Voiced alveolar plosive

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IPA – number	104
IPA – text	d
IPA – image
Entity	d
X-SAMPA	d
Kirshenbaum	d
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d (although the symbol d̪ can be used to distinguish the dental version, see voiceless dental plosive), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Contents 1 Features 2 Varieties of [d] 3 Occurrence 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] Varieties of [d]

IPA	Description
d	modal d
dʱ or d̤	breathy voice or murmured d
dʲ	palatalized d
dʷ	labialized d
dˁ	pharyngialized d
d˺	unreleased d
d̥	voiceless or slack voice d
d̬	stiff voice d
d̺	apical d
d̻	laminal d
d̪	dental or denti-alveolar d
d̟ or d̪͆	interdental d
d̠	postalveolar d

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech		do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch[1]		dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English		admit	[ædˈmɪt]	'admit'	See English phonology
Finnish		kadun	[kɑdun]	'I repent'	See Finnish phonology
French		dais	[dɛ]	'canopy'	See French phonology
German		Dach	[dax]	'roof'	See German phonology
Greek		ντροπή	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian		adó	[ɒdoː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese[2]		男性的/danseiteki	[danseiteki]	'masculine'	See Japanese phonology
Norwegian		dans	[dɑns]	'dance'	See Norwegian phonology
Swedish		dag	[dɑːg]	'day'	See Swedish phonology

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
• Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sound. Camebridge University Press. 
• Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post-​alve​olar Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives  ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants  ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ p̪͡f Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ Flaps & Taps • ѵ ɾ ɽ • • Co-articulated fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.