Wheeler Compromise
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The Wheeler Compromise, sometimes known as the Wheeler Adjustment, was the settlement of the disputed election of 1874 in the US state of Louisiana, of the military interference in the organization of the state's legislature on January 4, 1875, and of the general economic situation of Louisianna during the latter half of the 19th century. Effected by, and named after, William A. Wheeler, later Vice President of the United States
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[edit] Worsening economy in Louisiana
The economy of Louisiana towards the latter half of the 19th century was in difficult shape. In New Orleans, the economic situation was "pitiable beyond all precedent in modern history" with immigration low, a lack of confidence in the government, an depression, high unemployment,[1] and robberies and high taxes were both commonplace, and the population had decreased by 30,000.[2] Taxes outstanding amounted to over $400,000,000 as much business was being conducted on credit. In total, $25,000,000 of debt wracked the government.[3]
By the start of 1875, begging was commonplace, and starvation was becoming more and more common.[4] A resentment between the working classes and those in government grew, as the latter remained in relative luxury.[4] This was compounded by unwise legislative decisions, leading to city expenses exceeding income. Laws on customs often restricted the flow of revenue in the merchant quarters, and high taxes dealt heavy blows to immigration rates.[3]
| The people of New Orleans, and indeed of the whole of Louisiana have been enduring for six long years privations and suffering that no other people in the United Stares have ever endured. Our property has no salable value, our working-men are without employment, our merchants without customers, houses and stores vacated in every street. – The Times on February 16, 1875[5] |
The rural situation was equally dire, with plantations loosing value in the countryside.[6] From November 1871 until November 1873, over eight hundred separate plots of land had to be sold to pay taxes.[7] As a result, crime increased,[8] and much blame was attributed to the local government, together with allegations relating to corruption as Governor William P. Kellogg appointed three comrades to positions in the Supreme court.[9]
In 1874, $200,000 was defaulted on tax returns, and it became gradually more difficult to sell land for tax money.[7]
[edit] Wheeler compromise
As the situation in Louisiana worsened, William A. Wheeler arrived and heard testimony from both parties as part of his work to support Reconstruction. Governor Kellog was permitted to remain in power, while the disputed positions in the government he awarded were arbitrated.[10] the US Senate endorsed what later became the Wheeler Compromise, however the Democrats of Louisiana unseated the remaining Republicans to elect a Democrat to the Senate.[10]
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
Printed sources:
- Andrews, Elisha B. The United States in our own time; a history from reconstruction to expansion; being an extension of "The history of the last quarter century", University of California, 1903.
- Lonn, Ella. Reconstruction in Louisiana after 1868, University of Toronto, 1918. ISBN 0844612898
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