Wamba
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Wamba[1] (died 687) was the king of the Visigoths in Hispania (Iberian Peninsula) from 672 to 680.
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[edit] History
[edit] Military events
Some weeks after ascending the throne in 672 Wamba had to face a revolt from Hilderic, governor of Nimes, who had himself aspired to the kingship. Hilderic was supported by Gunhild, Bishop of Maguelonne, and a large body of Jews eager to rise up against their persecution. So Wamba sent Flavius Paulus, an Hispano-Roman duke, to put down the hostilities. But upon his arrival at Narbonne, Flavius Paulus became a rebel himself, inducing his officers to renounce their loyalty to Wamba. Soon his army elected him king and he was joined by Hilderic and his followers.
Flavius Paulus then sent emissaries to the Basques, inciting them to rebellion as well, which forced Wamba to personally lead an army into the western Pyrenees and reduce the Basques to submission.
A few weeks into his rebellion Flavius Paulus was crowned by his supporters using a golden crown given by the late King Reccared to the church of Gerona. With this, the Visigothic cities in Gaul and a large part of northeastern Hispania came over to Paulus' side. The rebellion thus became wide ranging, with nobles opposed to Wamba organizing large units that fought the royal armies in the field. Meanwhile, Jewish revolutionary groups assassinated nobles loyal to the king.
In response, Wamba marched into the Narbonensis and Tarraconensis regions, the center of the revolt, and in a few days turned most of the cities back to his side.
In 673, as part of his efforts against the rebellion, Wamba laid siege to and took Castellum Cauclibéri, a strategic Catalan port located where the Pyrenees reach the Mediterranean (today called Collioure, in the southernmost corner of France). Following this, and a signal naval victory on the coast, the rebellion was isolated from its external supporters amongst Jewish commercial interests and Islamic piratical groups.
When Wamba moved on Narbonne, Paulus placed a general, Wittimer, over that city and retired himself to Nimes. But Wamba's forces quickly subdued Narbonne and then, after some difficulty, secured the surrender of Nimes on September 3, 673. This included the surrender of Paulus and the other rebel leaders who, three days later, were brought to trial and, for their crimes, scalped and imprisoned for life.
With the rebellion thus put down, the Jews of Narbonne were expelled the same year. There was also a formal expulsion of all Jews in the kingdom who didn't convert to Christianity on grounds of the particular ferocity of the Jewish revolutionaries and of their community's noted support for the rebellion.
A period of peace followed and, in 674, Wamba rebuilt the Roman walls around Toledo. He also fortified other sites about this time, such as Hondarribia (Fuenterrabia) [1], a small village in Spain on a little promontory facing the French border over the Txingurri bay.
Also during his reign Wamba brought the Astures and Ruccones (Luggones) under his control and incorporated them into a new province. They had been fighting for their independence since the Visigothic invasions of the fifth century but now finally relented.
But the initial rebellion had weakened the kingdom and thus opened the door to a newer foe, Saracen raiders. The Chronicle of Alfonso III says, “In Wamba’s time, 270 Saracen ships attacked the coast of Hispania and there all of them were burned.” A single attack of this size is doubtful, however, because no other source mentions it. But it is reasonable to believe that there were a number of smaller Muslim raids. As the Chronicle of 754, which gives extensive detail of Wamba’s reign, declares, Moors “had long been raiding" Andalusia "and simultaneously devastating many cities.”
Indeed, the law books and decrees of the time reveal a substantial erosion of domestic tranquility and order as Islamic raids increased, further shaking up the diverse kingdom. In the Visigothic law books, Wamba decrees that all the people, regardless of their religion and even if they are clergy, are required to defend the kingdom if it is attacked by a foreign foe. This law was created to solve a problem of desertion: “For, whenever an enemy invades the provinces of our kingdom . . . [many of] those who inhabit the border . . . disappear so that, by this means, there is no mutual support in battle." This rationale implies a frequency of raids.
That the people were often unwilling to defend the kingdom is further shown by another of Wamba's edicts, one in which slaves were freed in order to fill the ranks of the army. This suggests not only a shortage of volunteers from among the Hispano-Romans who made up the bulk of the population ruled by the Visigothic lords but also an army heavy in conscripts or the coerced.
During a civil war, caused in part by his efforts to make needed reforms in the structure of the military, Wamba was poisoned in Pampliega, near Burgos, under the direction of Erwig, who succeeded him as king. This was done with the complicity of Julian of Toledo, who was made primate of the Visigothic church in reward for his services. But Julian perpetuated the memory of Wamba in a biography, Historia Wambae regís.
From this point on, the Kingdom of the Visigoths was torn by civil strife and beset by an unmistakable decadence of the monarchy. Manners were relaxed and immorality increased. This general decline ended only with the demise of the kingdom from the Islamic conquest of Hispania of 711.
[edit] Religious events
In 675 the Third Council of Braga was held in Braga (Bracara), Hispania. This Catholic conclave promulgated eight decrees affecting ritual, the handling of sacred vessels, who may and may not live with a priest, unacceptable forms of punishment of clergy, and unacceptable forms of payment of clergy and rectors. In the same year, the Eleventh Council of Toledo was convened in November.
Wamba was a reformist king who, according to Charles Julian Bishko, "tried to set up at Aquis (Chaves) in Lusitania a monastic see of the same type as Dume–Braga, i. e., involving the sort of episcopus sub regula associated with early pactualism, this manoeuvre was successfully blocked by the metropolitan church of Emérita with the full support of the fathers of the XIIth Council of Toledo (681)."
[edit] Legend
[edit] Birthplace
Wamba was, according to one tradition, born in Egitânia, a modest village surrounded by Roman walls that is today called Idanha-a-Velha and located to the northeast of Castelo Branco in Portugal. A Spanish tradition has him born in Galicia in the parish of Santa María de Dozón in an old house with a shield.
The most famous tradition, however, has him born and raised in Pujerra (or Buxarra as it was once called) in the Málaga Province, an Andalusian mountain village, nestled amid forests of chestnut trees, near the Genal river in southern Spain. Nearby are the ruins of Molino de Capilla (Mill of the Chapel), close to which once lay the village of Cenay, which a few say was the actual birthplace.
[edit] Kingship
There are at least two legends associated with how Wamba became king.
One begins with Wamba's father, king of the Visigoths, who in this story was also named Wamba. Two women of his court, a servant girl and a noble lady, suspiciously became pregnant at the same time. So, to avoid a scandal that might implicate the king, particularly regarding the noble lady, both women were forced to flee the capital. They somehow found their way to the Andalusian village which, because it was so well hidden in the forest, provided an ideal place for secret births. After some months both women brought forth boys, and both boys were placed in the servant girl's care to be raised in that remote area.
Many years rolled by. Then, when the time came to groom a successor for the king, there seemed to be no suitable heir. But the king, or someone at court, remembered the two illegitimate children. So soldiers were dispatched to the village to find the one who was the royal heir. Shortly after their arrival, amid the chestnuts, they overheard a peasant woman call to her son. His name was Wamba. Immediately the soldiers knew they had come upon the youth they sought. He was tending cattle with a stick.
The soldiers approached and declared, "You are the rightful king and we must ask you to come with us to the palace." But Wamba was unwilling, or at least pretended to be. So he took his stick and thrust it into the ground, saying, "I will only accept the throne if this stick takes root." The stick he carried, however, was of chopo or black poplar, which easily takes root in fertile soil. Thus, when it began to grow, Wamba agreed to go with the soldiers to become the new king of the Visigoths, being elected and crowned in what is today the tiny village of Wamba in the region around Madrid.
A second legend is related by Charles Morris in Historical Tales, the Romance of Reality: Spanish. In this version, instead of being a boy, Wamba was an old man of the village, owning land and possessions there. The year was 672.
- In those days, when a king died and left no son, the Goths elected a new one, seeking their best and worthiest, and holding the election in the place where the old king had died. It was in the little village of Gerticos, some eight miles from the city of Valladolid, that King Recesuinto [a.k.a. Recceswinth] had sought health and found death. Hither came the electors,—the great nobles, the bishops, and the generals,—and here they debated who should be king. . . .
Saint Leo, declaring he had been given divine guidance, instructed the electors to seek out a husbandman named Wamba. So scouts were dispersed throughout the land until, at length, Wamba was found tilling one of his fields.
- "Leave your plough in the furrow," they said to him; "nobler work awaits you. You have been elected king of Hispania."
- "There is no nobler work," answered Wamba. "Seek elsewhere your monarch. I prefer to rule over my fields."
- The astonished heralds knew not what to make of this. To them the man who would not be king must be a saint—or an idiot. They reasoned, begged, implored, until Wamba, anxious to get rid of them, said,—
- "I will accept the crown when the dry rod in my hand grows green again,—and not till then."
Then a miracle happened. After he thrust it into the ground, all were astonished to see it suddenly become a green plant with leaves growing out of the top. Heaven had decided the matter. So Wamba "went with the heralds to the electoral congress." Once there, however, he again tried to refuse the throne. At this, one of the Visigothic chieftains drew his sword and threatened to behead Wamba if he didn't accept the crown. Wamba relented and consented.
The legend of the stick thrust into the ground is also associated with the town of Guimarães, southwest of Braga in the Costa Verde of Portugal (the northwest corner of the country). There, because Wamba never withdrew the stick afterwards, it is said it grew into an olive tree. Though the tree is now gone, the site is marked either by the monastery of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira (Our Lady of the Olive) or the Largo da Oliveria town square, each named for the legendary tree.
[edit] Saint Giles
In a tenth century Life of Saint Giles, written for the benefit of pilgrims, a legend is recorded about how, one day, when King Wamba (also known as Flavius) was out hunting in the forest between Arles and Nîmes in Provence, he began to pursue a hind. The animal fled, seeking refuge in the cave where Giles the hermit was quietly praying. (In some versions of the story, the hind, provided by God, was Giles' sole companion and sustained him on its milk.) Wamba shot his arrow into the opening. But he missed the hind, striking Giles instead, wounding him in the leg and causing a permanent disability. The king's hunting dogs then rushed in for the kill. But when Wamba arrived he found his dogs miraculously rooted to the spot. Discovering what he had done, he begged forgiveness and tried to make amends. But Giles continued his prayers, refusing all help or recompense. The king nonetheless had doctors care for the wound. He also offered Giles the land upon which to build a monastery. But Giles refused.
Over time, however, because of the saint's fame as a sage and miracle worker, multitudes gathered at his cave. So, around 674, Wamba built them a monastery. Giles became its first abbot. Soon a little town grew up there, known as Saint-Gilles-du-Gard.
Because of this tradition, Giles became the patron saint of cripples, lepers, and nursing mothers. His emblem is an arrow. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that the king in this story must have originally been a Frank, "since the Franks had expelled the Visigoths from the neighbourhood of Nimes almost a century and a half earlier."
[edit] Loss of the crown
Charles Morris writes that, during Wamba's reign:
- One ambitious noble named Paul, who thought it would be an easy thing to take the throne from an old man who had shown so plainly that he did not want it, rose in rebellion. He soon learned his mistake. Wamba met him in battle, routed his army, and took him prisoner. Paul expected nothing less than to have his head stricken off, but Wamba simply ordered that it should be shaved.
A shaved or tonsured head was the mark of one who had assumed monastic orders, which meant the man "could not serve as king or chieftain, but must spend the remainder of his days in seclusion as a monk."
Later an ambitious youth named Erwig, pursuing the overthrow of the king, administered a sleeping potion. While Wamba was under, Erwig shaved the crown of his head. As before, Gothic law was clear. Wamba could no longer be king. So he accepted this change and happily became a monk, abdicating the throne on October 14, 680, to live out the last seven years of his life in seclusion from the world (dying in 687). Erwig became king in his place.
- Thus it was that Wamba the husbandman first became king and afterwards monk. In all his stations—farmer, king, and monk—he acquitted himself well and worthily, and his name has come down to us from the mists of time as one of those rare men of whom we know little, but all that little good.
[edit] Bibliography
- Charles Julian Bishko, "Portuguese Pactual Monasticism in the Eleventh Century: The Case of São Salvador De Vacariça," Estudos de História de Portugal: Homenagen a A.H. de Oliveira Margues (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1982).
- Henry Bradley, The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain, chapter 33. Second edition, 1883, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Julian of Toledo, Historia Wambae regís, in Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, V, 486-535; and cf. Dahn, Könige der Germanen, V, 207-212; 217-18; R. Altamira, Cambridge Medieval History, II, 179.
- Charles Morris, Historical Tales, the Romance of Reality: Spanish. 1898, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
[edit] Notes
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Recceswinth |
King of the Visigoths 672 – 680 |
Succeeded by Erwig |
