White Latin American

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For the white Hispanic population of the United States, please see White Hispanic
White Latin American
Latinoamericano blanco
Gisele BündchenFidel CastroShakira
Gael García BernalGabriela SabatiniRicardo Maduro
Gisele Bündchen · Fidel Castro · Shakira
Gael García Bernal · Gabriela Sabatini · Ricardo Maduro
Total population

White People
186 million – 203 million
34% – 37% of Latin American population
Portuguese Speakers
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Brazil Brazil 93M[1] or 102M[2]
Flag of Argentina Argentina 39M[2]
Flag of Mexico Mexico 9.8M[2] or 16.3M[3]
Flag of Colombia Colombia 8.9M[2]
Flag of Cuba Cuba 4.2M[4] or 7.3 M[5]
Flag of Venezuela Venezuela 5.2M[6]
Flag of Chile Chile 4.9M[7]
Flag of Peru Peru 4.3M[2]
Flag of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 3.2M[2]
Flag of Uruguay Uruguay 3M[2]
Flag of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 1.5M[2]
Flag of Bolivia Bolivia 1.4M[2]
Flag of Nicaragua Nicaragua 1M[2]
Flag of Ecuador Ecuador 1M[2]
All other areas 5.1M – 10.4M[2]
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, and other languages.
Religions
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants); and other religions.

White Latin Americans[8] are the white population of Latin America. They are descendants of 16th to 19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. The settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese, the post-independence immigrants were mostly Italian. The next largest immigrant sources were Spain, Portugal, Germany, Poland, France, Lebanon, and the British Isles, followed by various other European and Middle Eastern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in South America alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the United States and Canada. The largest group in the region,[2] white Latin Americans number approximately 200 million, or more than one-third of the total population of nearly 550 million.

Contents

[edit] History

More than one and a half million Portuguese and Spaniards settled in their American colonies during the colonial period.[9][10] Small numbers of other Europeans also settled, usually as a reward for military service to Spain or Portugal.

For the region as a whole, the number of post-independence immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period.[11] Argentina and Uruguay were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century Buenos Aires had a larger proportion of European-born population than did New York City. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time.[11] In Brazil, the most populous country in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.

[edit] Admixture

Since the European colonization, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many White Latin Americans have Amerindian and/or sub-Saharan African and/or Asian ancestry. However, intermixing is not exclusive to the region, of course, and the white race is nowhere a "pure race": pure races do not exist, and evidently never have.[12] This is backed up by a 2004 study of White Americans, which showed that up to 30% of them have between 2% and 20% Sub Saharan African and or Native American admixture similar to the ratio of white Latin Americans.[13]

Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry would legally and automatically regain their limpieza de sangre (lit. "purity of blood") and be classified as criollo with others in that category (a designation denoting "pure" Spaniards born in the Americas), if they were of one-eighth or less Amerindian ancestry. These would be the offspring of a castizo (1/4th Amerindian 3/4th Spanish) with a Spaniard or a criollo (who may himself have been mixed).[14]

In practice, many castizos did themselves also subversively purchase their Whiteness all over Latin America, for a steep price,[15] with relevant "probanzas de limpieza de sangre" records altered, consolidating themselves within the lawfully white population. Additionally, at least in the parts of Latin America under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from the modern Southwest United States plus Florida, all of modern Mexico then down as far south as the southern border of modern Costa Rica, as well as Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic), officials in the late 16th century did actually decide "to grant limpieza certification to those who had no more than a fourth of native ancestry (called castizos)."[14]

[edit] Populations

Mexicans of European descent are among the three largest groups in the country of Mexico.
Mexicans of European descent are among the three largest groups in the country of Mexico.
White Argentines; Argentina has the largest percentage of Whites in Latin America.
White Argentines; Argentina has the largest percentage of Whites in Latin America.

The largest White population in Latin America is found in Brazil, with 93.1 million whites out of 190 million total Brazilians, a ratio of 49.7%.[1] The CIA figure is 53.7%, or 102 million.[2] Argentina, with a population of 40 million is 97% White, the largest percentage in Latin America, and indeed, in the Americas. Mexico has the third largest White population, with over 16 million. The smallest White population in Latin America is in Honduras, with only 1% White, approximately 75,000 people. Chile, Costa Rica, and Guatemala have censuses which identify both Whites and Mestizos (people of mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) in one category, so the exact percentage of Whites in those countries is undetermined or unknown.


Country % local Population
(millions)
Flag of Brazil Brazil 49.7[1] or 53.7[2] 93 or 102
Flag of Argentina Argentina 97[16] 39
Flag of Mexico Mexico 9[17] or 15%[3] 9.8 or 16.3
Flag of Colombia Colombia 20[18] 8.9
Flag of Cuba Cuba 65.1[5] or 37[4] 4.2 or 7.3
Flag of Venezuela Venezuela 20[6] 5.2
Flag of Chile Chile 30[7] 4.8
Flag of Peru Peru 15[19] 4.3
Flag of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 80.5[20] 3.1
Flag of Uruguay Uruguay 88[21] 3
Flag of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 16[22] 1.5
Flag of Bolivia Bolivia 15[23] 1.4
Flag of Nicaragua Nicaragua 17[24] 1
Flag of Ecuador Ecuador 7[2] 1

[edit] Central America

[edit] Costa Rica

Flag of Costa Rica Costa Rica

The exact percentage of the white Costa Rican population is not known because the Costa Rican census does not report separate numbers for whites.[25] In its 2000 Census results, Indigenous, Black, and Chinese Costa Ricans combined for 3.8% of the population, while 93.7% were "other"; the remaining 2.6% gave no answer (numbers are rounded to tenths).[25] The CIA states that whites and mestizos are 94%.[26] There are figures for the white population by itself, such as 80%,[27] and 47%.[28] The white population is primarily of Spanish ancestry.[29] There are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans of Italian, Lebanese, German, Jewish and Polish descent. In contrast to its neighboring countries' populations, less mixing of the Spanish settlers and the indigenous populations occurred. Therefore, a vast majority of Costa Ricans are either of Spanish or to a lesser extent of mestizo heritage.

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[edit] El Salvador

Flag of El Salvador El Salvador

Of the total Salvadoran population, 9% is white.[30] They're mostly of Spanish descent, others of Italian, German, French, and Palestinian. The majority of the white Salvadorans are in San Salvador, Chalatenango and Santa Ana.

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[edit] Guatemala

Flag of Guatemala Guatemala

The exact percentage of the white Guatemalan population is not known because the Guatemalan census combines mestizos and whites in one category, where they make up a combined total of 59.4%. Whites are primarily of Spanish descent, but there are also those of German, English, Italian, and Scandinavian descent).

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[edit] Honduras

Flag of Honduras Honduras

Honduras contains the smallest percentage of whites in Latin America, with only 1% classified as white, or up to 75,000 of the total population. Of these, the majority are Palestinian and people of Spanish descent. [31]

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[edit] Nicaragua

Flag of Nicaragua Nicaragua

Main articles: Nicaraguan and Demographics of Nicaragua
Founding members of the Deutsche Club in Nicaragua.
Founding members of the Deutsche Club in Nicaragua.

White Nicaraguans make up 17%, about 1 million, of the Nicaraguan population.[24] The majority of White Nicaraguans are of Spanish, German, Italian, or French ancestry. In the 1800s Nicaragua experienced several waves of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, mostly to the departments in the Central and Pacific region. As a result, the Northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant fourth generation Germans. They established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks. The Jews of Nicaragua are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe.

Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Palestinian Nicaraguans, and Lebanese Nicaraguans with a total population of about 30,000.

[edit] Panama

Flag of Panama Panama

White Panamanians form 10% of the current population, up to 250,000,[32] with the Spanish being predominant. Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Italian, Lebanese, Portuguese and Russian.

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[edit] Mexico

Flag of Mexico Mexico

Main article: White Mexican

White Mexicans make up 9% of Mexico's population, numbering 9.8 million.[2] The majority of White Mexicans are descendants of the first Spanish settlers. However, many other non-Iberian immigrants also arrived during the Second Mexican Empire (mostly French) and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the majority from Italy, Germany, the British Isles and from Lebanon and Israel.[33][34] White Americans and Canadians, Greeks, Armenians, Romanians, Portugese, Poles, Russians, Ashkenazic Jews and immigrants from other Slavic countries,[34] along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War also settled in Mexico.[35]

[edit] Caribbean

[edit] Cuba

Flag of Cuba Cuba

Main article: Cubans
Author José Martí
Author José Martí

White Cubans make up 65% or 66%[5][36] of Cuba's total population (however, it's 37% in the CIA Factbook),[4] with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent, mainly from the settlers but also from the more recent influx of exiles from Franco's Spain. The ancestry of white Cubans comes primarily from Spain, with many others being of French, Portuguese, Italian and Russian descent.[37]

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Canarian, Catalan, Andalusian and Galician emigrated to Cuba. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle Eastern nations such as Lebanon and Jews; however, not all Cuban Jews are from the Middle East, as many are Sephardic Jews.

Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after the Castro government took power.

[edit] Dominican Republic

Flag of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic

White Dominicans represent 16% of the total population,[22] with the majority being of Spanish descent. Notable other ancestries includes Italian, Lebanese, French, German, and Portuguese.[38][39][40] The government of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo made a point of "whitening" the racial composition of the country, rejecting black immigrants from Haiti and the local blacks as foreigners.[41] For example, he welcomed Jewish refugees in 1938 and Spanish farmers in the 1950s.[42][43]

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[edit] Puerto Rico

Flag of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

Main article: Puerto Rican people
Main article: Demographics of Puerto Rico

White Puerto Ricans of European, chiefly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. In the year 1899, one year after the U.S took control of the island, 61.8% of people identified as White. One hundred years later in the United States Census, 2000 the total has risen to 80.5% (3,064,862), one percent more than reported in 1950.[44] One possible reason for Puerto Rico's high percentage of European-descent population is the fact that many of the Puerto Ricans of African or Native American descent left the island in waves of migration.

During the 19th century, hundreds of Corsican, French, Lebanese, and Portuguese families, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America, arrived in Puerto Rico. Other settlers have included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians, and thousands others who were granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land. After the United States took possession of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War, White Americans began settling in Puerto Rico, continuing to the present day. Spanish refugees arrived in Puerto Rico during Francisco Franco’s rule in Spain.

[edit] South America

[edit] Argentina

Flag of Argentina Argentina

Main article: White Argentine

White Argentines make up 97% of Argentina's population, or around 39 million people.[16] Whites are found in all areas of the country. White Argentines mainly are descendants of immigrants who came from Europe in the late 19th century. Most of these immigrants came from Spain and Italy and other countries of Europe.

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[edit] Bolivia

Flag of Bolivia Bolivia

White Bolivians make up 15% of the nation's population, or up to 1.4 million.[23] The white population consists mostly of criollos, which consist of families of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry from the Spanish colonists. These have formed much of the aristocracy since independence. Other smaller groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline Lloyd Aereo Boliviano, as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Lebanese, Croats, Russians, Polish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.

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[edit] Brazil

Flag of Brazil Brazil

Main article: White Brazilian
Members of the Italian Brazilian community with President Lula, in Rio Grande do Sul.
Members of the Italian Brazilian community with President Lula, in Rio Grande do Sul.

According to the 2005 census, White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or 93.1 million people.[1] Figures in the CIA World Factbook put whites at 53.7%, or 102 million.[2] Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.

By the 1800s, close to one million Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them colonial settlers from Portugal. The immigration boom occurred between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, when nearly five million Europeans immigrated to Brazil, most of them Italians, Portuguese, Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Ashkenazi Jews. The country has also a large Lebanese diaspora among other Levant Arabs.

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[edit] Chile

Flag of Chile Chile

The Chilean population is approximately 30% white, with predominantly-white Mestizos further numbered at 65%.[7] These two figures are normally combined, so that Chile's population is classified as 95% white and white-Amerindian (mestizo), 3% Amerindian, and 2% other.[7] Whites are mostly Spanish in origin (mainly Castilians, Andalusians and Basques). The more notable other groups are Italians, Irish, French, Germans, English, Croats, and Palestinians.

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[edit] Colombia

Flag of Colombia Colombia

The white Colombian population is approximately 20%, or up to 8.9 million.[18] White Colombians mainly are descendants of Spaniards but also of Italians, Germans, Lithuanians, French, Belgians, Polish, Portuguese, Ukrainians, Lebanese, Croatians, and Scandinavians.

The Colombian Paisa Region received a strong immigration wave from Spain (Basques, and others from Extremadura and Andalusia) during 16th and 17th centuries.

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[edit] Ecuador

Flag of Ecuador Ecuador

White Ecuadorians, mostly criollos, descendants of Spanish colonists, account for 7%, or approximately 960,000,[45] of the Ecuadorian population. Most still hold large amounts of lands, mainly in the northern Sierra, and live in Quito or Guayaquil. There is also a large number of white people in Cuenca, a city in the southern Andes of Ecuador, due to the arrival of Frenchmen in the area, in order to measure the arc of the Earth. Cuenca, Loja, and the Galápagos attracted German immigration during the early 20th century, and the Galápagos also had a small Norwegian fishing community until they were asked to leave.

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[edit] Paraguay

Flag of Paraguay Paraguay

Ethnically, culturally, and socially, Paraguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America. The exact percentage of the white Paraguayan population is not known because the Paraguayan census does not include racial or ethnic identification, save for the indigenous population,[46] which reached 1.7% of the country's total in the last census, held in 2002.[47] Other sources estimate the other groups. The mestizo population is estimated at 95% by the CIA World Factbook, and all other groups at 5%.[48] Thus, Whites and the remaining groups (Asians, Afro-Paraguayans, others, if any) combine for approximately 3.3% of the total population. The majority of whites are of Spanish descent with others being of Italian, German, or of other European descent.

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[edit] Peru

Flag of Peru Peru

White Peruvians represent 15% of the population, or up to 4.3 million.[19] They are descendants of Spanish colonists primarily, while many others descend from Italian, French (mainly Basques), Austrian or German Portuguese, British, Croatians, Lebanese and Syrian immigrant families. The majority of the whites live in the largest cities, concentrated usually in the northern coastal cities of Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and of course the capital Lima. The only southern city with a significant population is Arequipa. To the north Cajamarca and San Martín Region are also places with a strong Spanish influence and ethnic presence.

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[edit] Uruguay

Flag of Uruguay Uruguay

White Uruguayans represent approximately 88% of the population and are of prevalently European descent,[21] mainly Spaniards, followed closely by Italians, then British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Lebanese, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.

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[edit] Venezuela

Flag of Venezuela Venezuela

Venezuela has no official race percentages; however, unofficial estimates put the white Venezuelan percentage at 20. The majority of white Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Lebanese Portuguese and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain, Italy and Portugal, entered the country in the first few decades after the second World War.

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[edit] Notable White Latin Americans

Gioconda Belli
Gioconda Belli
Salma Hayek
Salma Hayek
Benicio del Toro
Benicio del Toro
Ivete Sangalo
Ivete Sangalo
Carmen Monarcha
Carmen Monarcha
Ricky Martin
Ricky Martin
Jorge Guinzburg
Jorge Guinzburg
Luisel Ramos
Luisel Ramos
Silvana Santaella
Silvana Santaella
Michelle Bachelet
Michelle Bachelet
Álvaro Uribe
Álvaro Uribe
Javier Lozano Barragán
Javier Lozano Barragán
David Nalbandian
David Nalbandian

[edit] Authors

[edit] Entertainers

[edit] Actors/Actresses

[edit] Musicians

[edit] Journalists

[edit] Models

[edit] Presidents and Political figures

[edit] Religious figures

[edit] Sports

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d PNAD (Portuguese) (2006). Retrieved on 2007-09-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Field Listing - Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
  3. ^ a b "Mexico: Ethnic Groups", Encyclopædia Britannica. 
  4. ^ a b c Cuba; People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.
  5. ^ a b c TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO (Spanish). CubaGob.cu. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  6. ^ a b Venezuela. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-08-25. “"...about one-fifth of Venezuelans are of European lineage".”
  7. ^ a b c d 5.2.6. Estructura racial. La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  8. ^ The term "White Latin American" has been occasionally used for the commonalities of the different white groups in Latin America. For examples, see Repression: the recognition of human rights, page 15 excerpted from the book Cry of the People: The struggle for human rights in Latin America and the Catholic Church in conflict with US policy, by Penny Lernoux, Penguin Books, 1980, paper; or Globalization Dynamics in Latin America: South Cone and Iberian Investments, Mario Gómez Olivares, Department of Economy, ISEG/UTL, and Cezar Guedes, Departament of Economy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro.
  9. ^ L’emigració dels europeus cap a Amèrica. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  10. ^ Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  11. ^ a b South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  12. ^ AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race. American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1996). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
  13. ^ http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=5
  14. ^ a b Martínez, María Elena. The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico. History Cooperative. Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
  15. ^ Frank W. Sweet. Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise And Triumph of the One-drop Rule. Backintyme, 215-235. ISBN 0-939479-23-0. 
  16. ^ a b Argentina: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  17. ^ Mexico: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  18. ^ a b Colombia: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  19. ^ a b Peru: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  20. ^ Puerto Rico: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  21. ^ a b Uruguay: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  22. ^ a b D.R.: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  23. ^ a b Bolivia: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  24. ^ a b Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  25. ^ a b Costa Rica: Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2000 (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  26. ^ Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. “white (including mestizo) 94%” = 3.9 million whites and mestizos
  27. ^ Where does it take place?. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  28. ^ Afromestizo
  29. ^ Waibel, Leo (1939-10-01). "White Settlement in Costa Rica". Geographical Review 29 (4): 529–560. doi:10.2307/209828. 
  30. ^ El Salvador: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  31. ^ Honduras; People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.
  32. ^ Panama; People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21.
  33. ^ Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX
  34. ^ a b Los Extranjeros en México, La inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?
  35. ^ Refugiados españoles en México
  36. ^ Cuba; Ethnic Makeup. The Financial Times World Desk Reference. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  37. ^ Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba from http://www.cubagenweb.org
  38. ^ Origen de la población dominicana
  39. ^ Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Barcelona
  40. ^ Sitios patrimonio de la humanidad: San Pedro de Macorís, República Dominicana
  41. ^ Sagás, Ernesto. A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  42. ^ Levy, Lauren. The Dominican Republic's Haven for Jewish Refugees. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  43. ^ ...no hicieron Las Américas. El País. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  44. ^ Puerto Rico's History on race
  45. ^ Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  46. ^ Paraguayan Census form
  47. ^ II CENSO NACIONAL INDÍGENA DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDAS 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales
  48. ^ Paraguay: People; Ethnic groups. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.
  49. ^ FAST FACTS.
  50. ^ Carmen Miranda's Bio at the Internet Movie Database.
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