Voiceless dental plosive

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IPA – number 103 + 408
IPA – text t̪
IPA – image
Entity t̪
X-SAMPA t_d
Kirshenbaum t[
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless dental plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is t̪, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t_d. This is the symbol for the voiceless alveolar plosive with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning dental.

Contents

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless dental plosive:

  • Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
  • Its place of articulation is dental which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper teeth, or both.
  • Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Varieties of the voiceless dental plosive

IPA Description
t̪ plain t̪
t̪ʰ aspirated t̪
t̪ʲ palatalized t̪
t̪ʷ labialized t̪
t̪̚ unreleased t̪
t̪ʼ ejective t̪

[edit] Occurrence

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True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance languages, /t/ is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.[citation needed] The difference between the /t/ sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental t. Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [t̪]. In Finnish, the dental plosive /t/ contrasts with the alveolar plosive /d/, although the latter is typically voiced or tapped as a secondary cue; moreover, in native words, the alveolar plosive appears only as a lenition of the dental plosive. Pazeh contrasts a voiced alveolar plosive with a voiceless interdental one.[1]Many Australian Aboriginal languages contrast alveolar and dental varieties of /t/.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[2] كتب ['kat̪ab] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Catalan[3] quatre [ˈkwat̪ɾə] 'four' See Catalan phonology
Dinka mɛth [mɛ̀t̪] 'child'
English Indian thin [t̪ʰɪn] 'thin' Some dialects. See English phonology
southern Irish[4]
Finnish tutti [t̪ut̪ːi] 'pacifier' See Finnish phonology
Greek Ματθαίος [mat̪ˈθe̞o̞s̠] 'Matthew' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi तीन [t̪in] 'three' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' See Irish phonology
Italian[5] tale [ˈt̪ale] 'such' See Italian phonology
Pazeh[6] [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] 'keep clapping'
Polish[7] tom [t̪ɔm] (help·info) 'volume' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[8] montanha [mõˈt̪aɲɐ] 'mountain' See Portuguese phonology
Russian[9] толстый [ˈt̪olstɨj] 'fat' See Russian phonology
Spanish[10] tener [t̪̪e̞ˈne̞ɾ] 'to have' See Spanish phonology
Turkish at [ät̪] 'horse' See Turkish phonology

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Blust (1999:324)
  2. ^ Watson (2002:14)
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  4. ^ Roca & Wyn (1999:24)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. ^ Blust (1999:330)
  7. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  8. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  9. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:99)
  10. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Blust, Robert (1999), "Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 38(2): 321-365
  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
  • Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Roca, Iggy & Wyn Johnson (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
  Consonants (List, table) See also: IPA, Vowels  
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ
Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.