White American

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White American
Susan B. Anthony • Neil Armstrong • Albert Einstein • Elvis Presley • Benjamin Franklin • Helen Keller • John F. Kennedy • Madonna • Marilyn Monroe • Eleanor Roosevelt • Meryl Streep • George Washington • Thomas Edison • Abraham Lincoln • Romualdo Pacheco • Franklin D. Roosevelt
Total population
White American 221,331,507[1] 73.93% of the total U.S. population Non-Hispanic White 198,176,991[2] 66.20% of the U.S. population White Hispanic 23,154,516[2] 7.73% of the U.S. population
Regions with significant populations
All areas of the United States
Languages
Major: American English Minor: Spanish · German · Italian · Arabic · French · Swedish, Russian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Czech, Dutch,Persian, Greek, Kabyle, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Armenian, Others.
Religions
Predominantly various sects of Christianity. Significant atheist, agnostic percentage. Minorities practicing Judaism, Islam, Buddhism and other religions

White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American"^[3] and within the United States simply "white"^[4]) is an umbrella term officially employed by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget and other U.S. government for the classification of American citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe,^[5] the Middle East, or North Africa".^[6] Included in the category are White Hispanics representing 7.73% of the total US population in 2006.^[2]

In some American circles, in contemporary social scientific terms Whites are regarded as the dominant racial group, whose norms and behavioral patterns are seen as the benchmark for normality. According to sociologist Steven Seidman, "Whiteness is assumed... it is the default condition." Many early European immigrants, especially Jews, Irish and Italians, were not seen as White upon arrival, as Whiteness describes membership in the societal mainstream.^[7] Sociologist Ruth Frankenberg points out that Whiteness, though seemingly raceless for Whites themselves is visible among minorities, stating that "it is safe to suggest that whiteness remains quite visible to men and women of color even when ‘cultural micro-climates’ make it possible for the concept to disappear into false universality from the purview of some white people.”^[8] As the cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial categories are contested and fluid, this broad official definition includes people who might not be considered white by others and who might not consider themselves white.

Contents 1 Historical and present definitions 1.1 Current U.S. Census definition 1.2 Social definition 1.3 Position within society 2 Demographic information 2.1 Geographic distribution 2.2 Income and educational attainment 3 Admixture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Historical and present definitions

Main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United States

Today, the term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria.

[edit] Current U.S. Census definition

The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."^[9] It defines "white people" as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.^[10] This also includes national and regional ancestries where these peoples contributed to the demographic make-up; Canadian, Latin American, Oceanian, and African ancestries for instance. In U.S. census documents, the designation white overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.^[11]

Hispanicity, which is independent of race, is the only ethnic category, as opposed to racial category, which is officially collated by the U.S. Census Bureau. The distinction made by government agencies for those within the population of any official race category, including "white American", is between those with Hispanic ethnic backgrounds and all others of non-Hispanic ethnic backgrounds. In the case of White Americans, these two groups are respectively termed "White Hispanics" and "non-Hispanic Whites"; the former having at least one ancestor from the people of Spain or Spanish-speaking Latin America, and the latter consisting of an ethnically diverse collection of all others who are classified as white American who are of non-Hispanic ethnic backgrounds.

Many Americans who are treated as part of minority groups are included in the census category "white." This is true for many Hispanic Americans, 47.9% of whom identified racially as white. The 2000 Census separated the question on Hispanics from the question on race, the latter being divided into the 5 categories of white, black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, Asian American, plus "other", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one category. It is also true for many Arab and other Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans, as well as non-European Jewish Americans, since the 2000 Census conflates race and geographic/national origin: white is defined to include people with original origins in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Mexican, or Caucasian as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as white.^[12]

[edit] Social definition

According to race scholars such as Karen Brodkin, in the United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered white and Jews (presumably those of European origin, that is, Ashkenazi Jews) are also today considered white.^[13] However, while the census asserts that "race" and "ethnicity" are separate, some Hispanics of primarily European descent may not consider themselves white and may not be considered white by others, possibly because of the long-held stereotype of Hispanics being given a non-white racial value.^[14][15][16] Likewise, while people of Middle Eastern and North African descent are included in the white category in the census, studies have found that Arab American teenagers may sometimes construct identities that distinguish themselves from "white society."^[17] Some American white people, mainly those of distant descent from multiple European countries, tend to see themselves as belonging to no ethnic group at all, but just "generic American".

The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories have changed significantly over the course of American history. Even among Europeans, those not considered white at some time in American history are the Irish, Germans, Ashkenazi Jews, Italians, Spaniards, Slavs, Greeks and other European Mediterranean peoples.^[18] David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.^[19] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.^[20]

[edit] Position within society

As whites are the dominant racial and cultural group; according to sociologist Steven Seidman writing about the most prominent perspective among researches, "White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic and cultural institutions." Yet, according to Seidman, Whites are most commonly unaware of their "privilege" and the manner in which their culture has always been dominant in the US, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather incorrectly perceive their views and culture as "raceless," when in fact it is ethno-national (ethnic / cultural) specific with a racial base component. ^[7]

[edit] Demographic information

Main article: United States Census, 2000

White American is the largest racial group counted in the 2000 Census, comprising 75.1% of the population. This number is sometimes recorded as 77.1% when it includes about 2% of the population who self-identified as "white" in combination with one or more other races; about 6% also identified ethnically as Hispanic. The largest ethnic groups (by descent) among white Americans were Germans, followed by the Irish and the English. The 2000 census reports of the 1000 most popular surnames show that Yoder is the whitest.^[21]

White Americans (non-Hispanic Whites together with White Hispanics) are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 72% of the total population by 2050.^[22]

[edit] Geographic distribution

According to the Census definition, white Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South known as the Black Belt, and in many urban areas throughout the country. In California, Whites slipped from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 43% in 2006.^[23]

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as white alone by the Census Bureau was found in the northern Midwest, New England, the Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.^[24][25][26]

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by white Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

[edit] Income and educational attainment

Main article: Affluence in the United States#Race

Further information: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States

Some argue that because white Americans have faced the least discrimination of any racial or ethnic group, they have had time to build up wealth, and that this is a major contributor to economic inequities among races today.^[27][28] White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation. The median income per household member was also the highest, since white Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a white American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed between ages 25 and 64 earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Among whites, Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income and educational attainment among white Americans. In 2005, white households had a median household income of $48,977, 10.3% above the national median of $44,389. Cuban Americans with 85% classifying as white, have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other whites.^[29]

Poverty rates for white Americans are the lowest of any racial group, with 8.6% of white individuals living below the poverty line (3% below the national average).^[30] However, due to whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.^[31]

Whites' educational attainment are the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of white Americans had a Bachelor degree, with the educational attainment for whites being higher for those born outside the United States. Nearly forty percent, 37.6%, of foreign born and 29.7% of native born whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27.2%.^[32]

Gender income inequality was the greatest among whites with white men outearning white women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of white females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for white females was only slightly higher than that of African American females, indicating that income inequities seem to run along gender lines more so than along racial lines.^[33]

[edit] Admixture

see also Race and genetics

According to a recent study, about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have between 2 and 20% of Native American or African admixture with an exact median of 2.3%, which means the median admixture percentage for all White population of the United State is 0.69.^[34]

[edit] See also

African American Angry white male Arab American Asian American European American First white child Immigration to the United States Iranian Americans Model minority Native American Race in the United States

Racial demographics of the United States Turkish American White African White Anglo-Saxon Protestant White British White flight White Hispanic White Latin American White male White people

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v • d • e Demographics of the United States Demographic history Economic and social Affluence · Educational attainment · Household income · Homeownership · Immigration · Income inequality · Language · Middle classes · Personal income · Poverty · Social class · Unemployment by state · Wealth Religion Buddhist Americans · Christian Americans · American Jews · American Sikhs · Hindu Americans · Mormons · Muslim Americans Race, ethnicity and ancestry Race and ethnicity in the United States Census · Maps of American ancestries · 2000 Census · Race/ethnicity by EEOC · Racism · Native Americans · Native Hawaiians · Alaska Natives · African Americans (Africans) · Asian Americans · European Americans · Arab Americans · Hispanics · Pacific Islander Americans · White Americans

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• White Population 2000 from the US Census

v • d • e Demographics of the United States Demographic history Economic and social Affluence · Educational attainment · Household income · Homeownership · Immigration · Income inequality · Language · Middle classes · Personal income · Poverty · Social class · Unemployment by state · Wealth Religion Buddhist Americans · Christian Americans · American Jews · American Sikhs · Hindu Americans · Mormons · Muslim Americans Race, ethnicity and ancestry Race and ethnicity in the United States Census · Maps of American ancestries · 2000 Census · Race/ethnicity by EEOC · Racism · Native Americans · Native Hawaiians · Alaska Natives · African Americans (Africans) · Asian Americans · European Americans · Arab Americans · Hispanics · Pacific Islander Americans · White Americans