilis ykoK gene and genes with related functions in
of the dnaX gene are DNA polymerase III subunits.
of the dnaX gene in E. coli. The dnaX gene has two encoded products tau and
of the H/ACA class) to form snoRNP complexes. This class are
of the hairpin.
of the loop, and complementarity extends for 35 base-pairs down
of the members of the box C/D family function in directing
of the nucleolin gene in human, mouse and rat.
of the outer membrane porin gene ompF. The micF gene encodes a
of the precursor. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not
of the residue U3797 in the 28S rRNA subunit. Its host gene
of the ribosomal protein L3 gene in human and cow. Three
of the target nucleotide requires the antisense element and the conserved
of the the H/ACA class of snoRNA that guide the sites of modification of
of the ydaO and yuaA genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes
of the ykkC and yxkD genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes
of this motif forms a hairpin. The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence is
of three hairpins, The other includes a pseudoknot.
of three stem-loops of the 85 nucleotide RNA is necessary for RpoS
of transcription termination control. The predicted structure
of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism.
of vector contamination.
of vertebrate species (MIPF0000026 MIPF0000026]). The extents of the hairpin
of vitamin B(12)-related genes in bacteria. Cobalamin in the form of
one of the protein components.
one side of RNA-OUT.
one-third of the mRNA and the other near the 3' end (termed
only the final two hairpins which are conserved in
only this conserved core.
on the host cell.
operon. The terminator structure is recognised as a termination
originating from the 3' arm. The bounds of the precursors are
or repeats. This family has a high significance threshold to
ortholog of mouse snoRNA HBII-99 and human snoRNA U106. In humans
orthologue of the mouse MBII-108 and is predicted to guide
orthologue of Xenopus laevis U86 and has no identified RNA
Oryza sativa snoRNAs Z200 and J16. Most of the members of the box
osmotic shock leading to activation of ydaO, a predicted amino
other bacteria. The regulatory role of this RNA element is
other snoRNAs ( U82, U83a and U83b) are also encoded in the same
other species, and also includes the complete
overlaps RF00101 RF00101] on the opposite strand suggesting that
overlaps RF00111 RF00111] on the opposite strand suggesting that
over most of the embryo. Subsequently, fushi tarazu mRNA
over-represented upon host cell infection and it has been suggested that
oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. This novel RNA acts as a
OxyS, DsrA, RprA and Spot 42 RNA regulation.
OxyS is a small untranslated RNA which is induced in response to
OxyS is bound by the Hfq protein, that increases the OxyS RNA
packaging although this may not be its only role.
packaging and is vital for viral replication. Viral RNA containing a
packaging signal allows the sequence to be efficiently packaged into the
(packaging) signal which is essential for efficient viral replication.
parechovirus 1 (HPeV1). The family consists of two stem-loop structures
partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the
partly masked by the most conserved stem of the secondary structure.
part of a much larger class of non-coding RNAs termed miRNAs.
(PBSs). tRNA(3)(Lys) binds to the PBS to initiate reverse transcription
pers. obs.). This family also includes human snoRNAs U96a and
Pfam:PF00262 (CAL) which is known to bind calcium in most eukaryotic cells,
Pfam:PF00860 (Moxon SJ, pers. obs.).
phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing
phenomenon of RNA interference. miRNAs are numbered based on
picornaviruses. A small number of eukaryotic mRNA have been shown
(PIE). PIE is a regulatory RNA which is responsible for the
pivotal role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival as well as
plants.
plasmids, including ColE1. Plasmid replication is usually
Please note: This family contains subsequences annotated as
polyadenylation.
polyamines in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high
polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as
polycistronic transcription units and the presence of SL2 on an mRNA is an
polymerase holoenzyme containing the housekeeping sigma factor
polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S
polymerase NS5B. Mutations in this family have been found to cause a
polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, RNA signals within the UTRs
polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, RNA signals within the UTRs
pombe (L25927, L25928), which match with highly significant
poorly conserved in sequence between different organisms -- this
pore of the potassium channel. It is thought that this editing
position A1521. The C/D snoRNAs U44, U47, U74, U75, U76, U78,
positioned at the single-stranded regions at the ends of the
positioning. Group II introns are further sub-classified into
positive strand RNA synthesis.
possess a stem-loop region (known as the Y-domain) which is
possibly at sites of intermediate filament assembly.
possibly other transcripts, mediated by the GAIT element may contribute to
post-transcriptionally regulates central carbon flux, biofilm
potassium channel Kv1.1 hairpin element which directs the
potential for coding a protein, and its introns produce both U50 and
poxvirus late mRNAs and is known as the AX element.The AX element is
precise function of this molecule is unknown, though it is known
precursor, and miR-79 from the 3' arm. The bounds of the precursors
precursors.
precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22nt
precursors are not generally known and are estimated based on
precursors are not known. In this case the mature sequence in
precursor sequence are related to those of mir-152, which has
precursors in a wide range of organisms. The core secondary
precursor. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally known
precursor-tRNAs. Cellular RNase Ps are ribonucleoproteins.
predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation --
predicted based on conservation and base pairing and are not
predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and the conserved
predicted hairpin precursor sequences for Drosophila miR-281
predicted hairpin precursor sequences: mir-92-1 on chromosome 13 and
predicted in chicken (MI0001189 MI0001189]). These predicted hairpin
predicted or experimentally validated in many vertebrate species
predicted secondary structure of U12 RNA is published (see for
predicted to guide pseudouridylation of the 28S rRNA at positions
predicted to guide pseudouridylation of the U2 spliceosomal snRNA
predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S rRNA G3878
predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of the U5 spliceosomal
prediction. The products are thought to have
predict U106 methylates residues G1536 and U1602 of 18S
pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and eliminates the
pre-mRNA. The PIE is located in the U1A mRNA 3' UTR. PIE adopts a
present in multiple copies per cell. The anti-sense RNA (RNA-OUT)
prevalently in the brain (but is absent in PWS patients) and lacks
PrfA, a transcriptional activator whose expression is
primarily localised in the loops of predicted hairpins, which
primer binding site (PBS). This region is known to be required for the
pRNA is proposed to be comprised of two domains, one corresponding to
probably crucial for attaining this localised pattern of
probably involved in regulation is included at the 3' end.
processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22nt product. In plants
processing. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3'
processing occurs at a site between a highly conserved stem-loop
processing of eukaryotic pre-rRNA and has regions of complementarity
processing suggests a relationship with the phenomenon of RNA interference.
processing suggests a relationship with the phenomenon of RNA interference.
process involving protein Prp24 re-anneals U4 and U6.
product. In plants the precursor sequences may be longer, and
product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm
product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm of the
products are thought to have regulatory roles through
product. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally
proliferation, transformation and death. c-myc mRNA has an alternative
promoter and for virus replication. The TAR hairpin acts as a binding site
promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential for effective
properties of Bcl-2. Although bag-1 translation usually occurs via a
proposed that Spot 42 acts by an antisense mechanism where
protecting it from RNase E degradation.
protein components.
protein. ctRNA binds to the mRNA of repB and causes translational
protein encoding gene NOP5/NOP58.
protein expression has been found to be significantly enhanced by the heat
protein interactions and are necessary for the rRNA processing
Protein machinery is required for splicing in vivo, and
protein mRNA. It has been suggested that the family has a possible effect
(protein non-coding).
protein Pfam:PF02599. Although CsrA proteins are found in
protein RPL17 gene in humans. U58 is a member of the C/D class of
protein RsmA. RsmY and RsmZ RNAs bind RsmA to relieve this repression
protein. RydC is known to bind the protein Hfq which causes a
proteins L1 gene in animals. This snoRNA was
proteins to membranes. The eukaryotic SRP consists of a 300-nucleotide
Protein translation of most eukaryotic mRNAs requires association of
protein Virp1. The exact function of this motif and the significance of
protein VPg, yielding VPgpU and VPgpUpU. A small RNA hairpin in
proteobacteria, 6S RNA may be processed from a transcript
(Pr). Pr is located in the 3' UTR and is required for minus strand RNA
PrrB RNA is able to phenotypically complement gacS and gacA
PrrF RNA is a small RNA involved in iron homeostasis and is found
pseudogenes.
pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the
pseudoknot region. The mechanism of repression is thought to
Pseudoknots have also been predicted in this structure.
pseudouridine in Drosophila 18S rRNA.
pseudouridine in Drosophila 28S rRNA.
pseudouridines by forming direct base pairing interactions with
pseudouridines in substrate RNAs however, no target RNA has
pseudouridylation of the U2 spliceosomal snRNA.
pseudouridylation site.
psi18S-1377 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNA. This family is
P-TEFb activates transcription by phosphorylating the C-terminal
purified from Hela cells. The doublet form U12-22/U4-8 has
purine transport and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It has also been
putative snoRNA found in the intron of the receptor for activated
pyrococcal species.
Qa RNA is a cis-regulatory element from Enterococcus faecalis which is
quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to
queuosine production. PreQ1 binding to the riboswitch aptamer
R1, the inhibitory complex between the antisense RNA (CopA) and its
R28 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
R43 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
R44, J54 and Z268 are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
R71 is a member of the C/D box family of snoRNAs containing the
R79 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
range of species (MIPF0000022 MIPF0000022]). miRNAs are transcribed as
range of species which include the platyhelminth Schmidtea
rapidly dividing cells during development.
rapid recovery from inactivation at negative potentials.
rate-limiting step in the production of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II
reaction which precisely joins exons derived from separately transcribed
rearrangement of mRNA structure is mediated by ligand binding, and this
Recently a number of permuted tmRNA genes have been found encoded
recognition of hairy mRNA by the localisation machinery.
Recognition Particle Database (SRPDB) provides compilations
recruited to the IRES located in the 5' UTR thus bypassing the typical
reduce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which leads to a drop in
reduction of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) and hydrogen
region between 5S-rRNA genes where it is involved in trans-splicing.
region of complementarity to a conserved sequence in 28S
regions of complementarity to 5S ribosomal RNA and are predicted
region that forms the alternate structures.
regulated by a 75 base RNA that is complementary to a segment of
regulated by the 7SK RNP. The secondary structure of 7SK RNA
regulate gene expression through a variety of mechanisms in
regulate the level of translation.
regulating 5S rRNA transcription, TFIIIA also stabilises 5S rRNA
regulation as a riboswitch.
regulation. Members of this family are known to bind to the mRNA
regulation of RpoS translation. RprA also appears to bind to the
regulation of the length of the polyA tail of the U1A
regulator of heat shock gene expression. The secondary structure
regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader
regulatory mechanism, which involves direct binding of Ado-CBL to
regulatory RNAs in E. coli, and the protein is required for
regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA. The involvement
related families of protein genes in many bacteria, including the the yybP
related plasmids. The S-element has multiple functions and is
relationship with the phenomenon of RNA interference. miRNAs are numbered
remained obscure, even though the 109-nucleotide RNA was
Renin is secreted by renal juxtaglomerular cells and catalyses
renin (REN) gene called renin stability regulatory element (REN-SRE) which
replication.
replication.
replication. The full alignment of this family contains a number of
reported bounds of some members are incorrect. The Signal
reported to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease,
(represented here) are predicted based on base pairing and
represented here by a single family. These snoRNAs are intron
represented here. miR-9 is processed from the 5' arm of its
represents IRES A.
represents only domains V and VI. A subset of group II introns
represents the conserved core.
repress ctgf gene expression. Reference identified a
repression.
repression, acting by binding to FinP and protecting it from
repression. Binding of multiple IREs in the 3' and 5' UTRs of
repR-mRNA. RNAIII is composed of four stem loops with
required for efficient replication and act as a translational
required for minus strand RNA accumulation and is therefore essential for
required for the initiation of negative strand RNA synthesis.
required for viral replication.
required ratio of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. The stem-loop
requirement for eIF4F.
reside in one of the protein components.
reside in the Cajal bodies whereas the U4-8 single domain appears
residues in 28S rRNA. Mouse MBII-329 snoRNA is homologous to U38.
residues on 28S ribosomal RNA.
residue U41 of the U5 snRNA. This family also includes human
resistance.
respectively. This family only includes only the 5' C/D box
respectively in the HGNC approved gene symbol nomenclature. The
response and translation of the hsp90 mRNA is very inefficient
response. The exact mechanism of action unknown.
response to a variety of environmental stimuli.
responsible for guiding the modification of uridine 1192 to pseudouridine
responsible for guiding the modification of uridine 3327 in Drosophila 28S
responsible for guiding the modification of uridine 841 in Drosophila 18S
responsible for guiding the modification of uridines 1377 and 1279 to
responsible for specific mRNA codon recognition, and the 3' end,
responsible for the production of a small satellite DNA called msDNA
results in modulation of gene expression. This family represents a
retardation function of the SRP.
retention of U3 snoRNA. The box C'/D motif is also necessary for
Retron elements are found in a wide range of mainly Gram-negative
retrovirus) core encapsidation signal and related sequences. The
rhinoviruses. The CRE is located within the genome segment encoding the
Rho-independent transcription terminator structure that is
Rian, and in the rat non-coding Bsr (brain-specific repetitive)
Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a ubiquitous endoribonuclease, found
ribonucleoprotein complex. The complex consists of a major
ribonucleoprotein involved in the co-translational targeting of
ribonucleoprotein. It is involved in the co-translational targeting of
ribosomal protein L13 gene in human and mouse, and is hypothesised
ribosomal RNA. This RNA has also been named snoRNA R73 in some
ribosomal RNA. U73 is therefore thought to function as a
ribosome and cause slippage in the 5' direction, this causes the
ribosome entrapment.
ribosome entry site (IRES). When expressed the FGF-2 protein plays a
ribosome entry site (IRES) which is found in the 5' UTR of IGF-II leader 2
ribosomes are recruited to the IRES located in the 5' UTR thus bypassing
Riboswitches are metabolite binding domains within certain messenger RNAs
riboswitches usually consist of two metabolite-binding aptamers
riboswitch is located in the leader of the Bacillus subtilis
riboswitch that directly binds FMN in the absence of proteins. In
ribozyme. Isolated eukaryotic and archaeal RNase P RNA has not
ribozymes have been found in animals as well as plants.
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Mutations in this family can lead to
rice. C/D box small nucleolar RNAs are known to act as a methylation guides
rice. The 18S methylation site is reported to be homologous
ringspot virus (TRSV) satellite RNA where it catalyses a
RNA and is likely to direct its 2'-O-methylation.
RNA are complementary to rRNA and act as guides for RNA/RNA
RNA at position U43.
RNA chaperone protein StpA also play a role in this regulatory system.
RNA from bacterial RNase Ps retains its catalytic
RNA genes which are 208 bases in length and are found between the yeeP and
RNA genes which are 78 bases in length and are found between the hlyE and
RNA has been identified in human, mouse, rat and Xenopus.
RNAIII acts by transcriptional attenuation of the essential
RNAI is an antisense repressor of the replication of some E. coli
RNA in plants.
RNA is the synthesis of a complementary minus strand. This process
RNA known to be required for viability of a human pathogen.
RNA, occluding the translation initiation site. Clones carrying rprA
RNAs. This family possesses sequence complementarity to U6 spliceosomal
RNAs. Approximately 25% of C. elegans genes are organised into
RNAs. Although the selection of the target nucleotide requires
RNAs and Ro60 and La proteins are well conserved, but the
RNAs as well as the Trypanosoma spliced leader RNA (SL RNA)
RNAs but the exact function of many snoRNAs, including U71, is
RNAs but the exact functions of many snoRNAs, including U19, are
RNase E concentration enabling tight regulation of RNase E
RNase E degradation.
RNase MRP is an enzymatically active ribonucleoprotein with two
RNAs) from p42d and related plasmids. ctRNAs are small, highly
RNAs have a 3' H/ACA snoRNA-like domain. This family also contains viral
RNAs that serve as precision sensors for their corresponding targets.
RNAs. These RNAs have an endonuclease function, and most
RNA structure includes an intrinsic transcription terminator at
RNA synthesis in in the alfalfa mosaic virus and may also be involved in
RNA translation.
RNA were found. The function of this RNA is unknown.
role in the initiation of mitochondrial DNA replication. In
roles through complementarity to mRNA. The involvement of Dicer in miRNA
Rolling circle replication plasmids contain a number of mechanisms
(Ro RNP), in association with Ro60 and La proteins. The Y
RpoS is mediated by the formation of a double-stranded RNA
RpoS leader. RprA is non-essential.
(RpoS regulator RNA A) increased the translation of RpoS. The rprA
rRNA at position G4588.
rRNA. However, these targets do not appear to be methylated and
rRNA. Pseudouridylation in position U3797 is predicted to be
rRNAs. Despite distinct functions, RNase MRP has been shown to be
rRNA subunit on position G4198. Although the selection of the
rRNA to pseudouridine.
rubella virus. This family contains three conserved step loop structures.
Salmonella species where it is found between the ydaN and dbpA genes. The
SAM riboswitch is located upstream of the metA and metC genes in
SAM riboswitch, it probably functions to turn off expression of
Sar RNA is an antisense RNA that is partly responsible for the
saturated at concentrations as low as 5 nM. In Bacillus subtilis,
scaRNA is composed of both an H/ACA box and a C/D box conserved
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nuclear RNAs which localise
scaRNA U87 and a mouse homologue MBI-46 described in. In humans both
scores. These eukaryotic matches are almost certainly the result
screen between the ydiC and ydiH in E. coli. This gene is only 67
(SECIS) is around 60 nt in length and adopts a hairpin
secondary structure is characterised by a small 5' domain (with
section of the Drosophila hsp90 mRNA 5' UTR that is required for
selectively unite into progeny viruses. This process is called
selenocysteine. The selenocysteine insertion sequence
self-cleavage reaction to process the products of rolling
sequence and the structure of this element are crucial for HCV RNA
sequence contains a number of imperfect repeats of the
sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin.
sequence is required for maximal IRES activity. It is thought that the
sequences are not expected to be hammerhead ribozymes.
sequences (MIPF000006 MIPF000006]). This miRNA family appears to be
sequences. In humans miR-15a and miR-16 are clustered within 0.5
sequences. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not
sequence that is rich in the end product amino acid of the
several related snoRNAs from Pyrococcus. These RNAs are
SgrS is a sugar transport-related sRNA which when activated by SgrR during
Shigella flexneri. The function of this family is unknown.
Shigella flexneri. The function of this RNA is unknown.
shock and stress.
shock gene expression) element. The ROSE element is a negative
shock response due to IRES-dependent translation. It is thought that this
shown here was proposed by Wasserman and Steitz on the basis of
shown that some members of this family are specific for adenine
shown to be positively regulated by Fur by an unknown mechanism.
shown to possess a methylated guanosine cap suggesting it is
sigma70-dependent promoter during stationary phase. 6S RNA
signal and can act autonomously to destabilise a heterologous
signal for RNA polymerase and the operon is not transcribed.
signal. The broken mRNA is replaced in the ribosome by the tmRNA
signal transduction system. Inactivation of the prrB gene
signal transduction system in the plant-beneficial soil bacterium and
significantly elevated in the lytic stage. In Epstein-Barr virus mir-BART1
significantly elevated in the lytic stage. In Epstein-Barr virus mir-BART2
silencing by the nucleoid-associated H-NS protein, and translation,
silencing of the Cp transcript. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a multifunctional,
similar imperfect repeat sequences (18 in CsrB, nine in CsrC),
similarity with the U83 snoRNA that was cloned by Jady and Kiss
site and is linked to helix 3 of domain B by a linker of
sites in the untranslated regions of auxin response factor genes
sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
site-specific 2'-O-methylation of 25S rRNAs. Although the selection of
SL1 , SL2 , SL3 and SL4 have been independently
(SL-A and SL-B) together with a pseudoknot. Disruption of any of these
small nuclear, and small nucleolar).
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are involved in the processing and
small replicating satellite RNA species. Hammerhead
snoR105 and snoR108 (identified in ) are members of the C/D class of
snoR11/Z151 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C
snoR12 has been alternatively named snoZ44 in Arabidopsis
snoR12 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, which acts as a
snoR160 has been alternatively named snoZ270 in rice.
snoR160 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, which acts as a
snoR21 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
snoR30 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA which acts as a methylation
snoR38 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA conserved across yeast ,
snoR41 has been alternatively named snoZ154 and snoZ231 in
snoR41 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, which acts as a
snoR60 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
snoR639 or snoH1 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to
snoR72 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, which acts as a
snoR86 is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)
snoR98 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide the
snoR9 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
snoRNA ACA 17 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs and is
snoRNA HBII-234 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is the
snoRNA HBII-239 belongs to the family of C/D snoRNAs.It is the
snoRNA, HBII-52, in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) region of
snoRNA, HBII-85, in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) region of
snoRNA MBII-201 identified in and also included in this
snoRNA R9 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain
snoRNAs are found in the imprinted non-coding mouse transcript
snoRNAs are involved in the conversion of uridines to pseudouridines
snoRNA sequence similarity is not significant.
snoRNAs found in both clusters are clearly related and are
snoRNAs HBII-296A and B belong to the C/D family of snoRNAs. They
snoRNAs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in
snoRNAs, namely boxes A, A', B, C, C', and D. The U3 snoRNA
snoRNAs. These two clusters are named SNORD113 and SNORD114
(snoRNAs) which act as guides in the the modification of uridines
snoRNA, the methyltransferase activity is supposed to reside in
snoRNA U101 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
snoRNA U34 is found in intron 5 of the ribosomal protein L13a gene in
snoRNA U39 (also described as U55 in ) is a member of
snoRNA U41 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is predicted
snoRNA U42 is found in intron 3 of the ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23a)
snoRNA U58 is found in introns 1, 3 and 6 of the ribosomal
snoRNA U62 is found in both humans and mice. U62 is a member of
snoRNA U70 seems to be exclusive to mammals and is a member of the H/ACA
snoRNA U79 or Z22 is found in intron 7 of the gas5 gene in humans and is
snoRNA U82 or Z25 is found in both humans and mice. U82/Z25 is a member of
snoRNA U95 (also referred to as Z38 ) is a member of the C/D
snoRNA which contain C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of
snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Members of
snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. This
snoRNA Z223 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
snoRNA Z37 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain
snoZ199 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, which acts as a methylation
snoZ278 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA. Its methylation guide
snoZ7 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
snRNA. This family also includes the mouse H/ACA box snoRNA
snRNA. This model hits a large number of sequences in
snRNA at residue U7.
snRNA (in an area lying towards the 5' end but 3' to hairpin I)
snRNAs are predicted to guide the modification of uridines to
(SNURF-SNRNP-UBE3A AS). This is antisense to maternally expressed
soybean dwarf virus. This family mediates translation of genomic (gRNA) and
spacer element downstream of the cleavage site in histone pre-mRNA.
species (MIPF0000009 MIPF0000009]). Animal miRNAs are transcribed as
species (MIPF0000046 MIPF0000046]). The hairpin precursors (represented
species in the full alignment apart from Shigella flexneri. The
specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a
Spi-1 regulates myeloid gene expression during haemopoietic
spliceosomal snRNA.
spliceosomal snRNA.
spliceosomal U6 snRNA.
spliceosome) in an ATP-dependent manner, allowing U6 to re-fold
Splicing occurs in almost identical fashion to nuclear pre-mRNA
splicing pre-mRNA. The putative secondary structure consensus
splicing with two transesterification steps. The 2' hydroxyl of
SraH expression is highly abundant in stationary phase, but low
SraI and was found to be expressed only in stationary phase.
SRP19 and SRP54 proteins.
SRP assembly and stabilises helix 8 for SRP54 binding.
SRP RNA related sequence, including Alu repeats.
SRP RNA that includes an Alu domain. The Alu domain of the
stabilisation of the rbcL gene which codes for large subunit of
stability regulation and translation efficiency in the cytoplasm.
stacking of P5, P4, P6 and P6a helices) and the P3-P9 domain
starvation.
state. It is believed that the element may be triggered during
stem cells. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the
stem loops and stimulate frameshifting.
stem-loop (SL5) and a downstream domain (DSD). These domains are
stem-loops. This structure is similar to the CsrB and RsmB
stem-loop structure in the upstream region of the rpoS messenger
stem-loops with the consensus sequences predominantly
stem-loop that is critical for their retrotransposition. Presumably,
stress.
stress factors. Four transcriptional regulators are known to bind
structural illustrations.
structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive
structure and ribosome scanning is reduced. It is thought that the EBNA
structure and sequence appear to be unrelated to the SAM
structure between metazoan and yeast U1 snRNAs, the latter being
structure between metazoan and yeast U1 snRNAs, the latter being
structure can form. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe
structure close to the template sequence. Vertebrate telomerase
Structure Conserved A. SscA is 97 nucleotides in length and
structure consists of 9 paired regions (P1-P9). These fold
structured, antisense sequences which are involved in negative
structure of a 17-nucleotide RNA derived from the 3' tail of
structure of the frameshift signal is thought to impede the
structures, as represented by this family. Eight helical elements
structures. The largest of the four, hY1, contains an
structure, the region varies according to the virus but
structure. This RNA structure is found upstream of a variety of
structure, which acts as a post-transcriptional cis-acting
structure which is sufficiently well-defined and conserved
subgenomic RNA1 (sgRNA1).
subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22nt product. In this
substrate RNAs. Targets may include ribosomal and spliceosomal
substrate RNAs. Although the selection of the target nucleotide requires
subunit in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, it is
subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome. It is transcribed by RNA
subunit. The ribosome can only bind the capped mRNA after binding
succinate dehydrogenase, as well as five other genes previously
such extracellular enzymes. RsmA binds to RsmB regulatory RNA
suggested that La may be required for the efficient translation of the
suggested that the CRE is required for initiation of minus-strand RNA
suggested that the vault complex is involved in drug
suggested to bind CsrA.
suggesting that pairing of DsrA with the RpoS message might be important
suggests that U19 may be involved in pre-rRNA processing.
(SVLPA). SVLPA is a structured element which promotes efficient
switch which exposes conserved UCUG elements and enables
synthesised by RNA polymerase III (the other eukaryotic rRNAs are
synthesises telomeric DNA.
synthesises telomeric DNA.
synthesis initiation factor 4AII.
synthesis of G-CSF is regulated both transcriptionally and through control
synthesis. These RNAs are characterised by a long hairpin structure
system and is transcribed from the P3 operon. The RNAIII transcript
tag to the incomplete protein enabling recognition by a protease.
tandemly repeated small nucleolar RNAs named 14q(I) and 14q(II)
target genes are translationally repressed by the small RNA binding
targeting it for degradation by PNPase.
target mRNA (CopT) is characterised by a four-way junction structure
target nucleotide requires the antisense element and the
target nucleotide requires the antisense element and the
targets. U24 is encoded within an intron of
targets have not been reported.
target. The snoRNAs U86, U56, U57 and HBII-55,of the C/D family,
TBR17 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
TBR5 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
TBR7 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that
Telomerase RNAs differ greatly in sequence and structure between
telomerase RNAs from the Gallid herpes viruses as described in.
template DNA. The complementary RNAI binds RNAII prohibiting
terminator structure that is probably involved in regulation is
terminator. The alternative consensus structure is the
Tetraodon fluviatilis.
than half of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (CLL). Both
than nuclear pre-mRNAs and self-splicing introns. This processing
that all U1 snRNAs share a 'common core' consisting of helices I,
that encode for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) biosynthesis and
that is found in the mRNA for GlmS. GlmS is an enzyme that uses
that serve as precision sensors for their corresponding targets. Allosteric
that the 5' loop is required for splice site selection and p220
that translational IRES dependent activation of FGF-2 plays a vital role
The 245 nucleotide sRNA of Escherichia coli, CsrC, was discovered
the 28S rRNA subunit. However it has not been reported as a
the 2'O-ribose methylation of large 28S rRNA on residue G4464.
the 3' arm of related precursor hairpins (represented
the 3' end of the known ncRNAs. Many of these partly overlap coding
the 3' end shown here seems to better match the alignment of
the 3' OH of the upstream exon.
the 3' UTR of Avian sarcoma, Rous sarcoma and Avian leukosis viruses
The 3' UTR of human connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic
the 3' UTR of the bamboo mosaic potexvirus. This family is thought to play
the 3' UTR of the Potato virus X genome. This element has been found to be
The 3' UTR of the vimentin mRNA contains a Y shaped structure
The 3' UTR region of coronavirus genomes contains a conserved
the 40S ribosomal subunit by the internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
The 5' domain and the hinge region act as a pre-rRNA-binding
The 5' end of msDNA is linked to an internal guanosine residue of
The 5' end of U7 RNA is thought to base-pair to a conserved
the 5' region of helix 5 to form a structure termed the
the 5' untranslated region of the ribDEAHT operon and precluding
the 5' UTR of interferon (IFN) gamma mRNA. This structure is thought to be
The Alu domain is thought to mediate the peptide chain elongation
The anticodon of a specific tRNA base pairs to a specifier sequence within
the antisense element and the conserved box D or D' of the
the antisense element and the conserved box D or D' of the snoRNA, the
the aphthoviruses. IRES elements allow cap and end-independent
The bacterial alpha operon ribosome binding site is surrounded
the bacterial ones, the RNA cores from all the three lineages are
the box B/C and box C'/D motifs are sufficient for nuclear
the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of
the bulging out of an unpaired adenosine, on the BPS, which
the carpel factory (caf) enzyme appears to be involved in
the catalytic activity of the holoenzyme. Although the archaeal and
the C/D class of snoRNA which contain C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box
the clusters of HBII-85, HBII-52 snoRNA in a 460 kb intron of the
the coding region of protein 2C as the site in PV1(M) RNA that
The conserved uridine-turn links helix I
the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I which is the
The copy-number of the broad host-range plasmid R1162 is controlled
The CsrB RNA binds to approximately 18 copies of the CsrA
The Csr regulatory system has a strong negative regulatory
the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Z37 acts as a
the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22nt product. In this case the
The discovery of CsrC is intriguing, in that a similar sRNA,
the Drosophila embryonic body plan. When first expressed in
The E. coli Ribosomal S15 gene 5' UTR can form two
The eel long interspersed element (LINE) UnaL2 and its partner short
The exact 5' and 3' ends of this RNA are uncertain. This gene
The exact 5' and 3' ends of this RNA are uncertain. This RNA
The exact function of RtT is unknown although it is thought that it may be
The expression of miR-148 has been demonstrated in human
the family may play a role in regulating RNA synthesis.
The FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids.
The FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids.
the first 120 bases and the second to the remaining 50 bases.
The first step in the replication of the plus-stranded poliovirus
the first step of retrotransposition is the recognition of their
The fushi tarazu gene is essential for the establishment of
The gcvB gene encodes a small untranslated RNA involved in
The gene called SraK, was highly abundant in stationary phase, but low
the gene for ribosomal protein L7a in mammals, chicken and Fugu.
the genetic code in two manners: having more than one tRNA (with
The hairpin ribozyme, like the hammerhead (RF00008 RF00008] and
The hammerhead ribozyme is one of the smallest catalytic
the Hepatitis A virus. IRES elements allow cap and end-independent
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme is necessary for
The Hfq protein has been shown to interact with several small
The HgcC ncRNA gene was identified computationally in AT-rich
the histone hairpin binding protein, or HBP). Together with
the host cell. It has been found that La autoantigen (La) is required for
The hsp90 gene product is involved in the Drosophila heat shock
The human genome in particular is known to contain a large amount of
the human orthologue of mouse MBI-6 snoRNA.
The human sequence has also been annotated in the sequence databases
The human snoRNA HBII-13 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It
The identity of the proteins involved and the localisation
The imprinted human domain at 14q32 contains two clusters of
The incorporation of selenocysteine into a protein sequence
the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for eIF4F
the initiator tRNA. Translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) mRNA
the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S
the introns of ribosomal protein S1 in Xenopus and S3 in human
the introns of ribosomal protein S3a and contains a 12nt
their extents are not known. In this case the mature sequence is
their extents are not known. In this case the mature sequence is
The iron response element is a short conserved stem-loop which is
the leader to down-regulate expression of these genes.
the major transfer promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential
the mature sequence comes from the 5' arm of the precursor, and
the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific
the methylation of 2'-O-ribose sites in 28S rRNA.
The micF gene is a stress response gene found in Escherichia coli
the micF promoter region and activate micF expression.
the mouse MBI-79 sequence as described in.
the mouse sequence MBI-83 described in.
the mouse snoRNA sequence MBI-64 described in.
The mRNAs of metazoan histone genes lack a poly-A tail. 3' end
the mRNA. This element forms a Y-shaped structure, part of
The Nanos protein in Drosophila is required for correct
the nucleus it is involved in precursor rRNA processing, where it
the operon codes for RNase III which cleaves the long rncO stem
The overall structure forms the origin of replication (OriR) for the
The physiological role of Escherichia coli Spot 42 (spf) RNA has
the plasma. As an acute-phase protein, its plasma concentration can
the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) RY motif stem-loop. The RY motif
the precursor sequences may be longer, and the carpel factory
the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, conserved
The products are thought to have regulatory roles through
the protein components.
the pseudogene count.
the pseudoknot structure have been found to reduce PKR activation and
the pseudouridylation of position U4522 if the 28S rRNA. HBI-6 is
There are significant differences in sequence and secondary
therefore a major factor in control of plasmid replication.
therefore increased expression of downstream acid resistance genes.
the RepI message.
the resolution of the local inflammatory response following cytokine
the retron msd gene) and RNA (encoded by the msr gene) components.
The Rev response element (RRE) is encoded within the HIV-env
The RFN element is a highly conserved domain that is found
the ribosome binding region. This family also contains
the ribosome binding site of the serC reading frame.
The ribozyme acts to process the RNA transcripts to unit
The ribozyme catalyses self cleavage of the glmS mRNA that is
thermoregulated. It has been shown that the untranslated mRNA
the RNA binds to the galK translation initiator region.
the RNA strand by a 2'-5' linkage. The components of msDNA are
The RyhB 90-nt RNA down-regulates a set of iron-storage and
the S15 protein. The alignment of this family contains
The s2m motif is found in the 3' UTRs of astrovirus, coronavirus
The same region has been implicated in the control of mRNA
The SAM riboswitch is found upstream of a number of genes which
these are AC078923 AC078923] and BC050488 BC050488]. These animal
The secondary structure mark-up for this family represents
The secondary structure of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)
These DB elements are thought to be required for efficient translation.
these genes in response to elevated SAM levels.
These include two other genes encoding enzymes in the tricarboxylic
the selection of the target nucleotide requires the antisense
the sequence of the mature RNA. This family also contains the
These two activities of DsrA can be separated by mutation: the first
The Signal Recognition Particle Database (SRPDB) provides
The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a universally conserved
the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The snoRNA ACA 40 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs and
The snoRNA ACA 48 has been identified to guide pseudouridylation
The snoRNA ACA49 has no identified RNA target. NB genomic sequence
The snoRNA ACA53 belongs to the H/ACA family of pseudouridylation
The snoRNA HBI-36 snoRNA belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs
The snoRNA HBI-43 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs, guiding
The snoRNA HBI-6 belong to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs, guiding
the snoRNA, the methyltransferase activity is supposed to reside in one of
the snoRNA, the methyltransferase activity is supposed to reside in one of
The sraJ gene was expressed in early logarithmic phase, but its level
The SscA ncRNA gene was identified computationally in AT-rich
The structure consists of 2 domains, A and B. The 3' arm of
the synthesis of minus strand RNA to form viral dsRNA.
The t44 gene is found between the map and rpsB genes in all
the target nucleotide requires the antisense element and the conserved
the T-box motif, and the NCCA acceptor tail of the tRNA base pairs to a
the the pestiviruses. The pestivirus IRES allows cap and
The third stem-loop, which behaves as a transcription terminator, can
the transferrin receptor (involved in iron acquisition) leads to
the two may act in a concerted manner.
the two riboswitches may work in conjunction to regulate the the
the typical eukaryotic cap-dependent translation pathway.
The U11 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5,
The U12 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5,
The U76 snoRNA is found in an intron of the uRNA host gene (UHG)
The universally conserved helix which interacts with the SRP54 M
The VA (viral associated) RNA is found in adenovirus. It plays a role
the virally encoded polymerase BALF5 for degradation. The mature sequence
they act to negatively regulate several genes including sodB and sdh.
They are large self-splicing ribozymes and have 6 structural
They catalyse their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
the yfhK and purL genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.
The Y. pestis homologue was detected by similarity to the E. coli
thiamin-regulatory element, thi box was extended, resulting
thirds of CLL cases. The mature sequence is excised from the
This bacterial RNA is also found in the genomic sequence of
this case the mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the
This cis element is composed of four hairpins called SL1
This element contains a pseudoknot.
This entry contains a glucosamine-6-phosphate activated ribozyme
This family also contains the mir-13 precursor which, despite
This family belongs to the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs
This family belong to the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C
This family consists of a group of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli
This family consists of a number of bacterial RNA genes of 209 bases in
This family consists of a number of bacterial sroB RNA genes of around 90
This family consists of several bacterial RNA genes of 181 bases in length
This family consists of several bacterial sequences from E. coli, Shigella
This family consists of several HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3) sequences. GSL3
This family consists of several Pospiviroid sequences which are related to
This family consists of several snoRNA Z103 sequences which are members of
This family consists of several, structured HIV primer binding sites
This family consists of the mammalian microRNA (miRNA) precursors mir-103
This family consists of the microRNA (miRNA) precursor mir-6 which
This family contains a large number of putative archaeal matches to
This family contains a number of annotated pseudogenes and 7SK
This family contains a number of annotated U7 pseudogenes.
This family contains F1, F2 and snoR5a sequences, all of which are members
This family contains multiple ncRNA from E. coli that were
This family contains several related snoRNAs including R31, Z27 and Z110.
This family contains the related snoRNAs R32, R81 and Z41 which are
This family does not contain the larger yeast sequences.
This family includes a couple of false matches currently
This family includes plant snoRNA snoZ196 and yeast snoRNAs R39
This family is a bacterial riboswitch that binds to the
This family is a putative noncoding RNA found multiple times in
This family is a putative regulatory RNA structure that is found
This family is a putative r-protein leader autoregulatory
This family is a riboswitch found predominantly in
This family is thought to target mRNAs coding for APETALA2-like
This family of plant small nucleolar RNAs belong to the C/D class
This family of plant snoRNAs belong to the C/D class of snoRNA
This family of RNAs are found as part of the enigmatic vault
This family of small nucleolar RNAs belongs to the C/D class of
This family represents a 5' UTR cis-regulatory element found in
This family represents a bacterial cis-regulatory element known as RtT RNA.
This family represents a bacterial non-coding RNA called RydC. RydC is
This family represents a bacterial regulatory element (rncO)
This family represents a Cardiovirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
This family represents a cis-acting element in the 3'-UTR of the
This family represents a cis-acting regulatory element (CRE) from the human
This family represents a cis-reactive element from Hepatitis E virus
This family represents a cis-regulatory element found at the 5' end of
This family represents a cis-regulatory element found in the 5' UTR of
This family represents a cis-regulatory element known as defective RNA or
This family represents a cis-regulatory element present at the 3' ends of
This family represents a cloverleaf-like cis-regulatory element found in
This family represents a conserved element found in the 5' UTR
This family represents a conserved RNA structure found upstream
This family represents a conserved stem-loop found in
This family represents a coronavirus cis-acting replication
This family represents a Cripavirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
This family represents a GadY RNA (previous named IS183 in ). GadY can
This family represents a group of ctRNAs (or counter-transcribed
This family represents a group of S-elements from p42d and
This family represents a group of sequences related to the human
This family represents a group of sequences that are related to the
This family represents an APC internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
This family represents an apolipoprotein B (apoB) cis regulatory element
This family represents an Epstein-Barr virus internal ribosome entry site
This family represents a Parechovirus cis regulatory element which is
This family represents a predicted coronavirus packaging signal. Within a
This family represents a predicted pseudoknot structure found in prion
This family represents a predicted replication signal which is highly
This family represents a pseudoknot containing stem-loop structure found in
This family represents a pseudoknot structure from turnip yellow mosaic
This family represents a putative stem-loop structure found in the 5' UTR
This family represents a rbcL 5' UTR RNA stabilising element from
This family represents a ribosomal frameshifting element found in the mRNA
This family represents a Rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
This family represents a set of small RNAs (the Qrr RNAs) that are thought
This family represents a small hairpin structure found in the 5' UTR of
This family represents a structural element which is found in antizyme
This family represents a structured G/C rich element located in the 5' UTR
This family represents a structured region around the Rous sarcoma virus
This family represents a Togavirus virus 5' plus strand cis-regulatory
This family represents a tRNA-like structure found in the 3' UTR of
This family represents heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) internal ribosome
This family represents region 3 of the defective interfering (DI) RNA
This family represents RNAIII which is known to regulate the expression of
This family represents SL2 RNA. SL2 RNA is involved in trans splicing in
This family represents the 3' UTR region of the R2 retrotransposable
This family represents the 44 nucleotide K10 transport/localisation element
This family represents the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) coat protein (CP)
This family represents the bacterial glycine riboswitch. Glycine
This family represents the bag-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). When
This family represents the bip internal ribosome entry site (IRES). BiP
This family represents the bovine leukaemia virus RNA encapsidation
This family represents the c-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The
This family represents the connexin-32 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
This family represents the connexin-43 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
This family represents the core structure of the bicoid 3'-UTR and
This family represents the c-sis 5'-UTR which contains three modules that
This family represents the direct repeat 1 (dr1) element commonly found in
This family represents the equine arteritis virus leader
This family represents the FGF-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The
This family represents the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) internal
This family represents the Flavivirus 3'-SL cis-acting replication
This family represents the flavivirus 3' UTR elements DB1 and DB2.
This family represents the Gammaretrovirus (mammalian type C
This family represents the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stem-loop
This family represents the hairy localisation element (HLE) found in
This family represents the Hepatitis C stem-loop IV structure found in the
This family represents the Hepatitis C stem-loop VII structure
This family represents the Hepatitis C virus 3'X element which contains
This family represents the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication
This family represents the HIV Ribosomal frameshift signal. HIV
This family represents the HIV trans-activation response (TAR) element
This family represents the human microRNA (miRNA) precursors mir-192 and
This family represents the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
This family represents the insertion sequence IS1222 ribosomal
This family represents the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) internal
This family represents the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of
This family represents the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
This family represents the Kv1.4 voltage-gated potassium-channel
This family represents the larger yeast sequences. Family
This family represents the L-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The
This family represents the Luteovirus cap-independent translation element
This family represents the microRNA (miRNA) let-7 and
This family represents the mir-BART1 microRNA precursor found in Human
This family represents the mir-BHRF1-1 microRNA precursor found in Human
This family represents the Mnt internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Mnt is
This family represents the n-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The
This family represents the Picornavirus internal ribosome entry site
This family represents the plant microRNA (miRNA) precursor
This family represents the plant microRNA (miRNA) precursor
This family represents the PyrR binding site and terminator
This family represents the related mir-15a and mir-15b
This family represents the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal
This family represents the SL1 RNA. SL1 is commonly located in the spacer
This family represents the Tobamovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
This family represents the Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)
This family represents the TrkB internal ribosome entry site
This family represents the turnip crinkle virus (TCV) hairpin 5 (H5) which
This family represents the U1A polyadenylation inhibition element
This family represents the vascular endothelial growth factor
this family which are also included in the Eukaryotic type SRP
This miRNA has been predicted or confirmed in a wide range of
this molecule have not been identified. n.b: The GenBank
this mRNA motif is located on at least five separate transcriptional
This ncRNA gene was recently identified in a screen and called
This ncRNA was found to be expressed only in stationary phase.
This ncRNA was identified in a large scale screen of E. coli.
This rate of degradation is aided by the pcnB (plasmid copy
This RNA is found in bacterial plasmids including pIP501.
This RNA structure is found in the 3' UTR of various enteroviruses.
This RNA was also discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen.
This RNA was discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen.
This RNA was discovered in E. coli during two large scale screens
This RNA was originally discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen
This structure causes translational regulation of
This structure forms when the cell has an excess of the
thought that this family may facilitate a continuous IGF-II production in
thought to act as guides for the 2'-O-ribose methylation
thought to bind to the target mRNA and induce its degradation.
thought to confer increased stability to the transcript, allowing
thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to
thought to regulate an mRNA, yejABEF which encodes an ABC transporter
thought to regulate GlmS activity.
three base paired helices, separated by short linkers of
three base paired helices, separated by short linkers of
three IRES elements are somehow responsive to cellular changes and act to
three stemloop structures that are essential for replication.
through complementarity to mRNA. The involvement of Dicer in miRNA
through direct interactions with as yet unknown nuclear factors.
(T.-H. Tang, J.-P. Bachellerie, H. Huber, M. Drungowski, T. Elge, J.
thus conformational changes could regulate translation.
thus starting the first of two transesterification reactions that
timing in C. elegans , and was later shown to be part of a
(TLS) from Drosophila melanogaster. K10 TLS is responsible for the
tmRNA is used as a reading frame that ends in a translation stop
to 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA. This complementarity suggests that
to 18S rRNA. E3 is encoded in introns in the gene for protein
to 28S rRNA. E2 is encoded in introns in the gene for a
to accumulate in the nucleolus. In humans the genomic
to act as a computational screen for selenoprotein genes.
to act as methylation guides.
to be able to form several different structures with similar free energy.
to be active in vivo in the absence of any protein factors and
to be a key structural element in discontinuous subgenomic RNA synthesis
to be bound by Hfq.
to be found exclusively in Drosophila species.
to be involved in the regulation of quorum sensing in Vibrio species. It is
to be related to viral pathogenesis and in particular arthritis which is a
to be translated by internal ribosome entry.
to essentially two domains - the P4-P6 domain (formed from the
to give a ~22nt product. In this case the mature sequence comes
to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of 5.8S rRNA on residue U14.
to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the large 28S rRNA on residue
to guide methylation of 2'-O-ribose residues on 28S ribosomal RNA.
to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA. The
to helix II and usually has the sequence CUGA. Helix II and
to maintain a low copy number. One of these methods is to transcribe
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae
to mediate internal ribosome entry in cells derived from brain,
to mRNA. The involvement of Dicer in miRNA processing suggests a
to part of the 5' UTR of the traJ mRNA. The traJ gene encodes
to pseudouridines. This family includes the human snoRNAs U64
to regulate their expression.The hairpin precursors
to reside in one of the protein components. U34 snoRNA has
to SL4 (SL is for Stem Loop). This element is involved
to target mRNAs coding for a phosphatase transporter. The mature
to target mRNAs coding for ATP sulphurylases. The mature
to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase
to the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for eIF4F.
to which the tRNA's corresponding amino acid is attached (by
(TPRT).
traJ gene encodes a protein required for transcription from
transcribed on the opposite strand to RepB the replication initiation
transcriptase in a reaction known as target primed reverse transcription
transcript) gene whose function is unknown. mir-BART2 is thought to target
transcript) gene whose function is unknown. The mature sequence is excised
transcription efficiency. This family acts in conjunction with
transcription factors. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm
transcription factor, which induces transcription of several
transcription-regulating sequence hairpin (LTH). The LTH is thought
transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the
transcripts by 8-fold. Mutations in this regulatory region of the 5' UTR
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are approximately 80 nucleotides in
translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator
translational mechanism is essential for the survival of cells under
Translational regulation of the stationary phase sigma factor
translation becomes more efficient. This family represents a
translation but not for anti-H-NS action, while the second stem-loop
translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly
translation. It is thought that FGF-1 IRES activity is strictly controlled
translation of AMV RNA by between 50 and 100-fold. This family contains at
translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating
Translation of the nanos mRNA is repressed in the bulk
translation to occur under situations where initiation from the 5' cap
Translation via the IRES has been found to be common following heat shock
transport and anterior localisation of K10 mRNA and acts to establish
transporters, in various prokaryotic organisms. The THI
transport proteins. This element is a metabolite-dependent
Transposition of insertion sequence IS10 is regulated by an
Trans-splicing is a form of RNA processing. The acquisition of a spliced
TSD-DSD interactions are involved in the mediation of viral RNA
tumour suppressor gene which is associated with the inherited
two domains.
U105 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is encoded in an
U106 might function as an RNA chaperone during rRNA folding
U108 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs. The sequence is
(U12-22/U4-8) and singlet (U4-8) forms of this snRNA have been
U12-88/U4-8 is intergenic and the purified transcript has been
U14 small nucleolar RNA (U14 snoRNA) is required for early
U16 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U17/E1 RNA belongs to the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs).
U18 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U19 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. snoRNAs bind a number
U1 is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the spliceosome
U20 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA that is encoded in intron 11
U2-19 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
U22 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals and is thought to act
U2-30 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA)
U23 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. snoRNAs bind a number
U24 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U2-dependent spliceosome. It forms a duplex with U6, and with
U2 is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the spliceosome
U30 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U32 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA encoded in intron 2 of the
U33. snoRNA U33 is found in intron 4 of the ribosomal protein
U35 guides the methylation of 2'-O-ribose sites in 28S rRNA.
U35 is a C/D box snoRNA located in intron 6 of ribosomal protein
U36 acts as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide. This family also
U36 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U39 guides the methylation of 2'-O-ribose residues in 28S ribosomal
U3 snoRNA. Both box B/C and C'/D motifs are involved in specific
U40 is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA, also known as snoZ153 in plants.
U50-like (U50') snoRNAs that are localised in nucleoli.
U7 snRNA binding of the HDE, SLBP binding nucleate s the
U83 and U84 are spliced from introns 5 and 4 of the BAT1 gene in
U88 is small Cajal body specific RNA (scaRNA). scaRNAs are a
U8 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the
U96b and the apicomplexan snoRNA snr39b.
umuD genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.
UnaL2 was determined by NMR.
Uncharged tRNA acts as the effector for transcription
under normal growth temperatures. When heat shock occurs
units that together encode 17 genes that are mostly involved in
unknown, but this structured RNA element may be involved in their genetic
until it is required for transcription.
upstream gene which codes for Swiss:Q8RC62, a member of
upstream of an uncharacterized membrane protein in
upstream of the gcvT operon which controls glycine
upstream of the serC-serA operon in some
upstream of the speF gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase in
upstream of the ylbH gene in B. subtilis and related low GC
uridines to pseudouridines.
uses a system called -1 ribosomal frameshifting to produce the
U-shaped structure, with binding sites for a single U1A protein
using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis.
using ATP as energy to accomplish the energetically unfavourable
UTR of Spi-1 mRNA which is able to inhibit the translation Spi-1
(UTR) preceding prfA, forms a secondary structure, which masks
UTRs from other closely related bacteria. The secondary structure
variable length and sequence. This region is thus not
various viral 3' UTR regions have been found to play roles in
vault protein (MVP), two minor vault proteins (VPARP and TEP1),
vCyclin and vFLIP coding sequences are present on a bicistronic transcript
(VEGF) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) A. VEGF is an
verified. The mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the
vertebrate genomes, which appear to be U6 derived pseudogenes
vertebrates, ciliates and yeasts, but they share a 5' pseudoknot
vertebrates (MIPF0000044 MIPF0000044]). The hairpin precursors (represented
vertebrate species (MIPF0000006 MIPF0000006]). miR-16 and miR-15a are
vertebrate specific and members of this family have been
Vertebrate U17 is intron-encoded and ranges in length from 200-230
via internal ribosome entry and bypasses the typical eukaryotic
virally infected cell, viral genome and viral proteins specifically and
viral replicase protein P1. This family is required for negative strand
viral replication and are usually found near the 5' and 3' termini. This
viral replication and is thought to be the only catalytic
viral replication and packaging.
viral RNA genomes is proposed to act as an RNA conformational
viral RNA in the pancreas.
viral viability. All stem loop structures are thought to be important for
virion.
Virp1 binding is unknown. It is however thought that RY motifs are
virus which is thought to be needed for efficient transcription as
vitamin B(12) biosynthesis and be transported by a post-transcriptional
Vitamin B(1) in its active form thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is an
was called candidate 14.
was observed when prrB was overexpressed. The prrB gene
We have classified hammerhead ribozymes into three types
We have identified a putative novel vault RNA on chromosome 5
well. The function of this RNA is unknown.
well conserved across flaviviruses. Deletions of the 3' UTR of
when attached to the prohead. The pRNA is thought to be bound
when cap-dependent translation initiation is reduced.
which act as guides in the the modification of uridines to pseudouridines
which allows cap independent translation during conditions such as heat
which are found between the abgR and ydaL genes in Escherichia coli and
which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. This family
which has been shown to have protein binding activity.
which is known to be required for the trans-activation of the viral
which is located in the coding sequence of the gene. APC is a
which is located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. The element
which is located within the region encoding the capsid protein VP2 and is
which is recognised by the Smaug protein leading to translational
which is required for the production of capsid proteins through
which is thought to be essential for "some step in gene expression".
While the threshold of this family is set high so as to minimise the
window size will find more matches.
with an invariant region of eukaryotic 28S ribosomal RNA.
within intron 12 of the nucleolin gene in human, mouse, rat
within the coding region of the mRNA. Selenoprotein mRNAs
with the phenomenon of RNA interference. miRNAs are numbered
with U67 and snoRNA mgU6-77
ykvJKLM (queCDEF) operon which encodes four genes necessary for
zebrafish (MI0002015 MI0002015]). miR-148 has also been
