Walter Roth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article or section appears to have been copied and pasted from a source, possibly in violation of a copyright. Please edit this article to remove any copyrighted text and to be an original source, following the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. Remove this template after editing. |
Walter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was an English anthropologist and physician, active in Australia.
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Roth was born in London, sixth child of Dr. Mathias Roth (a physician and naturalised Hungarian refugee) and his wife Anna Maria née Collins. He was educated initially at the College Mariette, at Boulogne[1], and at Paris, France and later in Germany. Like his brothers Henry Ling Roth and Reuter Emerich Roth, at University College School. He studied biology at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was a contemporary of Sir Baldwin Spencer, and undertook medical training at St Thomas's Hospital, London.
[edit] Early career
Roth came to Australia in late 1887 and in 1889 taught at Brisbane Grammar School and Brisbane Technical College before becoming the first director of the South Australian School of Mines and Industries (1889-90). In 1890 he was assistant master at Sydney Grammar School, then returned to London (1891) to complete his medical training (M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 1892).
By mid-1892 Roth was serving as a locum for his brother Reuter in Sydney. He then practised medicine as surgeon to the Bonlia, Cloncurry[1] and Normanton hospitals in north-west Queensland from 1894, being appointed government medical officer at Normanton (1896-97). He was interested in numismatics and published a series of articles for The Queenslander in 1895; his collection was eventually donated to the Australian Museum, Sydney.
[edit] Protector of Aborigines
His interest in Aboriginal anthropology was firmly established by 1894. He developed, however, essentially as an ethnographer, recording the cultures he observed rather than theorising about them.
He was appointed the first Northern Protector of Aborigines in 1898 and was based in Cooktown, Queensland. In 1904-06 he was Chief Protector and part of his duties was to record Aboriginal cultures.
Roth published 18 ethnographic bulletins, based on his official reports, on various aspects of Aboriginal culture. His monograph of 1897, Ethnological Studies Among North-West Central Queensland Aborigines, was the first of its kind in Australia and established his international reputation.[2]
The first three of his Bulletins on North Queensland ethnography were published in 1901, numbers 4 to 8 appearing between 1902 and 1906. In 1905 he was appointed a royal commissioner to inquire into the condition of the aborigines of Western Australia, and in 1906 he was made government medical officer, stipendiary magistrate. The remainder of Roth's bulletins on North Queensland ethnology, began to appear in the Records of the Australian Museum at Sydney in 1905; and numbers 9 to 18 will be found in volumes VI to VIII. He was given charge of the Demerara River, Rupununi, and north-western districts in 1915.
[edit] British Guiana
In 1906 Roth was made protector of Indians in the Pomeroon district of British Guiana. In 1924 his valuable An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published at the government printing office at Washington, U.S.A., appended to the Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Though called an introductory study this is an elaborate work of well over 300,000 words with hundreds of illustrations. A volume of Additional Studies of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published in 1929 as Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Roth retired from the government service in 1928, and became curator of the Georgetown museum of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, and government archivist. Towards the end of his life he translated and edited Richard Schomburgh's Travels in British Guiana.[1]
[edit] Professional recognition and awards
In 1902 Roth was president of the anthropology section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1904 he was elected to the anthropological societies of Berlin and of Florence and was appointed Queensland correspondent for the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (honorary fellow, 1931). The Royal Society of New South Wales awarded him the (W. B.) Clarke medal in 1909. [2]
The Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology in Georgetown, Guyana has been named in his honour.
[edit] Controversies
According to Barrie Reynolds of James Cook University:
- "Roth proved a vigorous Protector...earn[ing] for himself the hostility of the local European residents of north Queensland that was to erupt in 1905 in a public petition for his dismissal." [3]
Roth was involved in an incident where he "paid" an Aboriginal couple to demonstrate a sexual position of which he then took photographs. In 1904 and 1905, speeches in the Queensland Parliament on this and other aspects of his work were said to form "a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower".[4]
- “Hansard teemed with speeches delivered against the administration of Dr Roth until they had a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower, and the Minister brushed everything aside as he would a fly from his aristocratic nose.”[5].
Although Roth defended his actions by stating the photograph was taken for purely scientific purposes only, [6] the controversy led to his resignation on the grounds of ill health and departure for British Guiana (as it was then known) in 1906.
Dr Pringle writes of the episode that in her view:
- Forcing, or persuading, Aborigines to perform sexual acts like performing bears for a white male audience fits squarely even within then current criteria of enslavement, a heinous crime that shocks the conscience of mankind then and now.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Percival Serle:'Roth, Walter Edmund. Dictionary of Australian Biography. Angus and Robertson (1949). Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- ^ a b Barrie Reynolds (1988). Roth, Walter Edmund (1861 - 1933). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 11 463-464. MUP. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- ^ Roth, W. (1984) The Queensland Aborigines, 1984 facsimile edition, Queensland Government Printer; originally Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines (1897).
- ^ Dr Helen Pringle, The Fabrication of Female Genital Mutilation: The UN, Walter Roth and Ethno-Pornography, http://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/Pringle.pdf
- ^ Mr Lesina, Queensland Parliamentary Debates (QPD), 24 November 1905, 1810
- ^ According to Roth: "The description and illustration of the posture assumed in the sexual act was of the highest anthropological interest in that it in large measure defended my thesis that the mutilation known as Sturt's terrible rite, or sub-incision (by Professor Stirling) or intro-cision (by myself) did not act as had hitherto been supposed as a preventive to procreation...The photograph was taken for purely scientific purposes only and is one of a series (defecation, micturition, tree climbing, sitting, standing) of natural postures which every anthropologist makes inquiry about, with a view to ascertaining the connections (if any) between the highest apes and the lowest types of man." Roth to Bishop White, 19 June 1904, QSA A/58850, tabled in QPD, xcii, 13 July 1904, 585. Bishop White wrote to Roth on 3 June 1904, and Roth’s reply is dated 19 June 1904. White telegrammed that he was satisfied with Roth’s explanation, letter of 8 July 1904.
[edit] External links
| Awards | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Walter Howchin |
Clarke Medal 1909 |
Succeeded by William Harper Twelvetrees |
