White-fronted Bee-eater

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White-Fronted Bee-Eater

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Meropidae
Genus: Merops
Species: M. bullockoides
Binomial name
Merops bullockoides
(Smith, 1834)

The White-Fronted Bee-eater, Merops bullockoides, is a species of bee-eater widely distrubted in sub-equatorial Africa.

Contents

[edit] Description

This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly coloured, slender bird, but with a distinctive black mask, white forehead, square tail and a bright red throat. The upperparts are green, with cinnamon underparts. The call is a deep squeak[1].

[edit] Distribution

White-fronted bee-aters are found in the vast savannah regions of sub-equatorial Africa. The habitat commonly consists of open country, often near gullies.

[edit] Behaviour

[edit] Nesting and Reproduction

White-fronted bee-eaters nest in colonies averaging 200 individuals, digging roosting and nesting holes in cliffs or banks of earth. A population of bee-eaters may range across many square kilometres of savannah, but will come to the same colony to roost, socialize, and to breed. White-fronted bee-eaters have one of the most complex family-based social systems found in birds.

Colonies comprise socially monogamous, extended family groups with overlapping generations, known as "clans" which exhibit cooperative breeding. Non-breeding individuals become helpers to relatives and assist to raise their brood. In white-fronted bee-eaters, this helping behavior is particularly well developed with helpers assisting in half of all nesting attempts[2]. These helpers may contribute to all aspects of the reproductive attempt, from digging the roosting or nesting chamber, to allofeeding the female, incubating and feeding the young; and have a large effect on increasing the number of young produced[3].

Only 50% of non-breeders in a colony typically become helpers, and whether or not an individual becomes a helper and to whom it provides aid is heavily dependent on the degree of kinship involved. Non-breeders are most likely to become helpers when breeding pairs are close genetic relatives. When faced with a choice of potential recipient nests helpers preferential help the breeding pair to who they are most closely related, suggesting that this behaviour may serve to increase the helper's inclusive fitness.

Female white-fronted bee-eaters leaving their nesting burrows must avoid pursuit by unmated males who may force them to the ground and rape them. Furthermore their unwelcome attentions are preferentially against females who are laying eggs and who thus might lay the eggs of their rapist rather than their mate[4].

[edit] Feeding and Diet

Their diet is made up primarily of bees, but they also take other flying insects depending on the season and availability of prey. Two hunting methods have been observed. They either make quick hawking flights from lower branches of shrubs and trees, or glide slowly down from their perch and hover briefly to catch insects.

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Hamlyn photographic guide to birds of the world, foreword by Christopher Perrins; general editor: Andrew Gosler, London : Hamlyn, 1991, ISBN 0-600-57239-0
  2. ^ S.T. Emlen and P.H. Wrege, (1988), The role of kinship in helping decisions among white-fronted bee-eaters, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiolgy 23(5) 305-315
  3. ^ S.T. Emlen (1997) Family Dynamics of Social Vertebrates in Behavioural Ecology: An evolutionary approach 4th Edition, Ed. by J.R.Krebs and N.B.Davies
  4. ^ S.T. Emlen and P.H. Wrege, (1986), Forced copulations and intraspecific parasitism: two costs of social living in the white-fronted bee-eater, Ethology 71 2-29


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