War Rule
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The War Rule is a name used for various Dead Sea Scrolls. For example, the 5 line fragment 11Q14 is known by this name, as is the six-line fragment 4Q285, commonly referred to as the Pierced Messiah text, and 4Q491 the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness.
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[edit] Texts
[edit] War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (4Q491)
The largest contiguous document that is sometimes referred to by the War Rule title however, is the scroll known as the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness.
[edit] The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285)
This six-line fragment, commonly referred to as the "Pierced Messiah" text, is written in a Herodian script of the first half of the 1st Century and refers to a Messiah from the Branch of David, to a judgement, and to a killing. Hebrew is comprised primarily of consonants; vowels must be supplied by the reader. The appropriate vowels depend on the context. Thus, the text (line 4) may be translated as "and the Prince of the Congregation, the Branch of David, will kill him," or alternately read as "and they killed the Prince." Because of the second reading, the text was dubbed the "Pierced Messiah." The transcription and translation presented here support the "killing Messiah" interpretation, alluding to a triumphant Messiah (Isaiah 11:4).
In September 1992, "Time Magazine" published an article on the War Rule fragment displayed here (object no. 12) exploring the differing interpretations. A "piercing messiah" reading would support the traditional Jewish view of a triumphant messiah. If, on the other hand, the fragment were interpreted as speaking of a "pierced messiah," it would anticipate the New Testament view of the preordained death of the messiah. The scholarly basis for these differing interpretations--but not their theological ramifications--are reviewed in "A Pierced or Piercing Messiah?"
English Translation of The War Rule (Serekh ha-Milhamah) 4Q285 (SM) Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (12)
- ]Isaiah the prophet: [The thickets of the forest] will be cut [
- down with an axe and Lebanon by a majestic one will f]all. And there shall come forth a shoot from the stump of Jesse [
- ] the Branch of David and they will enter into judgement with [
- ] and the Prince of the Congregation, the Bran[ch of David] will kill him [
- by stroke]s and by wounds. And a Priest [of renown (?)] will command [
- the s]lai[n] of the Kitti[m]
Transcription and translation by G. Vermes
[edit] References
- Vermes, G. "The Oxford Forum for Qumran Research: Seminar on the Rule of the War from Cave 4 (4Q285)," Journal of Jewish Studies 43 (Spring 1992):85-90.
- Richard N. Ostling Is Jesus in the Dead Sea Scrolls? Time (September 21, 1992) Unbound serial. Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of Congress.
- James D. Tabor A Pierced or Piercing Messiah? -- The Verdict is Still Out Biblical Archaeology Review 18 (November - December 1992) Unbound serial. Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library of Congress.
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