Werewolf fiction

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Werewolf fiction denotes the portrayal of werewolves and other shapeshifting man-beasts, in the media of literature, drama, film, games, and music. Werewolf literature includes folklore, legend, saga, fairy tales, Gothic and Horror fiction, fantasy fiction and poetry. Such stories may be supernatural, symbolic or allegorical. A classic cinematic example of the theme is The Wolf Man (1941) in which Lon Chaney Jr. transforms into a werewolf at the full moon, and in later films teams up with Frankenstein and Dracula, as one of the three famous horror icons of the modern day. However, werewolf fiction is an exceptionally diverse genre with ancient folkloric roots and manifold modern re-interpretations.

[edit] History

[edit] Literary origins

For more on werewolves in ancient myth, legend and folklore see Werewolf

In medieval romances, such as Bisclavret, and Guillaume de Palerme the werewolf is relatively benign, appearing as the victim of evil magic and aiding knights errant.

However, in most folk tales, (influenced by medieval theology) the werewolf was demonic, part of Satan's army of darkness, inimical to the human race and having a craving for human flesh. This appears in such later fiction as "The White Wolf of the Hartz Mountains": an episode in the novel The Phantom Ship (1839) by Marryat, featuring a demonic femme fatale who transforms from woman to wolf. [1].

Little Red Riding Hood in the woods from The Company of Wolves
Little Red Riding Hood in the woods from The Company of Wolves

In the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood, the figure of the werewolf is more ambiguous and subject to an allegorical or Freudian interpretation. These tales are the inspiration behind modern fiction such as "The Company of Wolves" (1979) by Angela Carter (filmed asThe Company of Wolves (1984)) and the film Ginger Snaps (2000) which address female sexuality

[edit] Nineteenth century

Nineteenth century Gothic horror stories drew on previous folklore and legend to present the theme of the werewolf in a new fictional form. An early example is Hugues, the Wer-Wolf by Sutherland Menzies published in 1838. In another, Wagner the Wehr-Wolf (1847) by G. W. M. Reynolds, we find the classic subject of a man cursed to be transformed into a werewolf at the time of the full moon: representing the split personality and evil, bloodthirsty, dark side of humanity itself. Other werewolf stories of this period include The Wolf-Leader (1857) by Alexandre Dumas and Hugues-le-Loup (1869) by Erckmann-Chatrian.

A later Gothic story Robert Lewis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) has an implicit werewolf subtext, according to some commentators.[1] This has been made explicit in some recent adaptations of this story, such the BBC TV series Jekyll (2007).

A rapacious female werewolf who appears in the guise of a seductive femme-fatale before transforming into lupine form to devour her hapless male victims is the protagonist of Clemence Houseman's acclaimed The Were-wolf published in 1896.[2]

[edit] Twentieth century

The twentieth century saw an explosion of werewolf short stories and novels published in both England and America. The famed English supernatural story writer Algernon Blackwood wrote a number of werewolf short stories. These often had an occult aspect to them. American Pulp magazines of the 1920–50s such as Weird Tales include many memorable werewolf tales, written by such authors as H. Warner Munn, Seabury Quinn and Manly Wade Wellman.[3]The most renowned werewolf novel of the twentieth century was The Werewolf of Paris (1933) by American author Guy Endore. This has been accorded classic status and is considered by some to be the Dracula of werewolf literature.[4]It was adapted as The Curse of the Werewolf in 1961 for Hammer Film Productions.

The first feature film to use an anthropomorphic werewolf was Werewolf of London in 1935 (not to be confused with the 1981 film of a similar title) establishing the canon that the werewolf always kills what he loves most. The main werewolf of this film was a dapper London scientist who retained some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation.[5]

However, he lacked warmth, and it was left to the tragic character Talbot played by Lon Chaney Jr. in 1941's The Wolf Man to capture the public imagination. This catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness.[5] The theme of lycanthropy as a disease or curse reached its standard treatment in the film, which contained the now-famous rhyme:

Even a man who is pure in heart
And says his prayers each night
May become a wolf when the wolf-bane blooms
And the autumn moon is bright.

This movie is often credited with originating several aspects of the legend which differ from traditional folklore such as the vulnerability of the werewolf to a silver bullet, though at the climax of the film the Wolf Man is actually dispatched with a silver headed cane. The process of transmogrification is portrayed in such films and works of literature to be painful. The resulting wolf is typically cunning but merciless, and prone to killing and eating people without compunction regardless of the moral character of the person when human.

Lon Chaney himself became somewhat typecast as the Wolfman and reprised his role in several sequels for Universal Studios. In these films the werewolf lore of the first film was clarified. In Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) it is firmly established that the Wolf Man is revived at every full moon. In House of Frankenstein (1944) silver bullets are used for the first time to dispatch him. Further sequels were the House of Dracula (1945) and the parodic Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).

The success of Universal's The Wolf Man prompted rival Hollywood film companies Columbia Studios and Fox Studios to bring out their own, now somewhat obscure, werewolf movies. The first of these was The Undying Monster produced by Fox in 1942, adapted from a werewolf novel of the same name by Jessie Douglas Kerruish, published in 1936.

In 1981, two prominent werewolf films, The Howling and An American Werewolf in London, both drew on themes from the Universal series [2].

More recently, the portrayal of werewolves has taken a more sympathetic turn in some circles. With the rise of environmentalism and other back-to-nature ideals, the werewolf has come to be seen as a representation of humanity allied more closely with nature. A prime example of this outlook can be seen in the role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse (1992) in which players roleplay various werewolf characters who work on behalf of Gaia against the destructive supernatural spirit named Wyrm, who represents the forces of destructive industrialization and pollution. Author Whitley Strieber previously explored these themes in his novels The Wolfen (1978), in which werewolves are shown to act as predators of humanity, acting as a "natural" control on their population now that it has been removed from the traditional limits of nature, and The Wild (1991), in which the werewolf is portrayed as a medium through which to bring human intelligence and spirit back into nature. The heroic werewolf has also returned via the paranormal romance genre, where wolf-like characteristics such as loyalty are shown as positive traits in a prospective mate.

In the Harry Potter series (1997-2007), the werewolf Remus Lupin is one of the most sympathetic and popular of all characters, in both the book and film versions. However, the series also includes a werewolf villain Fenrir Greyback, who fits more with the older image of werewolves. The Potter books essentially use werewolves as a methaphor for marginalised and discriminated against groups in modern society - see Werewolf (Harry Potter).

A very popular modern subgenre consists of stories that treat werewolves as separate race or species (either science fictional or magical) or as persons using magic in order to deliberately transform into wolves at will. Such current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like a disease by the bite of another werewolf. The form a werewolf takes is not always an ordinary wolf, but is often anthropomorphic or may be otherwise larger and more powerful than an ordinary wolf. Sometimes the beast form of the werewolf will have some physical characteristics borrowed from an animal species other than the wolf, as can be seen in the boar-like werewolf of Wild Country (2006) and the cat-like werewolves of Underworld (2003). Many modern werewolves are also supposedly immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to silver objects (usually a bullet or blade). This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns.

Despite the recent upsurge in the motif of heroic werewolves, unsympathetic portrayals of werewolves as monsters also continue to be common in popular culture. This is especially true in movies, which are only slowly incorporating trends in written fiction. There are very few werewolf movies outside the horror genre.

[edit] Lists

[edit] Literature

This section includes novels and short stories.

  • The Werewolf's Touch (1993) by Cheri Scotch.
  • The Werewolf's Sin (1994) by Cheri Scotch.
  • Blood Trail by Tanya Huff (1992). Volume 2 in Huff's vampire series, this instalment deals with a werewolf clan.
  • Wild Blood by Nancy A. Collins (1993).
  • The Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series (1993–) by Laurell K. Hamilton features a number of werewolf characters and explores the concept of werewolf packs. Lycanthropy is a disease, and a major character has contracted it from a faulty vaccine against it.
  • Vampire World 1: Blood Brothers by Brian Lumley (1992). First part of the Necroscope series features the Wamphyri werewolf Canker Canison. Followed by:
  • Vampire World 2: The Last Aerie (1993);
  • Vampire World 3: Bloodwars (1994);
  • Necroscope: The Lost Years Volume 1 (1995);
  • Necroscope: The Lost Years Volume 2 (1996).
  • Thor by Wayne Smith. Publisher: Fawcett (August 29, 1994). German Shepherd protects his family from a relative who was infected by a werewolf. Basis for the movie Bad Moon.
  • Women Who Run with the Werewolves by Pam Keesey (1995)
  • Nadya – The Wolf Chronicles by Pat Murphy (1996) A race of European werewolves immigrate to the United States in the nineteenth century.
  • The Werewolf Chronicles by Rodman Philbrick & Lynn Harnett (1996).
  • Return of The Wolfman by Jeff Rovin (1998).
  • The Silver Wolf (1998) by Alice Borchardt follows the lives of several werewolves in ancient Rome and Ireland. Followed by:
  • Night of the Wolf (1999);
  • The Wolf King.
  • There are multiple allusions to lycanthropy in Caitlín R. Kiernan's Low Red Moon (2003), though no actual werewolves appear in the story. Other works by Kiernan containing werewolves or mentions of werewolves include "The Black Alphabet", "The Road of Pins", "Stoker's Mistress", and "Untitled 4".
  • The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature by Brian Frost (2003)
  • The Crimson City series by Liz Maverick, Marjorie Liu, Patti O'Shea, and Carolyn Jewel (2005–).
  • Kitty and the Midnight Hour by Carrie Vaughn features werewolf radio show host Kitty Norville (2005). Followed by: *Kitty Goes to Washington (2006), Kitty Takes a Holiday (2007), and Kitty and the Silver Bullet (2008)
  • Maximum Ride series by James Patterson features genetically engineered werewolves called "Erasers" as antagonists (2005–6).
  • The Demonata series by Darren Shan (2005–6).
  • River by Skyla Dawn Cameron provides a different approach to werewolves, revolving around wolves who have been changed into humans (2006).
  • Benighted by Kit Whitfield (2006).
  • Mooncalled by Patricia Briggs (2006). Told from the viewpoint of a coyote skinwalker who was raised by a werewolf pack. Followed by:
  • Blood Bound (2007) and *Iron Kissed (2008).
  • Club Dead introduces the werewolf character of Alcide Herveaux.

[edit] Juvenile fiction

  • The Wolving Time (2003) by Patrick Jennings
  • Wolf Pack (2004) by Edo Van Belkom
  • The Wereling: Wounded
  • The Wereling: Prey
  • The Wereling: Resurrection

[edit] Films

Depiction of a werewolf in the movie Werewolf vs The Vampire Women
Depiction of a werewolf in the movie Werewolf vs The Vampire Women
  • The Werewolf (1913), featured a Native American werewolf. It is based on the 1898 story by H. Beaugrand (see above).
  • Le Loup-Garou (1923), a French silent film.
  • Wolf Blood (1925)
  • Le Loup Garou aka Werewolf (1932), an obscure probably lost movie from German director Friedrich Feher based on the novel "Der Schwarze Mann" by Alfred Machard. Apparently the first "talkie" to feature a werewolf.
  • Werewolf of London (1935), first film to feature bipedal anthropomorphic werewolves
  • The Wolf Man (1941), the Universal classic starring Lon Chaney, Jr. in the title role. Lon Chaney reappeared as the Wolf Man in several sequels, where he teamed up with the other major horror icons of the period:

[edit] Music

[edit] Music videos

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  • The music video for Dance in My Blood by the furry-themed band Men, Women & Children has a werewolf dancing on the surface of the sun amid mermaids, Indians and other costumed characters. The werewolf is dressed in clothing that is nearly identical to that worn by the lead singer, with black gloves and a suit without the jacket.
  • Clor's music video for Good Stuff has a dance-off between a naked man and a werewolf.
  • Rammstein's 1998 version (opposed to that of 1995) of the music video for Du Riechst so gut, in which the band members are portrayed as a pack of werewolves in a medieval setting. They are shown hunting and eventually cornering a woman, in which they suddenly take their animal form and attack.
  • The video It's a Wonderful Night from Fat Boy Slim shows the lead singer changing into a werewolf and then killing people, flirting with woman and getting drunk in a Broadway style.

[edit] Television

[edit] TV movies and mini-series

[edit] Series

  • Dark Shadows (1968)
  • Groovie Goolies (1970)
  • The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971) Billy Van portrayed amongst his many characters the Wolfman, a rock and roll loving disc jockey for Castle Frightenstein's EECH radio station. He was based on the character Wolfman Jack and loved to dance against a psychedelic background in silhouette.
  • Monster Squad (1976)
  • Fangface (1978)
  • The Drak Pack (1980)
  • Teen Wolf (1986), animated show based on the film
  • Werewolf (1987)
  • Gravedale High (1990)
  • She-Wolf of London (1991 - 1992) called Love and Curses for the last six episodes
  • Monster Force (1994), features a wolfman as one of protagonists fighting against the evil Creatures of the Night, as well as an evil werewolf fighting alongside the Creatures
  • Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003) features a likeable young werewolf, Daniel "Oz" Osbourne, who often assisted Buffy in fighting evil while in human form, and had himself locked in a cage during the full moon. During one of Oz's wolf phases, which takes place the night before, during and the night after the full moon, he copulated with a werewolf female. This werewolf was Veruca, a lead singer in a band called "Shy". Veruca was able to retain the memories of her experiences during her transformation and tried to convince Oz to embrace his werewolf persona rather than contain it. Veruca sought out Willow, intending to kill her, and would have if not for Oz, who (as a werewolf) fought and killed Veruca. Oz later returned with the power to resist the werewolf transformation, except under extreme emotional stress. The spin-off, Angel, established that there are other breeds of werewolves, similar to dogs.
  • Darkstalkers (1997), features the werewolf character Jon Talbain.
  • Big Wolf on Campus (1999) is a TV series about a teenager called Thomas "Tommy" P. Dawkins who was bitten during a camping trip by a werewolf. After subsequently turning into a werewolf himself, he regularly fights against an array of enemies in order to keep his neighborhood safe.
  • Wolf Lake (2001)
  • Magipoka is an anime that features Liru, a female werewolf who is one of the four protagonists in a series also involving a witch, a vampire, and an updated version of Frankenstein's monster.
  • The Mummy: The Animated Series (2001) In the episode Howl, whilst the O'Connors are visiting Ireland, they are attacked by a malicious wolf pack which are revealed to be lycanthropes after Rick is bitten during the attack and becomes a werewolf himself.
  • Ben 10 (2005) In Benwolf, an evil werewolf-like alien known as a Loboan attacks Ben. During his attack, instead of getting bitten, Ben's Omnitrix get scratched, causing him to turn into a Loboan himself. This form is known as BenWolf.
  • Tom and Jerry Tales (2006) In Monster Con, after a werewolf bites Tom's rear, he becomes a werewolf himself.
  • Supernatural (TV series) features a wide array of supernatural beings, including werewolves. The plot of the episode 'Heart' (2.17) centers around a werewolf.
  • The X-Files features a werewolf-like creature called a "manitou" as well as references to lycanthropy in the Season 1 episode "Shapes"
  • Kamen Rider Kiva features Jiro, the last of a werewolf-like race called the Wolfen.

[edit] Comics

  • In Marvel Comics, Wolfsbane is a mutant with the power of lycanthropy. She has been a member of various X-Men teams such as The New Mutants, X-Factor, and most recently X-Force.
  • Another X-Men related character with werewolf-powers is Wolf Cub, who is associated with the New X-Men, and currently the Young X-Men.
  • Werewolf, whose fur color changed from white to brown halfway through the series, is Monster in My Pocket #3. His human form is never shown, but he is among the good monsters in all incarnations. He was silent in the comics save for howls, but said to be very intelligent. When directed by a little girl named Teresa, who thought he was an anthropomorphic dog doll, to sit, he grabbed a chair.
  • Hyper Police (MEE)/Tokyopop (Batanen and Tommy(Tomy) Fujioka are werewolves and cousins as bounty hunters in this series.
  • Crescent Moon (manga) (Haruko Iida/Red Entertainment, 2000-present) (The character Akira Yamabuki is a happy-go-lucky werewolf who is also an excellent chef. Unlike the usual werewolves of modern lore, his transformational state is not induced by a full moon. He himself can choose when to induce the transformation.)
  • Fables (Vertigo, 2002-present) (The character Bigby Wolf, the Big Bad Wolf of fairy tales, is a wolf that can become human or anthropomorhic due to lycanthropy).
  • Werewolf by Night (Marvel Comics, 1971-4) features the character Jack Russell, a play on words to the breed of dog Jack Russell Terriers. This character also has a niece who is half werewolf and half vampire, going by the name Vampire by Night.
  • In the DC Comics Green Lantern title one of the supporting characters is named Arkkis Chummuck, who is an alien form of werewolf.
  • Marvel comics character John Jameson transforms into the werewolf-like Man-Wolf.
  • Link briefly turns into a werewolf like creature in the comic book adaptation of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past when he enters the Dark World (although this is only a silhouette). When his arm touches the world, it also becomes wolf-like.
  • Lycanthropes are frequently featured in Fred Perry's Manga Gold Digger. They vary in species, from were-wolves to were-cheetahs. As well as basic animal and human forms, they can also change at will to a third 'hybrid' form, in which they retain their animal colouring and strength, but also basic human shape.
  • Jean Jacquemonde from Spriggan has lycanthrope roots in his DNA. His estranged father, Rick Bordeau, is the carrier of the lycanthrope gene in his family. Later on, Jean's DNA is acquired by Trident as part of their biological weapons program.
  • The Captain, a member of the Millennium organization in Kouta Hirano's manga Hellsing is a werewolf, possibly the last of his kind; and, ironically, a member of the German Werwolf.
  • The criminal Megil the Pharmacist uses a lycanthropazine drug to transform himself into a werewolf in the Battle Angel Alita manga.
  • In the manga Tarot Cafe, a teenage boy named Aron is turned into a werewolf by accident. He does not remember anything while in wolf form and is locked up.
  • The Astounding Wolf-Man is a comic book series published by Image Comics written by Robert Kirkman. It's the story of a man named Gary Hampton who tries to deal with his "were-wolfism" by becoming a superhero. Within his costume are devices that store up moonlight buying him time to hide before the sun causes him to transform back into human form.
  • High Moon is a werewolf western webcomic by David Gallaher and Steve Ellis. It was the winning entry in November of 2007 for DC's Zuda imprint.

[edit] Games

  • In Mortal Kombat 3, Nightwolf transform into a wolf for his "animality", a new feature that was introduced to the Mortal Kombat franchise in this game.
  • L. Lee Cerny and Bradley K. McDevitt, Night Life (Stellar Games, 1990) has three editions to date, a few supplements.
  • Mark Rein-Hagen, Werewolf: The Apocalypse (White Wolf, Inc., 1992) has two editions, innumerable supplements, and a short story collection (When Will You Rage?, edited by Stewart Wieck). Players roleplay various werewolf characters who work on behalf of Gaia against the destructive supernatural spirit named Wyrm, who represents the forces of destructive industrialization and pollution. Werewolves are born out of a union of werewolf and either human or wolf. They can change between 5 different shapes that range from human over monstrous-anthropomorphic states to lupine. In lupine shape they can be accepted by a wolf pack.
  • Werewolf: The Forsaken is a new werewolf game created by White Wolf Studios as a successor to Werewolf: The Apocalypse. Some concepts are similar, but the plot is much different. Although the werewolves played by the players are still (usually) the heroes, they no longer face the encroach of the Wyrm and now act more as secret defenders of the mortal world from encroaching spirits, and are often besieged by entirely different werewolf tribes called The Pure.
  • Mike Tinney and Stewart Wieck, Rage (White Wolf, Inc., 1995). The card game inspired a couple of novels from White Wolf: Breathe Deeply by Don Bassingthwaite and The Silver Crown by Bill Bridges. Rage was based upon the tabletop RPG Werewolf: The Apocalypse.
  • 1995 Sierra On-Line game The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery is an adventure game which has the lead character, Gabriel Knight, investigating murders around Munich, Germany that are purported to be the work of a werewolf.
  • Werewolf: The Last Warrior (1990) by Data East was a side-scrolling NES game in which the main character is a werewolf with blades for arms.
  • Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness for the Nintendo 64 game system featured the werewolves Cornell and Ortega as central characters in 1999.
  • Killer Instinct, a Rare arcade fighting game, features a werewolf called Sabrewulf.
  • Darkstalkers features a werewolf called Jon Talbain (also known as Gallon).
  • The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall allows the player to become a werewolf or wereboar. Lycanthropy was initially absent from Daggerfall's sequel, Morrowind, but was a central plot point of Morrowind's second expansion pack, Bloodmoon.
  • Discworld Noir features a protagonist who becomes a werewolf partway through the game.
  • In The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, Link transforms into a wolf in some parts of the game, when he enters the mysterious Twilight Realm. The transformation is involuntary, but unlike true lycanthropy, he retains his will and intellectual capacity. Halfway through the game the player gains the option to change Link into his wolf form and back again at will.
  • In the upcoming Nintendo DS game, Tales of the Tempest, a werewolf race, the Lycanth, named after the word "Lycanthropy" are apparently persecuted by a powerful theocracy.
  • Golden Sun: The Lost Age for the Game Boy Advance features a village of werewolves who are able to channel Wind Psynergy (Jupiter). The village is called Garoh. Also, across the world map are many enemies who resemble werewolves.
  • Yugo Ogami, one of the playable characters in the Bloody Roar fighting series is a werewolf. In fact, the entire cast of fighters have various beast forms.
  • Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen uses the concept of the werewolf as an interest fighting unit, whose power increases dramatically during a 'night phase'.
  • One of the main characters, Kevin is an unfortunate half-werewolf in Seiken Densetsu 3.
  • In the Xbox and personal computer game Fable, a Balverine is like a werewolf, with a weakness towards silver and turning others by bites.
  • In Konami's 2000 roleplaying game, Suikoden II, a recruitable NPC, Bob, has the ability to turn into a werewolf for three rounds.
  • In Dungeons and Dragons, lycanthropy is an acquired character template.
  • The Druid character class in Diablo II: Lord of Destruction can learn to become a Warewolf.
  • In The Sims 2 Pets expansion pack, your sim can become a werewolf.
  • In Lionhead's The Movies, werewolves can be featured as characters in your movies.
  • In the Nintendo DS video game Castlevania: Portrait of Ruin, a werewolf is one of the bosses that fights Jonathan and Charlotte.
  • In the new Sonic game, Sonic Unleashed Sonic's new form is that of a werewolf like creature.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Colin Wilson (1986) "Werewolves" in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural edited by Jack Sullivan
  2. ^ Brian Frost (1973) Book of the Werewolf: 29
  3. ^ The Werewolf in Literature
  4. ^ J. Squires (1986) "Endore, Guy S." in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural: edited by Jack Sullivan
  5. ^ a b Searles B (1988). Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy. New York: Harry N. Abrams, p. 165-67. ISBN 0-8109-0922-7. 
  6. ^ Douglas Winter (1986) "Writers of Today" in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural edited by Jack Sullivan

[edit] Further reading

  • Black, George Fraser. A List of Works Relating to Lycanthropy. New York: New York Public Library Publications, 1919. (earliest published list of werewolf fiction)
  • Du Coudray, Chantal Bourgault. The Curse of the Werewolf. London : I. B. Tauris, 2006. ISBN 1-84511-158-3 (book on literary symbolism of the werewolf)
  • Flores, Nona C. Animals in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. New York: Garland, 1996. ISBN 0-8153-1315-2 (contains learned commentary on William of Palerne)
  • Frost, Brian J. The Essential Guide to Werewolf Literature. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 2003. ISBN 0-87972-860-4 (contains long lists of novels and short stories, especially pre-1970s ones, with excerpts)
  • Steiger, Brad. The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings. Visible Ink Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57859-078-7 (contains long list of movies, medium list of novels)

[edit] See also

[edit] External links