Volleyball at the Summer Olympics
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Volleyball has been contested as an indoor sport at the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced at the 1992 Games, and has been an official Olympic sport since 1996.
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[edit] History
[edit] Origins
The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. Consideration of its addition to the Olympic program, however, was given only after World War II, with the foundation of the FIVB and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964.
The volleyball Olympic tournament was originally a simple competition, whose format paralleled the one still employed in the World Cup: all teams played against each other team and then were ranked by wins, set average and point average. One disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the end of the games, making the audience lose interest in the outcome of the remaining matches.
To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases: a "final round" was introduced, consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. Since its creation in 1972, this new system has become the standard for the volleyball Olympic tournament, and is usually referred to as the "Olympic format".
The number of teams involved in the games has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, both men's and women's indoor events count 12 participant nations. Each of the five continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in the Olympic Games.
Beach volleyball was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics, and was introduced as an official Olympic event in 1996. A total of 24 teams participate in each beach volleyball Olympic tournament. Teams qualify on the basis of their performance in FIVB events over the course of approximately 18 months leading up to the Olympics. There is a limit of two teams per country, and one spot each is reserved for the host country and a randomly chosen wildcard country. In the event that any continent is not represented, the highest ranked team from that continent qualifies for the tournament.
[edit] Men's indoor volleyball
The first two editions of the volleyball Olympic tournament were won by the Soviet Union Third in 1964 and runner-up in 1968, Japan won gold in 1972. In 1976, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the back row attack, helped Poland win the competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-setter.
In 1980, many of the strongest teams in men's volleyball belonged to the Eastern Bloc, so the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these events as it had on the women's. The USSR collected their third Olympic gold medal with a 3-1 victory over Bulgaria.
With a Soviet-led boycott in 1984, the United States confirmed their new volleyball leadership in the Western World by sweeping smoothly over Brazil at the finals. In that edition a minor nation, Italy, won its first medal, but wouldn't rise to prominence in volleyball for some years.
A long-awaited confrontation between the western and eastern volleyball leaders came in 1988: powerplayers Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons pushed the USA to a second gold medal setting the issue in favor of the Americans.
In 1992, Brazil upset favorites Unified Team, Netherlands, and Italy for a first Olympic championship. Runner-up Netherlands, with Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen, came back in the following edition for a five-set win, again over Italy. In spite in their success in other competitions, Italy did not fare well at the Olympics. After winning bronze in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro, led by Vladimir and Nikola Grbic, beat Russia at the finals in 2000 to secure the gold (in 1996 and 2000 they played under the name Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).
In 2004, Brazil beat Italy in the final, adding a second gold medal to its record and confirming its role as a superpower of 2000s.
Gold medals seem more evenly distributed in men's volleyball than in women's: former Soviet Union has three; United States and Brazil, two; the remaining four editions of the Volleyball Olympic Tournament were won each by a different country. The remaining main major force, Italy, is runner-up to the USSR in total number of medals, but still lacks a gold medal.
[edit] Women's indoor volleyball
The opening edition of the volleyball Olympic tournament, in 1964, was won by Japan, the host nation. There followed two victories in a row by the Soviet Union, in 1968 and 1972. Japan came back again in 1976 for one last Olympic gold before losing the status of volleyball superpower.
The American-led boycott of the 1980 Games left many strong volleyball nations like Japan and South Korea out of the games. As a result, the USSR easily secured a third Olympic gold medal.
In 1984, the Eastern bloc was, in its turn, boycotting the games, and once more many strong volleyball nations like the USSR, East Germany and Cuba did not participate. In spite of this, and much to the distress of local fans, host nation USA lost the finals in straight sets to a communist nation, China. With eastern and western nations again involved in the Olympics, the USSR obtained a remarkable victory over Peru after trailing 0-2 in 1988's finals. This was the most dramatic female match according to the official FIVB's first century tape.
1992 saw a new force go down in Olympic history: organized under the name Unified Team, the remnants of former Soviet Union went as far as the finals, but did not resist the power play of the young, rising Cuban squad. Led by superstars Mireya Luis and Regla Torres, Cuba would eventually set the record for consecutive wins in the Olympic Games by also taking the gold in 1996 and 2000.
In 2004, the winner was once again China. Second was Russia who beat Brazil in a very tough semifinal match.
The eleven editions of the Volleyball Olympic Tournament were won by only four different countries: Soviet Union, Cuba, China and Japan.
[edit] Men's beach volleyball
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[edit] Women's beach volleyball
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[edit] Competition formula
[edit] Indoor volleyball
The indoor volleyball Olympic tournament has a very stable competition formula. The following rules apply:
- Twelve teams participate in each event.
- Host nations are always pre-qualified.
- Three teams qualify through the World Cup.
- Five teams qualify as winners of contintental qualification tournaments.
- The three remaining berths are decided in world qualification tournaments.
- The competition has two phases.
- For the first phase, called qualification round, teams are ranked by the FIVB World Rankings and then divided in two pools of six teams using the serpentine system. The host nation is always ranked 1.
- At the qualification round, each team plays one match against all other teams in its pool. Top four teams in each pool advance, the remaining two leave the competition.
- At the second phase, usually called final round, teams play quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.
- For the final round, matches are organized according to the results obtained in the qualification round. Let the top four teams in each pool be A1, A2, A3, A4; B1, B2, B3, B4. Quarterfinals would then be: A1xB4; A2xB3; A3xB2; A4xB1.
- Winners of quarterfinals play semifinals as follows: (A1/B4) x (A3/B2); (A2/B3) x (A4xB1).
- At the finals, winners of semifinals play for the gold, and losers for the bronze.
- The tournament implements very tight line-up restrictions: only twelve players are allowed, and no replacement is permitted, even in case of injuries.
[edit] Beach volleyball
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Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. |
- 24 teams participate in each event
- Teams qualify by accumulating points in FIVB Olympic Qualification Tournaments
- 1 host nation team is prequalified
- At most 2 teams from any country may qualify (not counting the host nation's guaranteed berth)
- In the event of an unrepresented continent, the top team from that continent will qualify
- Each team consists of exactly 2 players--no substitutions
- Teams are divided into 6 pools of 4 teams each
- Top 16 teams after pool play participate in a single-elimination tournament, with a play-off for third place
[edit] Medal tables
[edit] Indoor volleyball
[edit] Men
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[edit] Women's
[edit] Beach volleyball
[edit] Men's
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 1996 Atlanta |  Charles "Karch" Kiralyand Kent Steffes (USA) |
Michael Dodd and Mike Whitmarsh (USA) |
 John Childand Mark Heese (CAN) |
| 2000 Sydney | Dain Blanton and Eric Fonoimoana (USA) |
 Zé Marco de Meloand Ricardo Santos (BRA) |
 Axel Hagerand Jörg Ahmann (GER) |
| 2004 Athens | Ricardo Santos and Emanuel Rego (BRA) |
 Javier Bosmaand Pablo Herrera (ESP) |
 Stefan Kobeland Patrick Heuscher (SUI) |
| 2008 Beijing |
[edit] Women's
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 1996 Atlanta | Jacqueline Silva and Sandra Pires (BRA) |
Monica Rodrigues and Adriana Samuel (BRA) |
 Natalie Cookand Kerri Pottharst (AUS) |
| 2000 Sydney | Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst (AUS) |
Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede (BRA) |
Adriana Samuel and Sandra Pires (BRA) |
| 2004 Athens | Kerri Walsh and Misty May (USA) |
Shelda Bede and Adriana Behar (BRA) |
Holly McPeak and Elaine Youngs (USA) |
| 2008 Beijing |
[edit] Countries ranked by total medals won (beach, indoor, men's, and women's)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Soviet Union (URS) |
7 | 4 | 1 | 12 |
| 2 | United States (USA) |
5 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 3 | Brazil (BRA) |
4 | 5 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 |  Japan (JPN) |
3 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
| 5 |  Cuba (CUB) |
3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 6 |  China (CHN) |
2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 7 |  Netherlands (NED) |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 |  Poland (POL) |
1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 9 | Australia (AUS) |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
 Yugoslavia (YUG) |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 11 |  Russia (RUS) |
0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 12 |  Italy (ITA) |
0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 13 |  East Germany (GDR) |
0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 14 |  Bulgaria (BUL) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 16 | Spain (ESP) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 Unified Team (EUN) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg.png){kind=small} Peru (PER) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 19 |  Argentina (ARG) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Canada (CAN) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Germany (GER) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 South Korea (KOR) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 North Korea (PRK) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Romania (ROU) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Switzerland (SUI) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
[edit] Participating nations
The following tables shows the nations that have participated in Olympic indoor volleyball. For each Games, the final rank of each team is shown, or left blank if the team did not participate in those Games. An equals sign in front of the rank indicates that more than one team tied for that rank. Light grey regions in the table indicate that the nation did not exist with that designation at that time. The right-hand column lists the number of times each country has participated in the Olympic indoor volleyball tournament.
[edit] Men's indoor volleyball
| Nation | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Algeria (ALG) |
12 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Argentina (ARG) |
6 | 3 | 8 | 4 | =5 | 5 | |||||||
| Australia (AUS) |
8 | =11 | 2 | ||||||||||
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium (BEL) |
8 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Brazil (BRA) |
7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 1 | Q | 12 |
| Bulgaria (BUL) |
5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 7 | Q | 7 | |||||
| Canada (CAN) |
9 | 4 | 10 | 3 | |||||||||
| China (CHN) |
7 | Q | 2 | ||||||||||
| Cuba (CUB) |
10 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
| Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | |||||||
 Egypt (EGY) |
10 | 10 | =11 | Q | 4 | ||||||||
 France (FRA) |
8 | 11 | =9 | 3 | |||||||||
| Germany (GER) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
| East Germany (GDR) |
4 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||
| West Germany (FRG) |
11 | 1 | |||||||||||
 Greece (GRE) |
=5 | 1 | |||||||||||
 Hungary (HUN) |
6 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Italy (ITA) |
8 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | Q | 9 | |||
| Japan (JPN) |
3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 6 | Q | 8 | ||||
| South Korea (KOR) |
10 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 10 | =9 | 8 | ||||
 Libya (LBA) |
10 | 1 | |||||||||||
 Mexico (MEX) |
10 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Netherlands (NED) |
8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | =9 | 6 | ||||||
| Poland (POL) |
5 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 11 | =5 | Q | 7 | |||||
| Romania (ROU) |
4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||
| Russia (RUS) |
4 | 2 | 3 | Q | 4 | ||||||||
 Serbia (SRB) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
 Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) |
=5 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Soviet Union (URS) |
1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | ||||||
| Spain (ESP) |
8 | =9 | 2 | ||||||||||
 Sweden (SWE) |
7 | 1 | |||||||||||
 Tunisia (TUN) |
12 | 9 | 12 | 12 | =11 | 5 | |||||||
| Unified Team (EUN) |
7 | 1 | |||||||||||
| United States (USA) |
9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | =11 | 4 | Q | 9 | |||
 Venezuela (VEN) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
| Yugoslavia (YUG) |
6 | 3 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||
| Total Teams | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 124 |
[edit] Women's indoor volleyball
| Nation | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria (ALG) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
| Australia (AUS) |
=9 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Brazil (BRA) |
7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | Q | 8 | ||||
| Bulgaria (BUL) |
3 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Canada (CAN) |
8 | 8 | =9 | 3 | |||||||||
| China (CHN) |
1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 1 | Q | 7 | |||||
 Croatia (CRO) |
7 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Cuba (CUB) |
6 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | Q | 8 | ||||
| Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
6 | 7 | 2 | ||||||||||
 Dominican Republic (DOM) |
=11 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Germany (GER) |
8 | 6 | =9 | 3 | |||||||||
| East Germany (GDR) |
6 | 2 | 5 | 3 | |||||||||
| West Germany (FRG) |
8 | 6 | 2 | ||||||||||
| Greece (GRE) |
=9 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Hungary (HUN) |
5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||
| Italy (ITA) |
=9 | =5 | Q | 3 | |||||||||
| Japan (JPN) |
1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | =9 | =5 | Q | 10 | ||
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
 Kenya (KEN) |
=11 | =11 | 2 | ||||||||||
| North Korea (PRK) |
3 | 1 | |||||||||||
| South Korea (KOR) |
6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 | =5 | 9 | |||
| Mexico (MEX) |
7 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Netherlands (NED) |
6 | 5 | 2 | ||||||||||
| Peru (PER) |
4 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | =11 | =11 | 7 | |||||
| Poland (POL) |
3 | 3 | Q | 3 | |||||||||
| Romania (ROU) |
4 | 8 | 2 | ||||||||||
| Russia (RUS) |
4 | 2 | 2 | Q | 3 | ||||||||
| Serbia (SRB) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
| Spain (ESP) |
8 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Soviet Union (URS) |
2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||
 Ukraine (UKR) |
=11 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Unified Team (EUN) |
2 | 1 | |||||||||||
| United States (USA) |
5 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | =5 | Q | 9 | |||
| Venezuela (VEN) |
Q | 1 | |||||||||||
| Total Teams | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Official website of the FIVB
- Official website of the IOC
- Official website of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games
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