White Other (United Kingdom Census)
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| White Other (United Kingdom Census) |
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| Total population |
|
According to estimates from each nationality |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Throughout the UK (Largest populations and densities in larger towns and cities) |
| Languages |
| British English and many languages of Europe |
| Religions |
| Christianity, Islam, Judaism, amongst others |
| Related ethnic groups |
| White British · British Mixed · British Asian · Black British · British Oriental · British Chinese · British Filipino · British Korean · Latin American Briton · British Arab · British Yemeni · British Moroccans · British Iranians · British Iraqi |
White Other is a term used in the UK census to describe white persons of non-British and non-Irish descent in Great Britain. The category White Other does not comprise a single ethnic group but is instead a method of identification for white people who are not represented by other white Census categories. This means that White Other group contains a diverse collection of people with different countries of birth, religions and languages.
Along with White British and White Irish, the category does not appear in Northern Ireland, where only one single "White" classification was presented to respondents.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Demographics
Age
The Other White group is largely of working age, with only one in ten aged over 65 and one in seven under 16. This does vary according to the stated country of birth, with people born in the UK being disproportionately young. Polish and Italian respondents had a larger proportion of over 65s, which reflects the migration of Poles and Italians to Britain after the Second World War.
Migration
In the period 1991-2001, the number of Poles in Britain declined, but since Polish accession to the EU in 2004 this trend has reversed and figures from the Home Office reveal that 264,560 Poles registered to work in Britain between 2004 and 2006. The majority of these new Polish migrants to Britain are of working age (82 per cent aged between 16 and 34), and the majority are employed.
Religion
A wide number of religions are represented in the Other White group. The largest faith group, 63 per cent, identified themselves as Christian, with 16 per cent defining themselves as without religion, nine per cent as Muslims, and two per cent as Jewish.
Increase
The lists below contain by how much the 'White Other' population in each of England's region has increased in the 2004-05 period, as well as the 10 towns and cities with the fastest growing 'White Other' communities - England average is 7.2%.[2]
Region
- Yorkshire and the Humber 12.4% growth rate
- South West England 11.6%
- North East England 11.3%
- East Midlands 9.9%
- North West England 9.5%
- East of England 8.6%
- West Midlands 8.2%
- South East England 7.9%
- Greater London 4.2%
Towns and Cities
- Exeter 28.2%
- Lancaster 20.1%
- Colchester 19.4%
- Kingston upon Hull 17.2%
- Durham 17.0%
- Leeds 16.8%
- Bristol 16.0%
- Barrow-in-Furness 15.9%
- Plymouth 15.9%
- Newcastle upon Tyne 15.5%
[edit] Western European Groups
[edit] French
French Britons are British people of French origin, or French-born people who may have attained British citizenship and who live in the United Kingdom. There are estimated to be around 200-300,000 people of French nationality living in the UK, most of them in London, a mix of students, businesspeople and general economic migrants. France being the UK's closest neighbour also has a similar sized British population residing there.
[edit] German
Germans have resided in Britain throughout its history. Examples include the Hanseatic merchants of the Middle Ages, from the sixteenth century Protestant refugees entered Britain, fleeing from the instability caused by the religious changes consequent upon the Reformation. By the end of the seventeenth century, a significant German community had developed, consisting mostly of businessmen, mainly from Hamburg, sugar bakers and other economic migrants. It is estimated that 250,000 people of German origin live in the United Kingdom, with the older generations likely to have emigrated during or after World War II as possibly refugees [1].
[edit] Greek
There are no official statistics on the number of Greeks and Greek Cypriots in Great Britain, but it is estimated that approximately four hundred thousand (400,000) Greeks from Cyprus, Greece and other parts of the east Mediterranean are estimated to reside in Great Britain. It is generally recognised that the majority live in the Greater London region, in particular Southgate and Palmers Green but many more reside in Glasgow with about 15,000, mostly students. According to a City of London Corporation sponsored report[3], there are between 28,600-31,000 Greek (only) speakers in Greater London. The study also reports that out of a total 896,743 London schoolchildren, 0.71% come from a Greek-speaking home. There is currently no census of persons of Greek origin who use English as the home language. There is also a considerable number of Greek students studying in the UK. According to official UK Higher Education Statistics Agency results[4] for the 2005/2006 academic year, there were just under 18,000 Greek students in the UK. This was third only behind Chinese and Indian students.
[edit] Italian
Italian Britons are British citizens whose ancestry originates in Italy. The phrase may refer to someone born in the United Kingdom of Italian descent or to someone who has themselves emigrated from Italy to the United Kingdom. According to the 2001 census a total of 107,002 Italian-born people are currently living in the United Kingdom (Italian or partial ancestry estimated at 133,000), of whom 38,694 reside in London.[5] In some form or another people of Italian descent have inhabited parts of the British Isles as far back as the fifteenth century. Malta, Vatican City, and San Marino will also commonly come under this.
[edit] Portuguese
Portuguese Britons are citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestry originates in the southwest European nation of Portugal. Portuguese people are just one of over 8 Lusitanic national groups — Portugal being the only Lusitanic country located in Europe, and in fact, the European country where the Lusophone world has its origins. The first Portuguese community in Britain was actually made up of people of secret Jewish descent (known as New Christians) who were persecuted in Portugal from 1496 onwards. This led to the founding of a small secret Portuguese Jewish community in London. The total Portuguese population in the UK is estimated at around 100,000.
[edit] Scandinavian
Scandinavian British includes people originating from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
Viking exploits in the British Isles are thought to have begun with the sacking of the monastery at Lindisfarne off the Northumbrian coast as early as AD 793, followed by attacks on Jarrow (794) and the Columban church of Iona (976, 802, 806). Scandinavian Vikings soon dominated the sea routes and coastlines stretching from Norway to Shetland, Orkney, Scotland, the Hebrides and Ireland. The period of Scandinavian political and cultural domination in this region lasted until 1472 when Orkney and Shetland became part of Scotland. Scandinavian immigration had a greater impact on the more sparsely-populated areas of the British Isles, especially the Northern Isles and the Hebrides. Over the last couple of centuries, there has been regular migration from Scandinavia to the United Kingdom from families looking to settle, businesspeople, academics to migrant workers, particularly those in the Oil industry. Because of the Scandinavians long history and presence in the UK, it is estimated that there could be anywhere from 120,000 to up to 750,000 British people with Scandinavian blood in them.
[edit] Spanish
Spanish Britons or (Spanish: Hispano Británico, is derived from Hispānia now known as España, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula), are raised and educated citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestry originates in the southwest European nation of Spain and can identify themselves as having Spanish Cultural heritage.[6] Spanish people are more widely spread in Britain than those born in Portugal and started to come to the UK at different times of the twentieth century. In 2001 there were 54,105 Spanish born people living in Britain and 90,000 of Spanish descent.
[edit] Swiss
The Swiss population in the UK is fairly small at around 30-70,000 but large in comparison the Switzerland's actual emigrant population. There is no particular city with a large Swiss population, however is spread throughout the entire country.
[edit] Eastern European Groups
[edit] Armenian
British Armenians (or Armenian-British) are people who are born or raised in the United Kingdom who are of Armenian origin. There has been sporadic emigration from Armenia to the UK since the 18th century, with the biggest influx coming after the Second World War. The majority are based in the major cities of London, Liverpool and Manchester. There has been a lack of census regarding the number of British Armenians in the country, but estimates have ranged from 40,000 to nearly 100,000.
[edit] Bulgarian
Bulgarian British or Bulgarian Britons are people who are born/raised in or who have emigrated to the United Kingdom who are of Bulgarian origin. Of the 20-30,000-plus Bulgarians in London, most are established in the Haringey and Islington areas. Many work in the manual labour and hospitality sectors. There is also a strong Bulgarian community in Scotland, in particular, the Dundee area with plans for a Slavic East European Institute centred in the city.
[edit] Czech
[edit] Hungarian
Since Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, Britain's Hungarian population has began to grow significantly. Hungarians have been arriving in Britain to work not only in the service industries and as au pairs, but also as doctors or employees of large financial institutions. The city's attraction lies most of all in the fact that English, now lingua franca of the world, can be learned or perfected there. But Hungarians enjoy London's thriving cultural life, too.[neutrality disputed] There are now over 70,000 Hungarians living in Britain.
[edit] Polish
A 'Polish minority in United Kingdom' has existed since as early as the 16th century. A significant number of Poles settled in the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the Second World War. After Poland joined the European Union in May 2004, many young Poles moved to UK which offered good opportunity for work.
Polish people have travelled to England and other parts of the United Kingdom throughout the centuries for a variety of reasons. In the 16th century Polish travellers came as traders and diplomats. In the 18th century a small number of Polish Protestants arrived as religious refugees due to the counter reformation in Poland. In the 19th century, due to the collapse of the November Uprising of 1831, many Polish fighters came to Britain in search of sanctuary.
[edit] Russian
British Russians or Russian Britons are people of Russian origin who were born or raised in the United Kingdom. There are estimated to be around 100-200,000 Russians living in the UK. Current estimates show that approximately 41,000 Russians call London their home, according to some estimates including students, refugees, visa-overstayers and illegal migrants there about 100,000 Russians in London. [2] For those who have noticed, the nicknames "Londongrad" and "Moscow-on-the-Thames" are both well known.
[edit] Turkish
British Turks are either Turkish people who live in the United Kingdom even though having been born outside the UK, or are British-born, but have Turkish roots. By Turkish roots, this could mean roots linking back to Turkey, the island of Cyprus or the communities of the Turkish diaspora. The first wave of Turkish immigrants were Turkish Cypriots, who fled Cyprus because it became unstable to live there, to seek refuge in the UK, which was made possible due to Cyprus being a former British colony. Since then, the number of Turkish immigrants has been increasing, and there are currently 70,000[7] – 100,000[8] Turkish people living in Britain, they mostly concentrated in London. There are also about 130,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Britain on top of these figures.
[edit] Ukrainian
Although official figures are not available, estimates put the number of Ukrainians working in London as high as 40,000, with possibly up to 100,000 Ukrainians in the UK as a whole. Many have been compelled by force of utter need to leave their family and friends. This is due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union and privatisation in 1991 which has left the Ukrainian economy floundering and about 70% of the population living in poverty. Whilst London naturally has the majority of Ukraininians, other cities with sizeable populations include, Bradford, Nottingham, Manchester and other areas around Yorkshire and the West Midlands.
[edit] Yugoslav
Yugoslav British or Yugoslav Britons refers to the people of the former Yugoslavia origin that have formed communities in or were born in the United Kingdom. Ethnically this most commonly refers to Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Slovenes and Kosovars. The earliest settlement of Croats was in the 16th century when there was a community in London and other cities. Many former Yugoslavs fled to Britain after the Second World War, with another wave arriving in the late 80s/early 90s. The Serbian community in London was mainly settled here immediately after World War II by Britain’s ex-combatant Serbian allies who stayed in Britain, not wishing to be repatriated to the communist regime at home. There was a new influx of Serbian people mainly fleeing the recent wars and disintegration of Yugoslavia. Most former Yugoslavs in the UK are now second or third generation, whose parents relocated from 1963 onwards when Yugoslav citizens were issued passports and were able to move and work freely, although some arrived after 1991. There are around 70-100,000 former Yugoslavs in Britain according to various estimates, 40,000 of them in London, mainly in the western borough of Hammersmith and Ealing. Notting Hill is the community's main focus, with the Orthodox Church and the Serbian-Croatian Community Centre. Leeds also has a large community.
[edit] North American Groups
[edit] American
Over 155,000 People of US origin are living in the UK, however America being the diverse country that it is means that only around 80% of this population will classify themselves as white. The largest single local cluster is Mildenhall in Suffolk – the site of one of the largest US Air Force bases in the world, a legacy of the Cold War and Nato co-operation. Beyond that, London is home to many Americans, mostly workers in the City of London. This population is anecdotally thought to be fairly mobile, coming for a few years or just perhaps a few months before departing again. Some of the Americans showing in the figures will be older, ex-servicemen who returned after being based in Britain during World War II. Examples of areas with large percentages of American people are: Mildenhall (17.28%), Chelsea - London (6.53%) and Kensington - London (5.81%). In London, the majority of Americans are rich businessmen and their families which ties in with the strong economic amongst other relations between London and Washington D.C [3].
Similar to Canada, the USA has a much larger English population there than American in the UK. An extraordinary 36.4 million Americans have British ancestry, with around 1 million being recent immigrants (Florida being a favourable destination for emigration). See also: English American, Scottish American, Scots-Irish American and Welsh American.
[edit] Canadian
Some 70,000 people born in Canada were living in Britain at the 2001 Census – up slightly from 1991. London dominates the figures, but Scotland also makes an appearance – the nation was a source for emigration to English-speaking Canada. Many young Canadians have found it easier to come to Britain over the years because visa rules favoured people from the old Commonwealth nations with either a parent or grandparent born in the UK. The most popular place for Canadians in the UK is the Hyde Park area in London, where almost 1% of the population originates from Canada. Over 15,000 Canadians reside in Greater London and just over 10,000 in South East England, making them the two most popular regions for Canadian emigrants. Compared to the British population in Canada, the Canadian population in Great Britain is minute. In Canada, English people make up one of the two largest ethnic groups, accounting 10 - 25% of the population, and 40% Canada's population has its roots in Britain and Ireland.
[edit] Source
- [4], see also: Demography of Canada.
[edit] Oceanic Groups
[edit] Australia
106,000 Australia-born people were in Britain in 2001 – four of every 10 of them in London. Many of today's Australian-born in Britain are under-30s who come on work visas after studies as a means of financing a year-long tour of the world. Scotland ranks unusually highly as a destination for Australian-born people, possibly indicating historic family routes. Some people born in Australia will be children of British families who lived abroad, possibly having emigrated in the 1970s, before returning at a later date [5]. The English population in Australia stands at 31.6%, and Scottish at 7.7%.
[edit] New Zealand
The presence of New Zealanders closely mirrors that of Australians with clusters in the capital. Also, many of them are temporary residents whose right to be in the UK is related to Commonwealth ties. Many New Zealanders in Britain are young people who come after studies, some of them staying permanently. New Zealanders and Australians benefit from more relaxed visa rules than other Commonwealth nations. Many come to work in Britain's public services – especially teaching and the NHS. This has caused some consternation back home with the government there concerned about a "brain-drain", 57,916 New Zealanders live in the UK.
[edit] Other Groups
[edit] Jews
- Further information: British Jews, History of the Jews in England
The first Jews arrived in England in 1070 from Rouen following the Norman Invasion. There is mention of them in the Domesday Book. They were expelled in 1290 under the edict of expulsion but a small number returned from 1656 onwards. The vast majority of today’s Jewish community, however, descend from Jews who arrived from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.[9] It is hard to discern the number of ethnic Jews in the United Kingdom as they are classified as white on census forms. In 2001 however there were 267,373 practitioners of Judaism in the United Kingdom.
[edit] Romnichal
Pejoratively called "Gypsies"[citation needed].
[edit] South Africans
In the 10 years to 2001 there was a doubling of the number of South Africa-born people living in Britain – bringing the total to some 140,000. The majority of these people are concentrated in largely affluent areas of London, the anecdotal evidence being that many are business people working in the City of London. There is, for instance, a South African-born cluster in the Canary Wharf area. University towns such as Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol also show significant clusters of South Africa-born. Many young people with British family ties have come over the years to work in the UK, including the public services [6]. Like the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa also has more British people living there than they do in the UK. Out of the 140,201 South Africans living in the UK only around 10% are White (according to the South Africa census) with the majority being Black African.
[edit] References
- ^ Microsoft Word - P3 - Ethnic Group - amended contact detailsNov06.doc
- ^ National Statistics Online - Product - Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (experimental)
- ^ Philip Baker & John Eversley, Multilingual Capital, commissioned by City of London Corporation, published by Battlebridge 2000.
- ^ UK Higher Education Statistics Agency results
- ^ Born Abroad: An immigration map of Britain British Broadcasting Corporation (retrieved 24 August 2007)
- ^ Who are they?
- ^ Center for Studies on Turkey, University of Essen (2003). The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data (PDF). Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. “Table 4: Turkish Population and Naturalised Turks in the EU, 2002, on page 8”
- ^ Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in London (2007). Turks in Britain (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-07-09.
- ^ Norman Davies, The Isles A History 1999 ISBN 0-333-69283-7 'The first major modern influx of foreign immigrants (into the British Isles) was that of the East European Jews in the period 1885-1905. Fleeing the poverty of the pale of Jewish Settlement in the Russian Empire, as well as fear of persecution, Yiddish speaking Jewish immigrants arrived in a sudden uncontrolled flood, quickly transforming the East End of London and similar districts in other major cities into predominantly Jewish districts.....Their numbers - perhaps a hundred thousand - caused the British Government to pass the Aliens Act 1906'. (page 822)
[edit] See also
- 2001 UK Census
- Census 2001 Ethnic Codes
- White British
- British Mixed
- British Asian
- Black British
- British Oriental
- Latin American Briton
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