Water privatisation in South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Water privatisation in South Africa is an extremely contentious issue based on historical trends of denial of access to water and current economic needs. About a third of the South African population has no access to clean water, which has led to disease that has hindered further economic growth. Water is a very scarce resource. Of the 70% of the surface of the earth that is comprised of water, only 1% is drinkable. Today, one billion people do not have adequate access to clean water and sanitation. Organizations like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have made it one of their goals to promote universal water access to all. In the early 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF began actively promoting public utility privatisation. In 1990, private water firms operated in 12 countries. As of 2007, that figure has expanded to over 60 nations with private water enterprise. There are three major players in the private water utility industry: Suez, Veolia Environment, and TWE. Suez and Veolia are French firms with contracts in South Africa. They serve approximately 250 million people with water worldwide and collect annual revenues of €66 Bn combined. The majority of the water utility industry is still municipally owned, creating massive growth potential for private water firms. The industry is valued at $500 Billion and is expected to grow to $3 Trillion in the next decade.
In the developing world, the World Bank or the International Monetary fund generally paves the way for privatisation by providing “conditional” loans to developing nations. The conditions of the loan often include a requirement to partially privatise government owned utilities - or to create stand-alone corporatized utilities at arm's laength from the state - under a philosophy of “full cost recovery.” Under full cost recovery, 100% of all costs of production are transplanted to the consumer. There are typically stepped blocked tariffs introduced which allow some cross-subsidization of water for lw-income households, but these subsidies are generally limited. In the last 15 years, many World Bank loans have contained this kind of condition. After the country accepts the loan, they hold an auction to sell the water utility to the lowest bidder. These auctions are often not well organized and lead to massive price hikes on the part of the private firm that wins the bid. The loan is often used for infrastructure improvements which indirectly benefit the private firm as they will be profiting from the use of those infrastructure improvements.
Contents |
[edit] Pre 1994 elections
Water has been an issue of great concern throughout South Africa's history. As its economy is based on water-intensive industries, the secure and permanent access and distribution of water to industries was always a focus of the government. This included regulating access to well water in the 17th century in the Cape Colony to standardised water prices for miners during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush. However, the most complete legislation over water access in South Africa was passed during the apartheid era in 1965. The Water Act of 1965, as the Act came to be known, granted riparian rights to farmers, mines, and forestry industries for water on, under, or adjacent to their properties. It also provided for below cost water subsidies from the state, who also delivered the water for no cost.
Almost all white communities in South Africa had permanent delivery of clean water, while very few townships had water access. Water access was mostly provided by ad-hoc wells dug by township residents.
[edit] Post-apartheid
When South Africa emerged from decades of apartheid rule in 1994, there were great expectations from previously disadvantaged groups that the ruling African National Congress (ANC) would immediately begin extending government services. As a part of their platform for the first multi-racial general election in South African history, the ANC promised to ensure that all South Africans had permanent access to clean water by 2010. This movement was crystalised in the National Water Act of 1999, which described water access as a fundamental human right. However, the Act also permitted municipalities to privatise their water boards to private companies, which has proved extremely controversial as companies have been accused of price gauging and speculation.
Due to substantial government investment and privatisation schemes, access to drinking water has been improved over the past decade. According to Statistics South Africa, over 86% of the population had access to improved water services in 2000. But such improvements have come at a high price as the government has relied on (full) cost recovery and various forms of privatisation and corporatization to deliver water. As a result of these policies, millions of predominantly low-income households have had their water access cut for nonpayment of services, typically because they cannot afford to pay the increased prices associated with cost recovery. Concurrently a three year cholera epidemic affecting over 100,000 people broke out in 2002, in part because of the introduction of cost recovery and user fees in the water sector which forced many rural homesteads to use contaminated surface water. The same year, the government embarked on an internationally praised project that was designed to provide free water for people. This program provides six kilolitres of water to each household per month, but is widely criticized for being inadequate for large low-income households and for not addressing high costs after the free allocation. According to the World Health Organisation, six kilolitres of water would provide for the very basic needs for a family of eight, but not sufficient for long term survival or a dignified life. Furthermore, only the most advantaged municipalities have been able to fully offer the programme, leaving poor municipalities with a heavier burden. In order to receive sufficient quantities for dignified living poor households spend up to one fourth of their available income on water.
[edit] References
- Postel, Sandra et al. “Dehydrating Conflict.” Foreign Policy. October 2001.
- McDonald, David A, and John Pape, Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery in South Africa, Zed Press, London, 2002.
- Budds, Jessica et al. “Are the debates on water privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.” Environment and Urbanization Vol 15 No 2. October 2003
- McDonald, David A, and Greg Ruiters, The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in Southern Africa, Earthscan Press, London.
