Wikipedia:WikiProject Mesopotamia
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'''Mesopotamia The land between the two rivers has been the site of some of the oldest civilizations in the world, and it is difficult to recall that as late as 150 years ago, they were almost entirely forgotten. Nevertheless, the impact of Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian thought is still present today, and is felt whenever we divide a circle into 360 degrees, or measure a year by 12 months. To classical peoples, the Babylonians were considered a witty, urbane, mysterious, occult, and very decadent folk; a realistic appraisal in some ways since, by their own standards, the Babylonians had seen everything that could happen to a nation and a people, and could no longer be much surprised.
Presently this covers Adab, Adiabene, Akkad, Akshak, Araba, Arrapha, Assyria, Babylon, Basra, Characene, Comukha, Dayani, Elam, Eshnunna, Garamaea, Guti, Hatra, Isin, Kirkuk, Kish, Kurdistan, Kuwait, Lagash, Larsa, Classical, Mediaeval, and modern Mesopotamia and Iraq, Mitanni, Mosul, Sea-Land, Seleucid Empire, Takrit, Umma, Ur, Urakluiras, Uruk.
ADAB
Ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur. Excavations (1903-04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as the prehistoric period and as late as the reign of Ur-Nammu (reigned 2112 - 2095 BC).
Adab was an important Sumerian centre only up to about 2000 BC. Lugal-Anemundu.................................fl. c. 2800 for 90 years ? To Mari. 2800-1760 To Babylon thereafter...
AKKAD
In northern Iraq. The Akkadians were not Sumerian, they were an early Semitic folk.
Sargon I the Great............................2371-2315
Rimush........................................2315-2306
Manishtusu....................................2306-2291
Naram-Sin.....................................2291-2254
Shar-Kali-Sharri..............................2254-2230
Civil war with 4 contenders, one named Elulu-Mesh...2230-2226
Dudu..........................................2226-2205
Shu-Durul.....................................2205-2191
To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130
To Amorites................................c. 2130-c. 1900
To Babylon.................................c. 1900-1595
To Assyria....................................1595-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
AKSHAK
A city in eastern Mesopotamia. Its specific location is not known, but it is understood to have been near Eshnunna, in the Diyala Valley.
Zuzu To Lagash (conq. by King Eannatum).................c. 2500
Unzi
Undalulu.......................................fl. c. 2450
Ur-Ur
Puzur-Nirakh
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin........................................fl. c. 2370
To Akkad...................................c. 2370-2191
To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130
To Uruk....................................c. 2130-2113
To Ur.........................................2113-2002
To Elam.......................................2002-c. 1750
To Sea-Land................................c. 1750-c. 1450
To Babylon.................................c. 1450-1235
To Assyria....................................1235-1227
To Babylon....................................1227-1157
To Elam.......................................1157-1156
To Babylon....................................1156-729
To Assyria.....................................729-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
ASSYRIA One of the best-known early Mesopotamian states, the Assyrians began as tent-dwelling nomads, developed into a brilliant and long-lasting empire, and then were plowed under by succeeding peoples in turn. They survived the collapse of their empire, though, and even today there are Assyrian people living both in Mesopotamia and abroad. First Dynasty
Tudiya
Adamu
Yanghi
Sahlamu
Harharu
Mandaru
Emtsu
Hartsu
Didanu
Hanu
Zuabu
Nuabu
Abazu
Belu
Azarah
Second Dynasty
Ushpia
Apiashal
First Dynasty (again)
Hale
Samanu
Hayanu
Ilu Mer
Yamkesi
Yakmeni
Yazkurel
Ila Kabkabuhu
Aminu
Third Dynasty
Sulili.............................................fl. c. 2030
Kikkia
Akkia
Puzur-Ashur I
Shallim-Ahhe...................................fl. c. < 1940
Ilushuma
Erishum I......................................fl. c. 1906
Ikunum.........................................fl. c. 1866
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin......................................fl. c. < 1830
Erishum II
First Dynasty (once again)
Shamash-Adad I
Ishme-Dagan
Mut-Ashkur
Rimush
Asinum
Puzur-Sin
Ashur-Dugul
Ashur-Aplu-Iddin
Nasir-Sin
Sin-Namir
Ipki-Ishtar
Adad-Tsalulu
Adasi
Belu-Bani......................................fl. c. 1700
Libaia........................................1690-1673
Sharma-Adad I.................................1673-1661
Iptar-Sin.....................................1661-1649
Bazaia........................................1649-1621
Lullaia.......................................1621-1615
Kidin-Ninua...................................1615-1601
Sharma-Adad II................................1601-1598
Erishum III...................................1598-1585
Shamshi-Adad II...............................1585-1579
Ishme-Dagan II................................1579-1563
Shamshi-Adad III..............................1563-1547
Ashur-Nirari I................................1547-1521
Puzur-Ashur III...............................1521-1497
Enlil-Nasir I.................................1497-1483
Nur-Ili.......................................1483-c. 1475
Mitanni vassalage...........................1470's-1329
Ashur-Shaduni.................................1472
Ashur-Rabi I.............................1472-1452
Ashur-Nadin-Ahhe I.......................1452-1432
Enlil-Nasir II...........................1432-1426
Ashur-Nirari II..........................1426-1419
Ashur-Bel-Nisheshu.......................1419-1410
Ashur-Rim-Nisheshu.......................1410-1402
Ashur-Nadin-Ahhe II......................1402-1392
Eriba-Adad I.............................1392-1365
Ashur-Uballit I..........................1365-1329
Fourth Dynasty
Enlil-Nirari..................................1329-1319
Arik-Den-Ili..................................1319-1307
Adad-Nirari I.................................1307-1274
Shalmaneser I.................................1274-1244
Tukulti-Ninurta I.............................1244-1207
Ashur-Nadin-Apli..............................1207-1203
Ashur-Nirari III..............................1203-1197
Enlil-Kudurri-Usur............................1197-1192
Fifth Dynasty
Ninurta-Apil-Ekur I...........................1192-1180
Ashur-Dan I...................................1180- ?
Ninurta-Tukulti-Ashur
Mutakkil-Nusku................................1179-1133
Ashur-Resh-Ishi...............................1133-1115
Tiglath-Pileser I.............................1115-1076
Ninurta-Apal-Ekur II..........................1076-1074
Ashur-Bel-Kala I..............................1074-1056
Enlil-Rabi....................................1056-c. 1050
Ashur-Bel-Kala II..........................c. 1050- ?
Eriba-Adad II
Shamshi-Adad IV
Sixth Dynasty
Ashur-Nasir-Pal I.............................1038-1019
Shalmaneser II................................1019-1007
Ashur-Nirari IV...............................1007-1001
Ashur-Rabi II.................................1001- ?
Ashur-Resh-Ishi II
Tiglath-Pileser II.............................956-933
Ashur-Dan II...................................933-911
Adad-Nirari II.................................911-889
Tukulti-Ninurta II.............................889-884
Ashur-Nasir-Pal II.............................884-859
Shalmaneser III................................859-824
Shamshi-Adad V.................................824-811
Adad-Nirari III................................811-782
Shalmaneser IV.................................782-772
Ashur-Dan III..................................772-754
Ashur-Nirari IV................................754-745
Tiglath-Pileser III............................745-727
Shalmaneser V..................................727-722
Seventh Dynasty
Sargon II......................................722-705
Sennecherib....................................705-681
Esarhaddon.....................................681-669
Ashurbanipal...................................669-626
Ashur-Etil-Ilani...............................626-621 opposed by...
Sin-Shum-Lishir the Usurper.....................fl c. 626
Sin-Shar-Ishkun................................621-612
Ashur-Uballit II...............................612-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
BABYLON
Perhaps the best-known of the early Mesopotamian imperial peoples - and something of a byword for crafty, luxurious, and somewhat decadent savants - this early Semitic folk created a powerful and artistically gifted civilization which endured for more than 1300 years in one form or another. Even after the final destruction of the Babylonian state by Persia in the 6th century BCE, the Babylonian people survived for more than 1100 years more before being submerged within their distant relatives, the Arabs.
1st Dynasty (Amorite)
Sumuabum......................................1894-1880
Sumulael......................................1880-1844
Sabium........................................1844-1830
Apil-Sin......................................1830-1812
Sin-Muballit..................................1812-1792
Hammurabi.....................................1792-1749
Samsuiluna....................................1749-1711
Abieshu.......................................1711-1683
Ammiditana....................................1683-1646
Ammisaduqa....................................1646-1625
Samsuditana...................................1625-1595
To the Hittite Empire
2nd Dynasty (Kassite)
Gandash
Agum I.........................................fl. c. 1700
Kashtiliash I
Ushshi.........................................fl. c. < 1650
Abirattash
Kashtiliash II
Urzigurumash
Kharbashikhu...................................fl. c. 1600
Tiptakzi
Agum II........................................fl. c. < 1550
Burnaburiash I
? Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash....................................fl. c. < 1450
Agum III
?
Kadashmankharbe...............................1415- ?
Karaindash
Kurigalzu I....................................fl. c. < 1390
Kadashman-Enlil I
Burnaburiash II............................c. 1375-1347
Karakhardash
Nazibugash
Kurigalzu II..................................1345-1323
Nazimaruttash.................................1323-1297
Kadashman-Turgu...............................1297-1279
Kadashman-Enlil II............................1279-1264
Kudur-Enlil...................................1264-1255
Shagarakti-Shuriash...........................1255-1242
Kashtiliash IV................................1242-1235
To Assyria....................................1235-1227
3rd Dynasty
Enlil-Nadin-Shumi.............................1227- ?
Kadashmankharbe II
Adad-Shuma-Iddina.............................1224-1218
Adad-Shuma-Usur...............................1218-1188
Meli-Shikhu...................................1188-1173
Marduk-Apla-Iddina............................1173-1160
Zababa-Shuma-Iddina...........................1160-1159
Enlil-Nadin-Akhi..............................1159-1157
To Elam.......................................1157-1156
4th Dynasty
Marduk-Kabit-Ahheshu..........................1156-1138
Itti-Marduk-Balatu............................1138-1131
Ninurta-Nadin-Shumi...........................1131-1125
Nebuchadrezzar I..............................1125-1103
Enlil-Nadin-Apli..............................1103-1099
Marduk-Nadin-Ahhe.............................1099-1081
Marduk-Shapik-Zeri............................1081-1068
Adad-Apal-Iddina..............................1068-1046
Marduk-Ahhe-Eriba.............................1046-1045
Marduk-Zer-...................................1045-1033
Nabu-Shum-Libur...............................1033-1026
5th Dynasty (Sea-Land)
Simbar-Shikhu.................................1026-1008
Ea-Mukin-Shumi................................1008-1007
Kashshu-Nadin.................................1007-1005
6th Dynasty (Bazu)
E-Ulmash-Shakin-Shumi.........................1005-987
Ninurta-Kudursh-Usur...........................987-985
Shiriqti-Shuqamunu.............................985-984
7th Dynasty (Elamite)
Mar-Biti-Apal-Usur.............................984-979
8th Dynasty
Nabu-Mukin-Apli................................979-943
Ninurta-Kudurri-Usur II........................943-942
Mar-Biti-Akh-Iddin.............................942- ?
Shamash-Mudammik
Nabu-Shum-Ukin I
Nabu-Apal-Iddin I
Marduk-Bel-Usate
Marduk-Zakir-Shum I
Marduk-Balatsu-Ikbi
Bau-Akh-Iddin
4 kings, names unknown
Adad-Shum-Ibai
Marduk-Bel-Zeri................................fl. c. 800
Marduk-Apal-Usur
Eriba-Marduk
Nabu-Shum-Ukin II..............................fl. c. 760
Nabu-Nasir.....................................747-734
Nabu-Nadin-Zer.................................734-732
Nabu-Shum-Ukin III.................................732 9th Dynasty
Ukin-Zer.......................................732-729
Assyrian VI Dynasty
Tiglath-Pileser Pulu (K. of Assyria 745-27)....729-727
Shalmaneser Ululai (K. of Assyria 727-22)......727-722
Aramaean
Marduk-Apal-Iddin II...........................722-710 d. 702
Assyrian VII Dynasty
Sargon (II, King of Assyria 722-705)...........710-705
Sennecherib (King of Assyria 705-681)..........705-703 d. 681
Another Dynasty
Marduk-Zakir-Shum II...............................703
Aramaean
Marduk-Apal-Iddin II (restored)................703-702
Assyrian Vassalage.............................700-694
Bel Ibni (in rebellion 700)...............702-700
Ashur-Nadin-Shum..........................700-694
To Elam........................................694-689
Nergal-Ushezib............................694-693
Mushezib-Marduk...........................693-689
Assyrian VII Dynasty
Sennecherib (King of Assyria 705-681; rest.)...689-681
Esarhaddon (King of Assyria)...................681-669
Shamash-Shum-Ukin.........................669-647
Kandalanu.................................647-626
Dakkurian Dynasty
Nabu-Apal-Usur.................................626-605
Nebuchadrezzar II the Great....................605-562
Amel-Marduk....................................562-560
Chaldaean Dynasty
Nergal-Shar-Usur...............................560-556
Harranian Dynasty
Labashi-Marduk.....................................556
Chaldaean Dynasty
Nabu-Naid......................................556-539 opposed by...
Dakkurian Dynasty
Belshazzar.....................................553-539
To Persia. For classical and modern Mesopotamia, click here.
BASRA (al-Basrah)
City in southern Iraq; Iraq's second-largest city and main port. Basra is located on the Shatt-al-Arab waterway which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers to the Persian Gulf. It was the home of the legendary Sindbad and for much of the Middle Ages a major center of trade and culture. The modern city dates back to 638, but several ancient cities, including Ur and Charax, are located in close proximity. Because of it's highly strategic location, it quickly developed into a burgeoning city, despite it's unhealthy location and the lack of easy access to fresh drinking water. It's location also contributed to a strongly heterogeneous community locally governed by a military aristocracy but characterized by the strong presence of three powerful religious communities (the Sunni's - adherents of the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphs, the Shi'ites - adherents of the descendants of Caliph 'Ali (murd. 661), and the Karijites - those that believed that any devout Muslim, regardless of ancestry, could be Caliph). The city also home to a variety of Muslim ethnic communities (Indians, Africans, Persians, and Malays) and, between the religious and ethnic diversity, civil unrest and sometimes outright rebellion was a constant theme.
For the early history of this district, see Ur to 539 BCE, and Kuwait until 638 CE. The city of Basra was established by Caliph 'Umar as a military camp in 638.
To the Elective Caliphs........................638-656
Site of the Battle of the Camel, a conflict between A'yesha, Muhammad's widow, and 'Ali, the 4th Caliph, 656.
To 'Ali........................................656-661
To the Ummayad Caliphate.......................661-692
The az-Zubayr Revolt...............................692
To the Ummayad Caliphs.........................692-701
The al-Ash'ath Revolt..............................701
To the Ummayad Caliphs.........................701-719
The al-Muhallab Revolt.........................719-720
To the Ummayad Caliphs.........................720-750
To the Abbasid Caliphate.......................750-820
The Zott Revolt................................820-835
The Zott were an ethnic Indian people.
To the Abbasid Caliphate.......................835-869
The Zanj Revolt................................869-883
The Zanj were African agricultural slaves led by a Persian Kharijite named 'Ali ibn Muhammad.
To the Abbasid Caliphate.......................883-945
Basra razed by Qarmatians from the Arabian interior, 923.
To the Buyids..................................945-1055
To the Seljuqs................................1055-1156
To the Caliphate..............................1156-1258
To the Ilkhanate Mongols......................1258-1340
To Baghdad (the Jalayrids)....................1340-1401
To the Timurid Empire (from Basra after 1411).1401-1432
JALAYIRID
Uwais II ibn Shah Walad..................1411-1421
Muhammad ibn Shah Walad.......................1421
Mahmud ibn Shah Walad (restored).........1421-1425
Hussein II ibn Ala' al-Dawla.............1425-1432
To the Qara Koyunlu (H. of the Black Sheep)...1432-1469
To the Ak Koyunlu (Horde of the White Sheep)..1469-1508
By the beginning of the 16th century, neglect and chronic invasions had left little of the original city, and the modern city was re-established a few miles upstream c. 1505.
To Persia.....................................1508-1534
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1534-1623
To Persia.....................................1623-1638
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1638-1918
Ottoman Walis of Basra
Ibrahim Khan.............................1699-1700
Da'ud Khan...............................1700-1701
?
Ahmed Pasha..............................1721-1724
?
Mehmed Pasha.............................1727- ?
In 1750 Basra was merged with the province (vilayet) of Iraq.
Mütessarifs (Lieutenant-governors) of Basra
Süleyman Pasha...........................1750-1752
?
Ali Agha Kethoda.........................1761-1762
Mahmud................................c. 1764-1765
Süleyman Agha............................1765-1768
Abderrahman Agha..............................1768
Süleyman Agha (restored).................1768-1769
Yusuf Agha...............................1769-1771
Süleyman Agha (re-restored)..............1771-1773
Yusuf Agha (restored)....................1773-1774
Süleyman Agha (re-re-restored)...........1774-1776
Sadiq Khan...............................1776-1779
Süleyman Agha (re-re-re-restrored)............1779
?
Mustafa Agha.............................1785-1787
Tuwayni Pasha.................................1787
Mustafa Agha (restored)..................1787- ?
Selim Agha................................ ? -1810
Ahmed Bey................................1810- ?
??
In 1850 Basra again became a separate vilayet.
Walis (governors) of Basra
Masuq Pasha..............................1850- ?
Habib Pasha............................... ? -1862
the walis of Baghdad, 1862-1875
Nasr Pasha, Sheikh of the Muntafiq.......1875-1876
Abdullah Pasha...........................1876-1879
Zabit Pasha..............................1879-1880
the walis of Baghdad, 1880-1884
Salih Pasha...................................1884
Ali Riza Pasha (acting), 1884- ?
Shaban Pasha
Nafiz Pasha............................... ? -1890
Hidayat Pasha............................1890-1892
Hafiz Mehmed Pasha............................1893
Hamdi Pasha..............................1894-1896
Emri Pasha....................................1897
Hamdi Pasha (restored)........................1898
Ismail Arif Pasha.............................1898
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha...........................1899
Hamdi Pasha (re-restored).....................1899
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha (restored)...........1900-1901
Mustafa Nuri Pasha.......................1901-1904
Fahri Pasha (acting), 1904
Mehmed Muhbil Pasha......................1904-1906
Hüseyin Pasha............................1906-1907
Muharrab Effendi.........................1907-1908
Süleyman Nasif Pasha.....................1908-1910
Riza Pasha...............................1911-1912
Izzet Pasha..............................1913-1914
Süleyman `Askari Pasha...................1914-1916
Halil Pasha..............................1916-1917
To Iraq thereafter (Taken by British forces of the Coalition, 2003)...
COMUKHA
A minor Kingdom centered on the city of Sherisha, on the east bank of the upper Tigris River.
Probably to the Mitanni....................c. 1500-c. 1360
Zarupin Zihusun
Kili Teru I
Kili Teru II...............................fl. mid-late 1100's
To Assyria.................................c. 1100-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
DAYANI
A minor Kingdom located on the upper Tigris.
Probably to the Mitanni....................c. 1500-c. 1360
Tseni......................................fl. mid-late 1100's BCE
To Assyria.................................c. 1100-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
ELAM The coastal regions along the northern shore of the Persian Gulf, from what is now Kuwait to the Straits of Hormuz.
AVAN
3 Kings, unknown names.....................c. 2550-
Peli...........................................fl. c. 2500
Igrish-Halam...................................fl. c. 2460
Irkab-Damu.....................................fl. c. 2450
Ar-Ennum.......................................fl. c. 2420
Tata
Ukku-Takhesh
Khishur
Shushun-Tarana
Napil-Khush
Kikku-Sive-Temti
To Akkad
Lukh-Ishshan..............................fl. c. 2350/25
Khishep-Ratep
Khelu..........................................fl. c. 2300
Khita..........................................fl. c. 2275
Kutik (or Puzur)-Inshushinnak..................fl. c. 2240
Tazitta I
Eparti
Tazitta II.....................................fl. < 2120
To Guti
SIMASH
Gir-Namme......................................fl. c. 2030
Enpi-Luhhan....................................fl. c. 2010
Khutran-Temtt
Kindattu
Indattu-Inshushinnak I
Tan-Rukhurater
Indattu-Inshushinnak II
Indattu-Napir
Indattu-Tempt
ELAM
Eparti I
Eparti II
Eparti III.....................................fl. c. 1850 >
Shilkhakha
Attakhushu.....................................fl. c. < 1830
Sirukdukh......................................fl. c. 1792
Shimut-Wartash.............................c. 1772-c. 1770
Babylonian Vassalage.......................c. 1770-c. 1500
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak....................c. 1770-c. 1745
Kuduzulush I..........................c. 1745-c. 1730
Kutir-Nahhunte I......................c. 1730-c. 1700
Lila-Ir-Tash..........................c. 1700-c. 1698
Temti-Agun I..........................c. 1698-c. 1690
Tan-Uli...............................c. 1690-c. 1655
Temti-Khalki..........................c. 1655-c. 1650
Kuk-Nashur II.........................c. 1650-c. 1635
Kutir-Shilkhakha I....................c. 1635-c. 1625
Temti-Raptash.........................c. 1625-c. 1605
Kuduzulush II.........................c. 1605-c. 1600
Tata..................................c. 1600-c. 1580
Atta-Merra-Khalki.....................c. 1580-c. 1570
Pala-Ishshan..........................c. 1570-c. 1545
Kuk-Kirwash...........................c. 1545-c. 1520
Kuk-Nahhunte..........................c. 1520-c. 1505
Kutir-Nahhunte II.....................c. 1505- ?
To Babylon Directly........................c. 1500-c. 1350
IGEHALKID
Ige-Halki..................................c. 1350-c. 1330
Pakhir-Ishshan.............................c. 1330-c. 1310
Attar-Kittakh..............................c. 1310-c. 1300
Khuman-Numena..............................c. 1300-c. 1275
Untash-Naprisha............................c. 1275-c. 1240
Unpatar-Naprisha...........................c. 1240-c. 1235
Kiddin-Khutran.............................c. 1235-1210
interregnum...................................1210-c. 1200
SHUTRUKID
Khallutush-In-Shushinak....................c. 1205-c. 1185
Shutruk-Nahhunte...........................c. 1185-c. 1155
Kutir-Nahhunte III.........................c. 1155-c. 1150
Shilkhak-In-Shushinak......................c. 1150-c. 1120
Khutelutush-In-Shushinak...................c. 1120-c. 1110
Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar.....................c. 1110- ?
To Babylon.................................c. 1100-c. 760
LATE ELAM
Khumbantahrah...............................c. 760-742
Khumbanigash I.................................742-717
Shuttir-Nakhkhunte.............................717-699
Khallushu......................................699-693
Kutir-Nakhkhunte...............................693-692
Khumma-Menanu..................................692-689
Khumma-Khaldash I..............................689-681
Khumma-Khaldash II.............................681-676 with...
Shilhak-In-Shushinak...........................680-653 with...
Urtaku.........................................676-664 and then...
Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak.....................664-653
Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak.......................653-648 with...
Khumbanigash II................................653-651 and then...
Tammaritu......................................651-649
Indabigash.....................................649-647
Khumma-Khaldash III............................647-644
To Assyria.....................................644-609
To Babylon.....................................609-550
Mostly within the Persian province of Fars, but see also Anshan/'Arabistan as well...
ESHNUNNA A city in eastern Mesopotamia, modern Tall al-Asmar, on the Diyala River about 20 miles (32 km.) north of modern Baghdad.
To Akkad......................................2371-2191
To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130
To Ur......................................c. 2130-c. 2030
Ilshu-Ilia.....................................fl. c. 2030 >
Nur-Akhum
Kirikiri
Bilalama
Ishar-Ramashshu
Usur-Awasu.....................................fl. c. < 1940
Azuzum
Ur-Ninmar
Ur-Ningizzidda
Ipiq-Adad I
Sharria........................................fl. c. < 1895
Belakim
Warassa
Ibalpiel I
Ipiq-Adad II...................................fl. c. < 1860
To Assyria.........................................c. 1830
Dadusha
Ibalpiel II....................................fl. c. 1784
Silli-Sin......................................fl. c. 1750
To Babylon
Iqish-Tishpak
Anni..............................................-1727
GUTI Eastern Mesopotamia; a
people inhabiting what are now the Zagros Mountains.
Erridupizir................................c. 2230-2200
Inta'
Inkishush
Sarlagab
Shulme'
Elulu-Mesh
Igesha'ush
Yarlagab
Ibate
Yarlangab
Kurum
Habilkin ?
La'erabum
Irarum
Hablum
Puzur-Sin
Yarlaganda....................................2123-2117
Si'um.........................................2117-2110
Tiriqan.......................................2110-2109
Defeated by Uruk, and retreated back into the mountains...
HATRA (Beit Elaha; al-Hadr)
A ruined city located in the al-Jazirah region of present-day northern Iraq, 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Baghdad and 68 miles (110 km) southwest of Mosul. A religious and trading centre of the Parthian empire, it flourished during the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. The city survived several invasions before being razed in AD 241. It is an important archaeological site with well-preserved ruins. Because of its strategic position along caravan trade routes, the town prospered and became an important religious centre. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Hatra was ruled by a dynasty of Arabian princes whose written language was Aramaic, and it became known as Beit 'Elaha' (“House of God”), a reference to the city's numerous temples. Among the gods honoured were the Sumero-Akkadian god Nergal, Hermes (Greek), Atargatis (Aramean), and al-Lat and Shamiyyah (Arabian), along with Shamash, the Mesopotamian sun god. Built in a circular plan of military tradition, Hatra was able to turn back many attacks, including sieges by Roman forces in 116/117 (led by the emperor Trajan) and 198/199 (under the emperor Septimius Severus). To the Parthian Empire (Persia)............141 BCE-226 CE The Parthians seized control of central and northern Mesopotamia from the Seleucid Empire in the mid 2nd century. Hatra was established by them as a frontier fort sometime later, certainly before c. 75 BCE. Araba A client state of Parthia, ruled by local Semitics. A line of theocrats (I do not know their names yet), culminating in the establishment of a line of priest-kings:
Uthal....................................late 1st cent. CE
al-Nasr.......................................mid 100's
Ljash ibn al-Nasr.........................156- ?
Santaruq I ibn al-Nasr.................... ? -190
Abd Samia ibn Santaruq....................190-200
After 226 CE, the Parthian Arsacids fell to the Sassanids, and for a time, the frontiers were in turmoil. In this era, the state of Araba fended off both Roman and Persian advances, before ultimately falling to Persia.
Santaruq II ibn Abd Samia......................200-241
Beseiged and levelled by Persia, never resettled.
According to legend, al-Nadirah, the daughter of the king of Hatra, betrayed the city and permitted Shapur to conquer it, slay the king, and later marry her. (Tradition also holds that Shapur soon killed his bride, however.)
ISIN
In south-central Iraq, a little east of the modern city of al-Diwaniyah.
Ishbi-Erra....................................2017-1984
Shu-Ilishu....................................1984-1974
Iddin-Dagon...................................1974-1953
Ishme-Dagon...................................1953-1934
Lapit-Ishtar..................................1934-1923
Ur-Ninurta....................................1923-1895
Bursin........................................1895-1874
Lapit-Enul....................................1874-1869
Erra-Imitti...................................1869-1861
Enul-Bani.....................................1861-1837
Zambiya.......................................1837-1834
Iter-Pisha....................................1834-1830
Ur-Dukuga.....................................1830-1827
Sin-Magir.....................................1827-1816
Damiq-Ilishu..................................1816-1794
To Larsa......................................1794-1763
To Babylon....................................1763-1235
To Assyria....................................1235-1227
To Babylon....................................1227-1157
To Elam.......................................1157-1156
To Babylon....................................1156-729
To Assyria.....................................729-626
To Babylon.....................................626-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
KIRKUK
City in northern Iraq, about 150 miles (250 km.) north of Baghdad near the foot of the Zagros Mountains. The city is built by the Hasa river on an area with archaeological remains over 5000 years old. Under its ancient name of Arrapha, the city reached great prominence in the 10th and 11th centuries. It is a major center for both the Kurdish and Assyrian populations of Iraq.
Kingdom of Arrapha
A Hurrian kingdom subject to Mitanni, and later to Assyria.
Kipi-Teshub....................................fl. mid 1300's followed by...
Ithi-Teshub
?
To the Kassite Empire (Babylonia)..........c. 1300-c. 1235
To Assyria....................................1235-615
Assyrian Governors or Client Kings (may not all have ruled in order listed)
Bel-Ilia..................................fl. c. 768
Ishtar-Duni ?
Ashur-Shallimani
Nabu-Bel-Usur.............................fl. c. 750
To the Medes...................................615-550
To Persia......................................550-331
To Macedon.....................................331-312
To the Seleucid Empire.........................312-141
To Persia (Parthia)........................141 BCE-c. 116 CE
Garamaea Under the Parthians, Kirkuk became known as Beth-Garmai or, in Greek, Garmakan. The region around it became an Arsacid sub-kingdom called Garamaea.
To the Roman Empire............................116-117
To Persia (Sassanids)..........................117-649
Yazdankurt Domitianus...................c.220-226 ?
To the Caliphate...............................649-905
To Mosul.......................................905-1096
To the Seljuqs................................1096-1127
To Mosul......................................1127-1254
To the Mongols................................1254-1340
To the Jalayrids of Baghdad...................1340-1383
To the Horde of the Black Sheep...............1383-1401
To the Timurid Empire.........................1401-1405
To the Horde of the Black Sheep...............1405-1468
To the Horde of the White Sheep...............1468-1508
To Persia.....................................1508-1534
To the OttomanEmpire..........................1534-1623
To Persia.....................................1623-1638
To the OttomanEmpire..........................1638-1917
To Great Britain..............................1917-1932
To Iraq.......................................1932-
KISH
In central Mesopotamia, a short distance northeast of modern Baghdad - one of the earliest recognizable states in the region.
First Dynasty
Ga-Ur..........................................fl. < 2900
Gulla-Nidaba-Anna-Gad
Pala-Kinatim
Nangish-Lishma
Bahima
Buanun
Kali-Bum
Galumum
Zukakin
Atab
Mashda
Arpu-Rim.......................................fl. c. 2750
Etana the Herdsman.............................fl. c. 2750
Balih
En-Mennuna
Melam-Kishi
Bargal-Nuna
Mes-Simug
Tizkar
Il-Kum
Il-Tasadum......................................to c.2615
Enmebaragisi...............................c. 2615-c. 2585
Agga...........................................fl. c. 2585
Second Dynasty
Mesalim........................................fl. c. < 2550
Dadasig
Mamagalla
Galbum
Tug-E
Mennunna
En-Bi-Ishtar...................................fl. c. 2450
Lugalmu
Ibiera
Third Dynasty
Ku-Baba (fem.)
Fourth Dynasty
Puzur-Sin
Fifth Dynasty
Ur-Zababa......................................fl. c. < 2370
Simudar
Usi-Watar
Ishtar-Muti
Ishme-Shamash
Nannia.........................................fl. c. < 2230
To Akkad...................................c. 2230-2191
To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130
To Amorites................................c. 2130-c. 1900
To Babylon.................................c. 1900-1595
To Assyria....................................1595-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
KURDISTAN
A large region encompassing much of northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, and western Iran. The Kurds are an Indo-European people who have lived in northern Mesopotamia for ages; their language is most closely related to Iranian, although the people do not strongly resemble Iranians. The Kurdish people have never held an independent state of their own: they are, in fact, the largest ethnic group (estimated number of Kurdic language speakers is as much as 17 million) in the world without it's own homeland. The following list is a review of the various rulers who have held the Upper Mesopotamian Kurd districts.
To Akkad...................................c. 2800-2191
To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130
To the Amorites............................c. 2130-c. 1750
To the Kassite Empire (Babylonia)..........c. 1750-c. 1475
To Mitanni.................................c. 1475-1329
To Assyria....................................1329-609
To the Medes...................................609-550
To Persia......................................550-331
To Macedon.....................................331-312
To the Seleucid Empire.........................312-141
To Persia..................................141 BCE-c. 15 CE
Kingdom of ADIABENE
A territory emerging out of a weakening frontier zone in western Parthia. It thereafter led a precarious existence sandwiched between the Parthians and Romans. It's rulers are notable as being Jewish converts; several are buried in Jerusalem.
MONOBAZID
Izates I.......................................fl. c. 15 CE ?
Bazeus Monobazus I........................fl. 20's-30's with...
Helena (fem.)..................................c.30-58 with...
Izates II bar Monobazus.......................c.34-58 opposed by...
Parthian rebel
Vologases..........................................c. 50
MONOBAZID
Monobazus II bar Izates.........................58-mid 70's
?
Meharaspes..................................... ? -116
To the Roman Empire............................116-117
To Persia......................................117-649
Narsai.................................c. 170-200
??
Aphraates..................................c. 310
To the Caliphate...............................636-905
Emirate of MOSUL
Hamdanid
Abu'l-Haija 'Abdullah..........................905-929
Nasr ud-Dawlah Hassan..........................929-969
'Uddat ud-Dawlah Abu-Taghlib...................969-979
To the Caliphate...............................979-981
Abu-Tahir Ibrahim..............................981-991 with...
Abu-'Abdullah Husain...........................981-991
'Uqailid
Mohammed....................................c. 992-996
Husam ud-Dawlah al-Muqallad....................996-1001
Mu'tamid ud-Dawlah Qirwash....................1001-1050
Za'im ud-Dawlah Baraka........................1050-1052
'Alam ud-Din Quraish..........................1052-1061
Sharaf ud-Dawlah Muslim.......................1061-1085
Ibrahim.......................................1085-1093
'Ali..........................................1093-1096
To the Seljuqs................................1096-1127
Zangid
Zangi 'Imad ud-Din............................1127-1146
Ghazi I Saif ud-Din...........................1146-1149
Maudud Qutb ud-Din............................1149-1169
Ghazi II Saif ud-Din..........................1169-1176
Mas'ud I 'Izz ud-Din..........................1176-1193 with...
Sanjar Shah (in Jazira).......................1176-1208 with...
Arslan I Shah Nur ud-Din......................1193-1211 with...
Mahmud Muizz ad-Din (in Jazira)...............1208-1241 with...
Mas'ud II 'Izz ud-Din.........................1211-1218 and then...
Arslan II Shah Nur ud-Din.....................1218-1219 and then...
Mahmud Nasr ud-Din............................1219-1222 and then...
Lu'lu
ar-Rahman Badr ud-Din Lu'lu...................1222-1259
To the Mongols................................1254-1340
as-Salih Isma'il.........................1259-1262
To the Jalayrids of Baghdad...................1340-1383
Jalayirid
Bayazid..................................1382-1383
To the Horde of the Black Sheep...............1383-1401
To the Timurid Empire.........................1401-1405
To the Horde of the Black Sheep...............1405-1468
To the Horde of the White Sheep...............1468-1508
To Persia.....................................1508-1534
To the OttomanEmpire..........................1534-1623
To Persia.....................................1623-1638
To the OttomanEmpire..........................1638-1917
Ottoman Walis of Mosul
Hüseyin Pasha............................1758- ?
Murad Pasha
Sa`dullah Pasha
Hasan Pasha
Mehmed Pasha
Süleyman Pasha
Mehmed Amin Pasha
Mahmud Pasha
Abdurrahman Pasha
Ahmed Pasha
Osman Pasha
Naman Pasha............................... ? -1831
Omari Pasha..............................1831-1833
Yahya Pasha..............................1833-1834
Injal Pasha..............................1835-1840 ?
?
Sherif Pasha.............................1844-1845
Tayyar Pasha..................................1846
Esad Pasha....................................1847
Vechihi Pasha.................................1848
Kiamil Pasha.............................1848-1855
Part of the military district (elayet) of Van 1855-1865
Within province (vilayet) of Iraq 1865-1875
??
Kürd Reshid Pasha.............................1889
?
Aziz Pasha...............................1894-1895
Abdullah Pasha................................1896
Zihdi Bey.....................................1897
Abdülwahib Pasha..............................1898
Hüseyin Hazim Pasha......................1898-1900
Hadji Reshid Pasha............................1901
Nuri Pasha...............................1902-1904
Mustafa Bey..............................1905-1908
Fazil Pasha...................................1909
Tahir Pasha..............................1910-1912
Süleyman Nasif Bey.......................1913-1916
Haydar Bey...............................1916-1918
To Great Britain..............................1917-1932
To Iraq.......................................1932-2003
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan.............1992-
(At Arbil 1992-1996, Sulaymaniyah 1996- )
Kurdish Democratic Party.................1996-
(At Arbil 1996- )
Occupied by Coalition Forces..................2003-
KUWAIT
A small but wealthy Emirate at the head of the Persian Gulf. Nominally a dependency of the Ottoman Empire until 1914, it was a protectorate of Great Britain from 1914 to 1961.
To Persia......................................539-331
To Macedon.....................................331-312
To the Seleucid Empire.........................312-141
To Persia......................................141-125
Numenius...............................c. 150-125
Kingdom of CHARACENE (Charax)
HYSPAOSINESID
Hyspaosines....................................125-110
Apodacos.......................................110-90
Tiraios I Euergetes.............................90-61
Tiraios II Soter Euergetes......................61-44
Attambelos I Soter Euergetes....................44-40
Theonesios I....................................40-30
Attambelos II...............................30 BCE-12 CE
Abinerglos Soter................................12-21
Adinnerglos Soter...............................21-51
Theonesios II Soter.............................51-53
Attambelos III Soter Euergetes..................53- ?
Artabazos...................................... ? -100
Attambelos IV..................................100-109
Theonesios III.................................109-116
Attambelos V...................................116-135
Unknown name...................................135-149
Obadia Phrataphern.............................149-166
Undetermined number of rulers, names unknown...166-228
To Persia......................................228-380
Mihrshah..................................fl. 260's
To Hirah.......................................380-602
To Persia......................................602-636
To the Caliphate...............................636-945
To the Buyids..................................945-1055
To the Seljuqs................................1055-1156
To the Caliphate..............................1156-1258
To the Ilkhanate Mongols......................1258-1340
To Baghdad (the Jalayrids)....................1340-1401
To the Timurid Empire (from Basra after 1411).1401-1432
To the Qara Koyunlu...........................1432-1469
To the Ak Koyunlu.............................1469-1508
To Persia.....................................1508-1534
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1534-1623
To Persia.....................................1623-1638
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1638-1914
Emirate of KUWAIT
SABBAH dynasty
Sabbah I.................................1756-1762
Abdullah I...............................1762-1812
Djabir I.................................1812-1859
Sabbah II................................1859-1866
Abdullah II..............................1866-1892
Muhammad.................................1892-1896
Mubarak..................................1896-1915
Protectorate of Great Britain.................1914-1961
Djabir II................................1915-1917
Salim....................................1917-1921
Ahmad....................................1921-1950
Abdullah II...................................1950-1965
Sabbah III....................................1965-1977
Djabir III....................................1977-1990 d.
To Iraq.......................................1990-1991
Djabir III (restored).........................1991-
LAGASH In south-central Iraq, a short distance north of the modern city of ash-Shatrah.
Enkhegal
Lugalshagensur.................................fl. c. 2600
Ur-Nanshe......................................fl. c. 2550 >
Akurgal
Eannatum
Inannatum I
Entemena.......................................fl. c. 2450
Inannatum II
Enetarzi
Lugalanda.....................................2384-2378
Urukagina.....................................2378-2371
To Akkad
To Guti
Lugalushumgal..................................fl. c. 2230
Puzur-Mama
Ur-Utu
Ur-Mama
Lu-Baba
Lugula
Kakug
Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ugme
Urgar..........................................fl. c. 2120
Nammakhni......................................fl. c. < 2025
To Ur............................................ -2002
Ur-Ninsuna
Ur-Ninkimara
Lu-kirilaza
Ir-Nanna.................................. ? -2023
To Elam.......................................2002-c. 1750
To Sea-Land................................c. 1750-c. 1450
To Babylon.................................c. 1450-1235
To Assyria....................................1235-1227
To Babylon....................................1227-1157
To Elam.......................................1157-1156
To Babylon....................................1156-729
To Assyria.....................................729-609
To Babylon.....................................609-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
LARSA In southeastern Iraq, (modern Tall Sankarah), about 25 miles (40 km.) west of modern an-Nasiriyah.
Naplanum......................................2025-2004
Emisum........................................2004-1976
Samium........................................1976-1941
Zabaia........................................1941-1932
Gungunum......................................1932-1905
Abisare.......................................1905-1894
Sumuel........................................1894-1865
Nur-Adad......................................1865-1849
Sin-Iddinam...................................1849-1842
Sin-Eribam....................................1842-1840
Sin-Iqisham...................................1840-1835
Silli-Adad....................................1835-1834
Warad-Sin.....................................1834-1822
Rim-Sin I.....................................1822-1763
To Babylon....................................1763-c. 1750
Rim-Sin II.........................................c. 1750
To Babylon.................................c. 1750-1235
To Assyria....................................1235-1227
To Babylon....................................1227-1157
To Elam.......................................1157-1156
To Babylon....................................1156-729
To Assyria.....................................729-626
To Babylon.....................................626-539
To Persia, etc., thereafter...
MESOPOTAMIA A general survey of the "Land Between the Rivers" in Classical and Modern times.
To Persia......................................539-522
Gubaru....................................539-525
Ushtani................................c. 524-516 opposed by...
Nidintu-Bel (rebel)................................522
To Persia......................................522-521
Arakha (rebel).....................................521
To Persia......................................521-481
Bel-Shimani (rebel)................................481
To Persia......................................481-480
Shamash-Erba (rebel)...............................480
To Persia......................................480-336
Nidin-Bel (rebel)..................................336
To Persia......................................336-331
To Macedon.....................................331-312
Mazaeus (former Persian Satrap of Syria)..fl. 320's
Archon.................................... ? -323
Blitor (in the north).....................323-316 with...
Seleucus Nicanor (in the south)...........323-316 opposed by...
Eumenes.......................................318
Under Antigonos................................316-312
Peithon Agenoridas........................315-312
Independent Seleucid Satrapy, leading to empire 305
Seleucus (restored; king from 305).............312-305 d. 281
Original lands of the Seleucid Empire..........305-141
To Persia..................................141 BCE-115 CE
To the Roman Empire............................115-117
To Persia......................................117-636
To the Caliphate...............................636-945
Caliphate Governors of Iraq
Sa'id ibn Aby Wakkas......................638-643
'Umar ibn Yasir...............................644
Abu Musa al-Ashari............................644
Mughaire ibn Shuba........................644-646
Said ibn Abu Wakkas (restored)............646-647
Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abu Muyat..............647-651
Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Sa'id al-Amawi........651-655
Abu Musa al-Ashari (restored).............655-658
Abu masud Uqba ibn Amir...................658-661
'Abdallah ibn Amr.............................661
Mughaire ibn Shuba (restored).............661-670
Zaid ibn Abu Suffin.......................670-673
Ubaydallah ibn Ziad.......................673-679
Numan ibn Bashir al-Ansari................679-680
Ubaydallah ibn Ziad (restored)............680-683
Amir ibn Mas'ud...........................683-684
'Abdallah ibn Yazid al-Khatmi.................684
'Abdallah ibn Miti............................684
al-Haris ibn Abu Rabia....................685-690
Basir ibn Marwan..........................690-692
'Abdallah ibn Khalid......................693-694
al-Hadjadj ibn Yusuf......................694-714
Sulayman ibn Yazi.........................714-715
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.....................715-721
Maslama ibn Abdulmalik....................721-722
'Umar ibn Hubayra.........................722-724
Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri..............724-738
Yusuf ibn 'Umar...........................738-744
Mansur ibn Djumhur............................744
'Abdallah ibn 'Umar.......................744-747
Yazid ibn Omar............................747-750
Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri..................750
Da'ud ibn 'Ali................................750
'Isa ibn Musa.............................750-764
In 762 Baghdad was founded as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphs.
MUS'ABID (or TAHIRID) military governors of Baghdad
Tahir I ibn al-Husayn ibn Mus'ab (Khorasan 821-2)...820-822
Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab..............822-849
Muhammad I ibn Ishaq......................849-850
'Abdallah ibn Ishaq.......................850-851
Muhammad II ibn 'Abdallah ibn Tahir I.....851-867
'Ubaydallah ibn 'Abdallah ibn Tahir I.....867-869 d. 891
Suleiman ibn 'Abdallah....................869-879
'Ubaydallah ibn 'Abdallah (restored)......879-884 d. 891
Muhammad III ibn Tahir II ibn 'Abdallah ibn Tahir I...884-890
'Ubaydallah ibn 'Abdallah (re-restored)...890-891
Turkic Slave-Commanders
Badr al-Mu'tadidi.........................891- ?
Mu'nis al-Khadim..........................fl. c. 910
MUS'ABID
Muhammad IV ibn 'Ubaydallah (Deputy for Mu'nis)...fl. c. 910
BUYID See also Fars, Jibal, Kerman, and Rayy.
Ahmad Abu'l Hussein Mu'izz al-Dawla............945-967
Bakhtiar Abu Mansur 'Izz al-Dawla..............967-978
Fana Khusrau Abu Shuja 'Adud al-Dawla..........978-983
Marzuban Abu Kalijar Samsam al-Dawla...........983-987
Shirzil Abu'l Fawaris Sharaf al-Dawla..........987-989
Firuz Abu Nasr Baha' al-Dawla..................989-1012
Abu Shuja Sultan al-Dawla.....................1012-1021
Hasan Abu 'Ali Musharrif al-Dawla.............1021-1025
Shirzil Abu Tahir Djalal al-Dawla.............1025-1044 opposed by...
Abu Khujar al-Marzuban........................1036-1044
Marzuban Abu Kalijar 'Imad al-Din.............1044-1048
Khusrau Firuz Abu Nasr al-Malik al-Rahim......1048-1055
To the Seljuqs................................1055-1156
Seljuq governors
Shihna Bursaq............................1059-1064
Ertigin al-Sulayman......................1064-1072
Saad ad-Duwla Gauhar Ayin................1072-1074
Shihna Gauhar Ayin.......................1074-1093
Nadjm ad-Duwla Khumar Tegin al-Sharabi........1089
Shihna Yulbarad...............................1093
Ertigin Djabb.................................1094
Yusuf ibn Abuq...........................1095-1102
Nadjm ad-Din Ilghazi..........................1102
Gumush Tegin al-Djandar.......................1103
Nadjm ad-Din Ilghazi (restored)...............1104
Modjahid ad-Din Bohruz...................1104-1105
Shihna Aqsonqur al-Bursaqi...............1105-1127
Shihna Zenki ibn Aqsonqur.....................1127
Modjahid ad-Din al-Bursaqi (restored)....1127- ?
Mahmud II ibn Muhammad.................... ? -1131
Toghril ? ...............................1131-1133
Mas'ud ibn Muhammad.............1131 ? 1133 ?- ?
Bekabeh al-Mahmudi........................ ? -1135
Modjahid ad-Din Bahruz...................1135-1142
Mas'ud ibn Muhammad ? (restored ?).......1142-1152
Malik-Shah III...........................1152-1154
Mohammed II..............................1154-1156 d. 1160
To the Caliphate..............................1156-1258
To the Ilkhanate Mongols......................1258-1356
'Ali Bahadur.............................1258-1262
'Aladdîn 'Atâ-Malik......................1262-1283
Baiduû...................................1284-1295
Tudadjû..................................1295-1317
unknown name.............................1317-1336
'Ali Shah................................1336-1338
JALAYIRID
Hasan-i Buzurg (the Great) Taj ad-Din....1340-1356 opposing...
CHOPANID
Hasan-i Kuchuk (the Small)...............1340-1343 and then...
Malik Ashraf.............................1343-1356
To the Mongols (Golden Horde) directly........1356-1358
JALAYIRID
Uwais I.......................................1358-1374
Hussein I Djalal ad-Din.......................1374-1382
Ahmad Ghiyath ad-Din..........................1382-1392 d. 1410
To the Timurid Mongols........................1392-1394
Mas'ud Sabzawari.........................1392-1394
Ahmad Ghiyath ad-Din (restored)...............1394-1400 d. 1410
To the Timurid Mongols (in Upper Mesop.)......1400-1410 opposed by...
Abu-Bakr ibn Miranshah ibn Timur.........1400-1403
Dawlat Khwadja Inaq......................1404-1410
Ahmad Ghiyath ad-Din (re-rest., in Lower Mesop.)...1405-1410
Walad.........................................1410-1411
Mahmud.............................................1411 d. 1425
Baghdad falls to the Qara Koyunlu 1411, the Jalayirids retain Basra under Timurid hegemony until that, too, is taken by the Qara Koyunlu.
To the Qara Koyunlu...........................1411-1469
To the Ak Koyunlu.............................1469-1508
To Persia.....................................1508-1534
Lâla Husain..............................1508-1515
Qonghoroz................................1515-1524
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1524-1529
Dulfaqar.................................1524-1529
To Persia.....................................1529-1534
Muhammad Khân ibn Sharafaddin............1529-1533
Tekkelu Muhammad Khan....................1533-1534
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1534-1623
Walis of Baghdad
Suleimân Pasha ibn Qubâd.................1534-1545
Ayâs.....................................1545-1549
'Ali Tamarrud............................1549-1551
Mohammed.................................1551-1566
Murâd....................................1566-1575
'Alî Elwendzâdé..........................1575-1590
Tshighâlé-zâdé Sinân.....................1590-1594
Hasan ibn Muhammad.......................1594-1603
Qâsim (did not arrive at his post)............1603
Mustafà Sâryqdi..........................1603-1608 opposed by...
Ahmad Tawil..............................1603-1608
Tshighâlé-zâdé Mahmud....................1608-1610
'Ali Qadi-zade................................1610
Dilawar.......................................1610
Mustafa.......................................1610
Hafiz Ahmad..............................1610-1628 opposed by...
To Persia.....................................1623-1638
Safî Qulî Khân...........................1625-1631
Bektash Khan.............................1631-1638
To the Ottoman Empire.........................1638-1917
Kutshuk Hasan............................1638-1639
Dervîsh Muhammad.........................1639-1642
Kutshuk Hasan (restored).................1642-1644
Deli Husain...................................1644
Muhammad......................................1644
Mûsà.....................................1645-1646
Ibrâhîm.......................................1646
Mûsà Semiz....................................1647
Melek Ahmad...................................1647
Arslan Nogai-zâdé........................1648-1649
Qaplan Mustafà Merziwenli.....................1649
Husain...................................1649-1650
Qara Mustafà.............................1651-1652
Murtadà..................................1653-1654
Aq-Muhammad..............................1654-1656
Khassékî Muhammad........................1657-1659
Murtadà (restored)............................1659
Khassékî Muhammad (restored).............1659-1661
Kanbûr Mustafà...........................1661-1663
Pambûgh Mustafà..........................1663-1664
Qara Mustafà (restored).......................1664
Uzun Ibrâhîm.............................1664-1666
Qara Mustafà (re-restored)...............1666-1671
Silahdâr Husain..........................1671-1674
'Abd ar-Rahmân...........................1674-1676
Qaplan Mustafà Merziwenli (restored).....1676-1677
'Umar Pasha..............................1677-1681
Ibrâhîm..................................1681-1684
'Umar Pasha (restored)...................1684-1686
Serkhosh Ahmad Ketkhodâ.......................1686
'Umar Pasha (re-restored).....................1687
Hasan....................................1688-1690
Ahmad Bâzirgân................................1690
Ahmad....................................1691-1693
Hâddjî Ahmad Qalâilî.....................1693-1695
'Ali..........................................1695
Hasan....................................1696-1698
Ismâ'îl..................................1698-1700
'Ali.....................................1700-1702
Yûsuf....................................1703-1704
Hasan....................................1704-1723
Ahmad ibn Hasan..........................1723-1734
Ismâ'il.......................................1734
Topal Mohammed...........................1735-1742
Hâddjî Ahmad.............................1742-1748
Ahmad Kesriélî (of Castoria)..................1748
Mohammed Teriâqî.........................1748-1751
Mamluq Walis of Iraq (semi-independent under purely nominal Ottoman overlordship)
Suleiman......................................1751-1761
'Alî..........................................1761-1763
'Umar.........................................1763- ?
'Abdallah Agha
Hasan Agha..................................... ? -1780
Sulaiman......................................1780-1802
'Alî..........................................1802-1807
Suleiman......................................1807-1810
'Abdallâh.....................................1810-1812
Sa'îd.........................................1812-1816
Dâ'ûd.........................................1816-1831
Da'ud was deposed by the Ottomans and forced into exile after a Turkish army captured Baghdad in 1831.
'Ali-Ridâ Pasha..........................1831-1841 Haci Necip Pasha.........................1841-1849 Abdi Pasha....................................1849 Vecini Pasha..................................1850 Namik Pasha...................................1851 Mehmet Resid Pasha............................1852 Ibrahim Pasha............................1853-1857 Omer Pasha...............................1857-1859 Mustafa Nuri Pasha.......................1859-1861 Ahmed Tevik Pasha.............................1861 Namik Pasha..............................1861-1868 Tufiettin Pasha...............................1868 Midhat Pasha.............................1869-1871 Radif Pasha...................................1871 Midhat Pasha (restored)..................1871-1872 Radif Pasha (restored)...................1873-1877 Mehmet Akif Pasha.............................1877 Kadri Pasha...................................1878 Abdu'l Rahman Pasha...........................1879 Taqi'l Din Pasha.........................1880-1886 Mustafa 'Asim.................................1887 Sirri Pasha..............................1888-1891 Haji Hasan...............................1892-1895 'Ata'ullah Pasha.........................1896-1897 Namiq Pasha..............................1898-1902 Ahmad Faydhi Pasha.......................1902-1904 'Abd al-Majid Bey........................1905-1906 Hazim Bey................................1907-1908 Nadhim Pasha.............................July 1908 Fazil Pasha..............................1908-1909 Najm al-Din Bey..........................1909-1910 General Husayn Nadhim Pasha..............1910-1911 Yusif Pasha...................................1911 Jamal Pasha..............................1911-1912 Muhammad Zaki Pasha...........................1912 General Husayn Jalal Bey......................1913 General Javid (Jawad) Pasha...................1914 Dr. Rashid Bey................................1915 Sulayman Nadhif Bey...........................1915 Nur al-Din Bey...........................1915-1916 Khalil Pasha.............................1916-1917 Memduh Bey....................................1917 To Great Britain..............................1917-1932 Administrator Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson.................1919-1920 High Commissioners Sir Percy Zachariah Cox..................1920-1923 Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs............1923-1928 Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton...........1928-1929 Sir Francis Henry Humphrys...............1929-1932 HASHEMITE Faisal I..........................................1921-1933 Ghazi.............................................1933-1939 Faisal II.........................................1939-1958 `Abd al-Ilah (regent), 1939-1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (regent), Apr-June 1941 `Abd al-Ilah (regent, restored), 1941-1953 Republic of Iraq..................................1958-2003 Coalition military occupation.....................2003-2004 Civil Administrator Jay Garner................................Apr-May 2003 Paul Bremer..................................2003-2004 Provisional Government............................2004-
MITANNI Northern Iraq, Syria, and southern Anatolia. Kirta Shuttarna I....................................fl. c. < 1550 Parattarna Parsatatar.....................................fl. c. 1500 Sausatatar.....................................fl. c. 1480 Artatama.......................................fl. c. 1450 Shuttarna II Artashshumara..................................fl. c. < 1390 Tushratta......................................fl. c. 1360 Artatama.....................................early 1350's Mattiwaza......................................mid-late 1350's Hittite vassals Kurtiwaza.................................fl. c. < 1350 Shuttarna III.............................fl. c. 1340 Shattuara I...............................fl. c. < 1300 Wasashatta................................fl. c. 1300 Shattuara II..............................fl. c. 1270 To Assyria....................................from c. 1270 Ili-ipada (at Hanilgalgbat)...........c. 1270-1240
SEA-LAND Southeastern Iraq; the delta of the Euphrates, and upper Gulf coast. To Akkad...................................c. 2370-2191 To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130 To Uruk....................................c. 2130-2113 To Ur.........................................2113-2002 To Elam.......................................2002-c. 1750 Ilima-Ilu Itti-Ili.......................................fl. c. 1700 Damiq-Ilishu Ishkibal.......................................fl. c. < 1650 Shushshi Gulkishar Peshgaldaramash................................fl. c. < 1550 Adarakalamma Ekurduanna.....................................fl. c. 1500 Melamkurkukka Ea-Gamil.......................................fl. c. < 1450 To Babylon.................................c. 1400-1235 To Assyria....................................1235-1227 To Babylon....................................1227-1157 To Elam.......................................1157-1156 To Babylon....................................1156-729 To Assyria.....................................729-626 To Babylon.....................................626-539 To Persia, etc., thereafter...
The SELEUCID EMPIRE One of the largest and most significant of the Diadochoi States - the territories carved out by the Macedonian generals who were the successors to Alexander the Great. It began as territory seized by Seleucus I in Mesopotamia from 312 BCE, and quickly expanded to include most of what is now Iran and Afghanistan. Thereafter it expanded westward - at it's greatest extent, in the first half of the 3rd century, it covered much of Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine, in addition to the other regions mentioned above. A new capital was founded at Antioch in 301 BCE, which still remains an important Levantine city. The Empire proved too unwieldy for stability, however. In the second half of the 3rd century, much Anatolian territory slipped away, and a concommitant loss of Bactria and Persia confined the Seleucids to the Fertile Crescent. Thereafter, their ability to control their lands continued to be compromised, until by the middle of the first century, only the environs of Antioch remained. Nevertheless, the Empire is an important link in the Hellenization of the Near East, and its various dynasts were men of unusual vigour and influence. I place the Empire here, as a separate entry rather than as a phase of the Babylonian sequence, because it was a multicultural Empire which transcended any particular region. To Macedon.....................................331-312 SELEUCID Seleucus I Nicator.............................312-281 Antiochus I Soter..............................281-261 Antiochus II Theos.............................261-246 Seleucus II....................................246-225 opposed (228-7) by... Antiochus Hierax (in Anatolia c. 241-228)...c. 241-227 Seleucus III...................................225-223 Antiochus III the Great........................223-187 opposed by... Molon (in Media)...............................222-220 and... Achaios (in Anatolia)..........................216-214 Seleucus IV....................................187-175 Antiochus IV Epiphanes.........................175-164/3 with... Antiochus the Child............................175-c. 170 Antiochus V..................................164/3-162 Demetrius I....................................162-150 opposed by... Timarchos (in Babylon).............................162 Alexander Balas................................150-145 Demetrius II Nicator...........................145-141 d. 125; opposed by... Antiochus VI Epiphanes.........................145-142 and then... Tryphon the Usurper............................142-138 opposed by... Antiochus VII Euergetes........................139-129 Demetrius II Nicator (restored)................129-125 opposed by... Alexander Zebinas..............................128-123 opposing... Seleucus V.........................................125 and... Cleopatra Thea (fem.)...........................125-c. 120 with... Antiochus VIII Philometor......................125-96 with... Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.........................115-95 opposed by... Seleucus VI Epiphanus Nicator...................96-95 Antiochus X Eusebos Philopator..................95-83 opposed by... Demetrius III Euceros...........................95-88 and... Antiochus XI Philopator............................94 and... Philip I Philopator.............................94-83 and... Antiochus XII Dionis............................87-84 To Armenia......................................84-69 opposed by... Seleucus VII (Kybiosaktes ?)....................83- ? Antiochus XIII Asiaticus (at Antioch only)......73-64 opposed by... Philip II Philoromaeus..........................65-63 Remnants to the Roman Republic and (27 BCE) Empire... Here is an express, to return to pages you may have come here from: Abilene, Afghanistan, Akko, Aleppo, Ammon, Antioch, Armenia, Arvad, Azerbaijan, Bashan, Byblos, Cappadocia, Carchemish, Caria, Characene, Cilicia, Commagene, Damascus,Gadara, Hamath, Harran, Hirah, Homs, Iran, Israel, Iturea, Jaffa, Jordan, Kurdistan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lycia, Lydia, Mari, Melitene, Mesopotamia, Pergamum, Samaria, Seistan, Sidon, Sogdiana, Syria, Tripoli, Troy, Tyre.
TAKRIT A small town in northern Iraq, historically Kurdish but with a sizable Arab population. It was normally tied with the various political entities which held sway over Mosul and Kurdistan, except for a brief period in the 1000s when a branch of the powerful Uqaylid clan seized control. Takrit has a certain significance in that it is the birthplace not only of of Salah-al-Din Yusuf (Saladin), but also of Sadaam Hussein. Kurdistan sequence until... UQAYLID Abu 'l-Musayyab Rafi ibn al-Husayn............. ? -1036 Abu Man'a Khamis ibn Taghlib..................1036-1044 Abu Shashasham ibn Khamis.....................1044-1052 'Isa ibn Khamis...............................1052-1056 Nasr ibn 'Isa.................................1056-1057 Abu 'l Ghana'im (as regent)..............1057-early 1060's To the Seljuqs........................early 1060's-c.1120 AYYUBID (Kurds of the Hadhbani tribe) Shahdi (grandfather of Saladin)................fl. c. 1120 Abu Yusuf Najm ad-Din Ayyub (father of Saladin) ? -1138 d. mid 1100's To the Zangids of Mosul.......................1138-1222 Kurdistan sequence thereafter...
UMMA An ancient city-state in southern Iraq, about 65 miles (104 km.) east of the modern city of ad-Diwaniyah. Ush Enakalli Urlumma Il.............................................fl. c. 2450 To Lagash Gishakkidu Bubu To Uruk....................................c. 2370-2347 To Akkad......................................2347-2191 To Iraq.......................................1932- To Guti.......................................2191-c. 2130 To Amorites................................c. 2130-c. 1900 To Babylon.................................c. 1900-1595 To Assyria....................................1595-609 To Babylon.....................................609-539 To Persia, etc., thereafter...
UR One of the earliest Mesopotamian cities, located in southern Iraq. First Dynasty Meskalamdug Akalamdug......................................fl. c. 2600 Mesannipada A'annipada Meskiagnunna...................................fl. c. 2550 Annanne Meskiag-Nanna Elulu Balulu To Lagash Second Dynasty (from c. 2450) ? Kaku Elili..........................................fl. c. 2230 To Akkad........................................to 2113 Third Dynasty Urnammu.......................................2113-2095 Shulgi........................................2095-2047 Amar-Sin......................................2047-2038 Shu-Sin.......................................2038-2029 Ibbi-Sin......................................2029-2002 To Elam.......................................2002-c. 1750 To Sea-Land................................c. 1750-c. 1400 To Babylon.................................c. 1400-1235 To Assyria....................................1235-1227 To Babylon....................................1227-1157 To Elam.......................................1157-1156 To Babylon....................................1156-729 To Assyria.....................................729-626 Sinbalatsu-ikbi...........................fl. c. 650 To Babylon.....................................626-539 To Persia, etc., thereafter...
URAKLUIRAS A minor Kingdom located on the upper Tigris. Probably to the Mitanni....................c. 1500-c. 1360 Khasutkh Shedi Teru.....................................mid-late 1100's BCE To Assyria.................................c. 1100-609 To Babylon.....................................609-539 To Persia, etc., thereafter...
URUK (Erech) One of the earliest of the Sumerian city-states - located in southern Iraq, about 44 miles (70 km.) west of the modern town of an-Nasiriyah. 1st Dynasty Dumuzi the Fisherman Enmarker Lugalbanda the Herdsman Meskiaggsher Gilgamesh the Great............................fl. c. 2700 Urlugal I Utulkalamma Laba'sum Ennundara-anna Meshe..........................................fl. c. 2600 Melamanna Lugalkitun 2nd Dynasty Enpirigdu-Anna Urlugal II Arga-Ande-A Enshakushanna Lugalkinishedudu...............................fl. c. 2450 Lugalkisalsi Lugaltar 3rd Dynasty Lugalzaggisi...............................c. 2371-2347 To Akkad......................................2347-c. 2230 4th Dynasty Urnigin Urgigir Lugalmelam Kuda Pulur-Ili Urutu 5th Dynasty Utukhegal..................................c. 2130-2114 To Ur.........................................2114-2002 To Elam.......................................2002-c. 1750 To Sea-Land................................c. 1750-c. 1400 To Babylon.................................c. 1400-1235 To Assyria....................................1235-1227 To Babylon....................................1227-1157 To Elam.......................................1157-1156 To Babylon....................................1156-729 To Assyria.....................................729-626 To Babylon.....................................626-539 To Persia, etc., thereafter...
Edited By Sahag Isgenian'''
