User:Volatile/James Stewart (actor)
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James Maitland "Jimmy" Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was a highly acclaimed American film and stage actor, best known for his homebred, idealistic screen persona. Over the course of his career, he starred in many films widely considered classics and was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one in competition and one life achievement Oscar.
Born to devout Pennsylvanian Presbyterians, he first pursued a career as an architect before being drawn to the theater in college. His first success came as an actor on Broadway, before making his Hollywood debut in 1935. Stewart's career gained momentum after his well-received Frank Capra films, including his Academy Award nominated role in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Throughout his seven decades in Hollywood, Stewart cultivated a versatile career and recognized screen image in such classics as The Philadelphia Story, Harvey, and Vertigo.
Stewart left his mark in a number of different film genres, including screwball comedy, westerns, and suspense thrillers. He worked for a number of renowned directors later in his career, including Alfred Hitchcock, Henry Koster, and Anthony Mann. He was awarded many of the industry's highest honors, including Lifetime Achievement awards from every substantial film organization. He died in 1997, leaving behind a legacy of classic performance and is considered one of the finest actors of the "Golden Age of Hollywood."
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[edit] Life and career
[edit] Early and early career
James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908 to devoutly Presbyterian parents, Alexander and Elizabeth Jackson Stewart, in Indiana, Pennsylvania. The son of a prosperous hardware store owner, he was expected to continue the business, which had been in the family for three generations. The young Stewart was first attracted to aviation, but abandoned dreams of being a pilot to attend Princeton University in 1928. Stewart took quickly to architecture, and was to continue pursuing the field as a graduate student, but he gradually became attracted to the school's drama and music clubs.
His talents led him to be invited to the University Players, a performing arts club comprised of Ivy League musicians and thespians. Taking bit parts in the Players' productions over the summer of 1932, he moved to New York City in the fall, where he shared an apartment with rising actor Henry Fonda and director/playwright Joshua Logan. In November he was cast in his first major stage production, as a chauffeur in the Broadway comedy Goodbye Again, in which he had two lines. The play was a moderate success and brought more substantial stage roles for Stewart, including the 1934 hit, Page Miss Glory, and his first dramatic stage role in Sidney Howard's Yellow Jack.
With several favorably reviewed performances on Broadway, he attracted the interest of MGM, and signed a contract with the company in April of 1935. At first, he had trouble breaking into Hollywood due to his gangly looks and shy, humble screen presence. His first film was the poorly received Spencer Tracy vehicle, The Murder Man, but Rose-Marie, an adaptation of a popular opera, was more successful. After mixed success in film, he received his first substantial part in 1936's After the Thin Man, playing a psychotic killer. Stewart found his footing in Hollywood thanks largely to ex-University Player Margaret Sullavan, who campaigned for Stewart to be her leading man in the 1936 romantic comedy Next Time We Love and rehearsed extensively with him.
[edit] Prewar success
[[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<|thumb|right|175px|Mr. Smith Goes to Washington earned Stewart an Academy Award nomination.]] Stewart began a successful partnership with director Frank Capra in 1938, when he was loaned out to Columbia Pictures to star in You Can't Take It With You. The heartwarming Depression-era film, starring matinee idol Jean Arthur, went on to win the 1939 Best Picture Academy Award. 1939 saw Stewart team with Capra and Arthur again for the political comedy-drama, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Stewart replaced intended star Gary Cooper in the film about an idealistic man thrown into the political arena. Upon the film's October release, it garnered critical praise and became a box office success. For his performance, Stewart was nominated for the first of five Academy Awards for Best Actor. Destry Rides Again, also released that year, became Stewart's first western film, a genre for which he would become famous for later in his career.
1940 saw Stewart and Margaret Sullavan teaming again for two films. The first, the Ernst Lubitsch romantic comedy, The Shop Around the Corner, starred Stewart and Sullavan as co-workers unknowingly involved in a pen-pal romance who cannot stand each other in real life. The Mortal Storm, directed by Frank Borzage, was one of the first blatantly anti-Nazi films to be produced in Hollywood, and featured the pair as a husband and wife caught in turmoil upon Hitler's rise to power. He also starred opposite Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant in George Cukor's classic The Philadelphia Story. His performance as an intrusive, fast-talking reporter earned him his only Academy Award in a competitive category (Best Actor, 1941).
He went on to appear in a series of screwball comedies with varying levels of success. Stewart followed the mediocre No Time for Comedy (1940) and Come Live with Me (1941) with the Judy Garland musical Ziegfeld Girl and the George Marshall romantic comedy Pot o' Gold. Foreseeing war on the horizon, Stewart enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps in March of 1941. Stewart's enlistment coincided with the lapse in his MGM contract and marked a turning point in Stewart's career.
[edit] Wartime activity and marriage
Raised in a politically conservative family, Stewart was quick to realize the extent of the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime in Germany. Nearly a year before the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Stewart enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, having already been a licensed pilot. At first, Stewart's enlistment was denied due to a weight restriction (Stewart was too thin). He gained weight, however, and successfully enlisted in the army in March of that year. Since the United States had yet to declare war on Germany and because of the army's unwillingness to put celebrities on the front, Stewart was held back from combat duty.
While petitioning his superiors for combat assignment, Stewart aligned himself with the First Motion Picture Unit and starred and produced a number of training and educational films. Between 1942 and the end of the war, he appeared in nearly a dozen productions, some of which were screened theatrically in civilian theaters.
In August 1943 he was finally assigned combat duty with the 445th Bombardment Group. While flying missions over Germany, he was promoted to major (commanding a squadron of B-24 Liberator bombers). In 1944 he received both the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Croix de Guerre, and was awarded seven battle stars through the course of the year. The following year, he was promoted to chief of staff in the second combat wing of the Eighth Air Force.
Stewart continued to play an active role in the United States Air Force Reserves after the war, achieving the rank of brigadier general on July 23, 1959. His final mission for the air force was a B-52 bombing run during the Vietnam War and he retired from the air force on May 31, 1968 after twenty-seven years of service. Perhaps due to his dislike of violence, Stewart declined to answer any questions about his combat during World War II and the Vietnam War, though he remained a proponent of the armed forces.
After the war, Stewart settled down at age 41, marrying former model Gloria Hatrick McLean on August 9, 1949. They remained devotedly married until her death on February 16, 1994 due to lung cancer. Stewart adopted her two sons, Michael and Ronald, and together they had twin daughters, Judy and Kelly, on May 7, 1951. Ronald was killed on June 8, 1969 while serving in Vietnam.
[edit] Postwar success
Upon James Stewart's return to Hollywood in the fall of 1945, he decided not to renew his MGM contract. Instead, Stewart signed with an MCA talent agency. The move made Stewart one of the first independently contracted actors and gave him more freedom to choose the roles he wished to play. For the remainder of his career, Stewart was able to work without limits to which directors and studios he worked for.
For his first film in five years, Stewart appeared in his third and final Frank Capra production, It's a Wonderful Life. Stewart appeared as George Bailey, a small-town man and upstanding citizen, who becomes increasingly frustrated by his ordinary existence and financial troubles. Driven to suicide on Christmas Eve, he is led to reassess his life by an "angel-in-training," played by Henry Travers. Though the film was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Stewart's third Best Actor nomination, it received only moderate success at the box office, possibly due to its dark nature. However, in the decades since the film's release, it grew to define Stewart's film persona and is widely considered as sentimental Christmas film classic.
Stewart also returned to the stage for the Mary Chase-penned comedy Harvey, which opened to nearly universal praise in November, 1944. Elwood P. Dowd, the protagonist and Stewart's character, is a wealthy eccentric living with his sister, whose best friend is an invisible rabbit. While trying to have Dowd committed to a sanitarium, his aunt is committed herself while the play follows Dowd on an ordinary day in his not-so-ordinary life. James Stewart took over the role from Frank Fay in 1947 and gained an increased Broadway following in the unconventional play. The play, which ran for nearly three years with Stewart as its star, was successfully adapted into a 1950 film, directed by Henry Koster, with Stewart playing Dowd and Josephine Hull as his sister, Veta. For his performance in the film, Stewart received his fourth Best Actor nomination.
After Harvey, the comedic adventure film Malaya and the conventional biographical film The Stratton Story in 1949, Stewart entered what many critics cite as his "golden era" as an actor. During the 1950s, he took on more challenging roles and expanded into the western and suspense genres, thanks largely to collaborations with directors Alfred Hitchcock and Anthony Mann. Other notable performances by Stewart during this time include the critically acclaimed 1950 Delmer Daves western Broken Arrow, which featured Stewart as a ex-soldier making peace with Apache indians; a troubled clown in the 1952 Best Picture The Greatest Show on Earth; and Stewart's role as Charles Lindbergh in Billy Wilder's 1957 film The Spirit of St. Louis.
[edit] Collaborations with Hitchcock and Mann
James Stewart's collaborations with director Anthony Mann expanded Stewart's popularity and expanded his career into the realm of the western. Stewart's first appearance in a film helmed by Mann came with the 1950 western classic, Winchester '73. The film, which became a massive box office hit upon its release, set the pattern for their future collaborations. Other Stewart-Mann westerns, such as Bend of the River (1952), The Naked Spur (1953), The Far Country (1954), and The Man from Laramie (1955) were perennial favorites among young audiences entranced by the American west. Frequently, the films featured Stewart as a troubled cowboy seeking redemption, while facing corrupt cattlemen, ranchers, and outlaws. Their collaborations laid the foundation for many of the westerns of the 1950s and remain popular today.
Stewart and Mann also collaborated on other films outside the western genre. 1953's The Glenn Miller Story was critically acclaimed, garnering Stewart a BAFTA Award nomination, and (together with The Spirit of St. Louis) cemented the popularity of Stewart's portrayals of "American heroes." Thunder Bay, released the same year, transplanted the plot arch of their western collaborations in the present day, with Stewart as a Louisiana oil-driller facing corruption. Strategic Air Command, released in 1955 allowed Stewart to utilize his experiences in the United States Air Force on film.
[[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<|thumb|left|250px|Stewart and Kim Novak in Vertigo.]] The second collaboration to define Stewart's career in the 1950s was with acclaimed mystery and suspense director Alfred Hitchcock. Stewart had previously appeared in Hitchcock's technologically innovative 1948 film Rope', and the two collaborated for the second of four times on the 1954 hit Rear Window. Photographer L.B. "Jeff" Jeffries, the central character of the film, portrayed by Stewart, projects his fantasies and fears onto the people he observes out his apartment window while on hiatus due to a broken leg. Jeffries gets into more than he can handle, however, when he believes he has witnessed a salesman murder his wife.
After starring in Hitchcock's remake of the director's own production, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Stewart starred in what many consider Hitchcock's most personal film, Vertigo. The film starred Stewart as Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from acrophobia, who develops an obsession of a woman he is shadowing. Scottie's obsession inevitably leads to the destruction of everything he once had and believed in. Though the film is widely considered a classic today, it was met with negative reviews and poor box office receipts upon its release, and marked the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock.
[edit] Career in the '60s and '70s
In 1960, James Stewart was awarded the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and nominated for his fifth and final Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1959 Otto Preminger film Anatomy of a Murder. The early courtroom drama starred Stewart as Paul Biegler, the lawyer of a man who claims temporary insanity after murdering the man who raped his wife. Stewart's nomination was one of seven for the film, and saw his transition into the final decades of his career.
The early sixties saw Stewart taking lead roles in three John Ford films. The first, 1962's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance became a classic western and featured Stewart as an attorney who goes against his virtues when he is forced to shoot and outlaw. Stewart's character is forced to face his past as he attempts to build a career in politics. How the West Was Won and Cheyenne Autumn, were western epics released in 1962 and 1964 respectively. While the Cinerama production Western went on to win three Oscars and reaped massive box office figures, Cheyenne Autumn failed domestically and was widely forgotten.
[[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<|thumb|right|200px|Stewart in Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation.]] Having played his last romantic lead in 1958's Bell, Book and Candle], Stewart transitioned into more family-related films in the 1960s. These included the successful Henry Koster outing Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation (1962), and the less memorable films Take Her, She's Mine (1963) and Dear Brigitte (1965), which featured French model Brigitte Bardot. The Civil War period film Shenandoah (1965) and the western family film The Rare Breed faired better at the box office.
After a progression of lesser western films in the late sixties and early seventies, James Stewart transitioned from cinema to television. He first starred in the NBC comedy The Jimmy Stewart Show, which featured Stewart as a college professor. He followed it with the CBS mystery Hawkins, in which he played a small town lawyer investigating his cases. The series garnered Stewart a Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Dramatic TV Series, but failed to gain a wide audience and was cancelled after one season. During this time, Stewart periodically appeared on Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show, sharing poems he had written at different times in his life. His poems were later successfully compiled into a short anthology titled Jimmy Stewart and His Poems.
Stewart finished the decade with supporting roles in John Wayne's final film, The Shootist, Airport '77, the 1978 remake of The Big Sleep, and The Magic of Lassie (1978).
[edit] Later career and death
After filming the television movie Mr. Krueger's Christmas in 1980, James Stewart retired from acting to spend time with his family. He returned only to voice Sheriff Wylie Burp in the successful 1991 animated film An American Tail: Fievel Goes West.
Stewart died on July 2, 1997 of a pulmonary embolism, just one day after fellow screen veteran and The Big Sleep co-star Robert Mitchum died. He is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
Jimmy Stewart has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1708 Vine Street. In 1972, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He was awarded various lifetime achievement awards from the Academy Awards (1985), American Film Institute (1980), Lincoln Center (1990), Golden Globe Awards (1965), National Board of Review (1990), and the Screen Actors Guild (1969).
A statue of Stewart was erected on the lawn of the Indiana County Courthouse in his hometown, Indiana, Pennsylvania, on May 20, 1983 to celebrate Stewart's 75th birthday. In 1995, a museum dedicated to his life and career, The Jimmy Stewart Museum, opened as well.
[edit] Filmography
For a detailed filmography, see: James Stewart Filmography
From the beginning of James Stewart's career in 1935 through his final theatrical project in 1991, Fonda appeared in ninety-two films, television programs, and shorts. Through the course of his career, he appeared in many landmark and critically acclaimed films, including such classics as Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Vertigo. His roles in ...Washington, The Philadelphia Story, It's a Wonderful Life, Harvey, and Anatomy of a Murder earned him Academy Award nominations (he won for Philadelphia). Stewart's career defined the boundaries of genre and trends, and he made his mark in screwball comedies, suspense thrillers, westerns, and family films.
[edit] Broadway stage performances
- Carry Nation (Oct. 1932–Nov. 1932)
- Goodbye Again (Dec. 1932–Jul 1933)
- Spring in Autumn (Oct. 1933–Nov. 1933)
- All Good Americans (Dec. 1933–Jan. 1934)
- Yellow Jack (May 1934)
- Divided By Three (Oct. 1934)
- Page Miss Glory (Nov. 1934–Mar. 1935)
- A Journey By Night (Apr. 1935)
- Harvey (Nov. 1944–Jan. 1949)
- Harvey (revival, Feb. 1970–May 1970)
[edit] Awards
| Year | Award | Work |
| Academy Awards | ||
| Won: | ||
| 1985 | Honorary Award | Lifetime Achievement |
| 1941 | Best Actor | The Philadelphia Story |
| Nominated: | ||
| 1960 | Best Actor | Anatomy of a Murder |
| 1951 | Best Actor | Harvey |
| 1947 | Best Actor | It's a Wonderful Life |
| 1940 | Best Actor | Mr. Smith Goes to Washington |
| BAFTA Awards | ||
| Nominated: | ||
| 1960 | Best Foreign Actor | Anatomy of a Murder |
| 1955 | Best Foreign Actor | The Glenn Miller Story |
| Golden Globes | ||
| Won: | ||
| 1974 | Best TV Actor - Drama | Hawkins |
| 1965 | Cecil B. DeMille Award | Lifetime Achievement |
| Nominated: | ||
| 1951 | Best Motion Picture Actor - Drama | Harvey |
[edit] References
- Collins, Jr., Thomas W. (2000). "Stewart, James".
- "Stewart, James". International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers (4). (2000).
- "Stewart, James". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (5). (2000).
[edit] External links
