Voiced labiodental fricative

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IPA – number	129
IPA – text	v
IPA – image
Entity	v
X-SAMPA	v
Kirshenbaum	v
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is v, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.

Although this is a familiar sound to most European listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], along with the presence of otherwise unknown front rounded vowels [y, ø, œ], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.^{[citation needed]} Speakers of East Asian languages which lack this sound like Mandarin and Japanese tend to pronounce [v] as [b], thus failing to distinguish the English words "very" and "berry".

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is labiodental which means it is articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		европа	[evˈropʼa]	'Europe'	See Abkhaz phonology
Albanian		valixhe	[validʒɛ]	'case'
Arabic	Siirt[1]	ذهب	[vaˈhab]	'gold'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian		վեց	[vɛtsʰ]	'six'
Bai	Dali	?	[ŋv˩˧]	'fish'
Catalan	Balearic[2]	blava	[ˈblavə]	'blue' (f.)	See Catalan phonology
	Valencian[3]
	southern Catalonia[4]
Chechen		вашa/vaṣa	[vaʃa]	'brother'
Czech		voda	[voda]	'water'	See Czech phonology
Dutch[5]		vreemd	[vremt]	'strange'	See Dutch phonology
English		valve	[væɫv]	'valve'	See English phonology
Faroese		røða	[ˈɹøːva]	'speech'
French[6]		valve	[valv]	'valve'	See French phonology
Georgian[7]		ვიწრო	[ˈvitsʼɾo]	'narrow'
German		Wächter	[ˈvɛçtɐ]	'guard'	See German phonology
Greek		βερνίκι	[ve̞r.ˈni.ci]	'varnish'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian		veszély	[vɛseːj]	'danger'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[8]		avare	[aˈvare]	'miserly' (f.pl.)	See Italian phonology
Kabardian		зэвы	[zævɛ]	'narrow'
Ladino		mueve	[ˈmwɛvɛ]	'nine'
Norwegian		vann	[vɑn]	'water'	See Norwegian phonology
Polish[9]		wór	[vur] (help·info)	'bag'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[10]		vinho	[ˈviɲu]	'wine'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		val	[val]	'wave'	See Romanian phonology
Russian[11]		волосы	[ˈvoləsɨ]	'hair'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Spanish[12]		afgano	[av'ɣano̞]	'Afghan'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish		vägg	[ˈvɛg]	'wall'	See Swedish phonology
Turkish		ev	[ev]	'house'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese		vê	[ve]	'to roll'	Variety: [je]. See Vietnamese phonology

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
• Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39-87
• Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
• Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
• Wheeler, Max W (2005), written at Oxford, The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199258147
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.