Virarajendra Chola
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 Chola Territories c. 1069 C.E. |
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| Reign | 1063 C.E. - 1070 C.E. |
| Title | Rajakesari |
| Capital | Gangaikonda Cholapuram |
| Queen | Arulmolinangai |
| Children | Madhurantaka Gangaikondachola Rajasundari |
| Predecessor | Rajendra Chola II |
| Successor | Athirajendra Chola |
| Father | Rajendra Chola I |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | 1070 C.E. |
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Virarajendra Chola (1063 – 1070 C.E.), it must be said at the outset, was one of the most under-rated Chola Kings, mainly because of the fact that a major part of his life was spent in the apprenticeship of his two elder brothers Rajadhirajan Chola I and Rajendra Chola-II, who along with Virarajendra Cholan himself were the illustrious sons of their Chakravarti father, Rajendra Cholan-I. While certainly it was not a practice among the Chola kings to nominate the eldest son, but the most capable (in administration of their domains as well as proving their mettle on the battlefield for both conquests of territory as well as in defence of the land from their known enemies and adversaries) as the heir to the throne[*], Rajendra Cholan-I had no hestiation in nominating Rajadhiraja-I, his eldest son as co-regent a few years before the end of his own rule. This was because Rajadhiraja-I (as well as, it must be added, Rajendra-II and Virarajendra, the youngest of the three brothers)had proved their mettle in ably assisting their all conquering father, in both administration as Viceroys of various provinces such as Tondainadu, Pandiyanadu (Madurai), Vengi as well as assisting their father in wars both on Indian territory as well as capably leading the Chola naval forces in their conquests of Singala Nadu (Sri Lanka) Srivijaya, Kadaram, Kataha, Pappalam (Burma), Champa etc. which are part of Chola folklore. Surely, as events have proved the successors of Rajadhiraja-I himself, (who as Chola king had died on the battlefield at Koppam in the war against Somesvara-I) his younger brothers Rajendra-II as well as Virarajendra himself proved equally worthy successors in carrying on the brave heritage of great Chola kings like Aditya-I, Parantaka-I, Sundara Cholan, Raja Raja-I and finally, the most capable as well as powerful king of South India in his time, Rajendra Chola I.
It is the legacy of Rajendra Chola-I, Rajadhirajan-I and Rajendra-II that was very ably and capably carried on by Virarajendra became the Chola king succeeding his brother Rajendra Chola II. Rajamahendra, Rajendra’s son and heir apparent died before his father and Rajendra-II made his younger brother Virarajendra his heir[*].
Virarajendra’s reign falls in a period of the medieval Cholas, when it was both trying to expand its boundaries and preserve its existing territories, but had appeared to stutter in its attempts because of death in his prime of eldest brother and king Rajadhiraja-I and the short rule of Virarajendra's elder brother Rajendra-II. In all the three brothers altogether ruled for between 16-20 years by succeeding one another[*]. This rapid succession was seen as a golden opportunity by the traditional enemies and subordinates of the Cholas, viz. the Singhalas (Ceylon), Salukkis (Westerb Chalukyas), Pandyas and even the Cheras (with the last named having had marital relations with the Cholas from the times of Aditya-I and Parantaka-I), with each adversary either trying to become free or declaring a war on the Cholas. Ultimately, however, Virarajendra proved to be a very capable and brave ruler, who was kind and protective to his subjects, reimposed authority on Chola dominions and was particularly ruthless to the old nemeses of the Cholas, both the Chalukyas and the Pandyas. Viewed overall, especially in the context of the fact that his own rule lasted for less than 10 years, yet, as borne out by his various inscriptions in Karur, Virarajendra's was a lasting legacy in that in the short time he ruled, he overwhelmed everyone of his adversaries, and succeeded not only in preserving Chola territories, but also made overseas concquests in far-off lands like Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Nicobar, Sakkarakottam (around Bastar district, Chattisgarh - this was also a place governed by the next major Chola monarch, Kulothunga-I or Rajendra Chalukya, son of Eastern Chalukya King Rajaraja Narendra and thus grandson of Rajendra Chola I through his daughter Ammanga[*].
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[edit] Military Conflicts
Virarajedndra fought many battles against the Chalukyas, the main catalyst for these conflicts being the Chola interest in the Vengi Chalukyas. He fought the Chalukyas near Visaiyavadai (modern Vijayawada) and routed the Western Chalukyas on the banks of the river Krishna and re-asserted Chola authority over the Eastern Chalukya domains[*]. He also invaded Singhala Nadu (Ceylon)and ruthlessly crushed attempts of the Singhala kings to free their kingdom from Chola control[*].
[edit] Early Battles
During the early period of his reign, Virarajendra fought and killed the king of Pottapi in the Kerala country. He also had to suppress a rebellion in the Pandya territories by the Pandya princes[*]. While these battles were progressing, the Western Chalukya Somesvara I invaded the Chola country, who probably was fooled into thinking that with a new king at helm, the Chola country was there for his taking and he thought he could overcome his earlier humiliation at the hands of Virarajendra's predecessor, Rajendra-II. First, Somesvara-I sent his son Vikkalan (Vikramaditya VI) for plundering Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the capital of Virarajendra. Virarajendra was returning after subduing the Pandyas, the Sinhalas and the Chera kings and making them tribute paying subordinates[*]. He immediately undertook the task of safeguarding the Chola capital and routed Vikramaditya VI from the Chola capital. Next he chased the Chalukya princes Vikramaditya (Vikkalan) and Singhanan at Gangapadi. He completely overwhelmed the Chalukya army led by both princes and sons of Somesvara-I and proceeded to the Chalukyan capital. There he routed for the first time Somesvara-I who fled the battlefield[2]. The third war fought by Virarajendra against the Chalukyas was when Somesvara-I sent his son Vikramaditya VI to occupy Vengi on the presumption that due to the death of his old nemesis Rajendra-II, Vengi could be made subordinate to Western Chalukya rule. Virarajendra's armies routed the Western Chalukyas at Vengi, after which they surrounded Kalyanpura, the Chalukyan capital and burnt the fortress at Kampili taking precious wealth, the Chief queen of Somesvara-I, eliminated his generals and trusted feudatories and took away his horses and prized elephants. Subsequently, Virarajendra successfully quelled the rebellions at Ceylon, Madurai and the Chera Kingdom by killing a Potappi Raja and converted the Western Chalukyas (at the seven and a half lakshas of Rattapadi) into tribute paying subordinates[*].
[edit] Continuing Chalukya Battles
Virarajendra’s reign is marked by the numerous inscriptions detailing his various victories with the Western Chalukyas. Right from the times of Raja Raja I, in the battles with the Cholas, the Chalukya Kings became infamous for running away from the battlefield, unable to match the valour, bravery and fighting skills of the Chola kings, who many a times were led by their King. During the times of Raja Raja I, it was Satyashraya who was expelled from Manyakheta. Rajendra Chola I expelled both Satyashraya and Jayasimha-II from the battlefields at Maski and Muyangi (Masangi) and it was the turn of Trailokyamalla Somesvara I to run away from the battlefield against both Rajendra-II and Virarajendra Chola[++]. These battles were especially bitter in nature. Virarajendra was involved in the battle against the Western Chalukyas even before he became king. Under the command of the then heir to the throne Rajamahendra, Virarajendra fought the Chalukya forces in the battle of Muddakaru. During Virarajendra’s reign, Somesvara, the loser of this battle sought to wipe the disgrace of his defeat at Maddukaru and called for battle with the Cholas. On each of the confrontations with the Cholas, Somesvara-I not only disgracefully ran away from the battlefields, but also allowed many of his generals or Mahasamantas and Dandanayakas to become sitting ducks at the hands of the Chola kings. In his inscriptions at Karur and Tindivanam, Virarajendra claims proudly that Somesvara-I's sons Vikramaditya-VI (called Vikkalan) and Jayasimha-III (called Singhanan) fled the battlefield with disshevelled hair.[**] Virarajendra further claimed that he defeated Somesvara-I's armies not less than five times. These battles were, (1) at Kudalasangamam, (2)Gangaikondacholapuram, (3)Karur, (4)Kampili and (5) at Vengi. On each occasion, the generals of Somesvara-I like Chamundaraja were beheaded, Maduvana, Vikramaditya VI fled the battlefield with 'disshevelled hair', Jayasimha-III, Annala and finally Ahavamalla Somesvara-I too fled the battle shaming themselves permanently. In another war, it was the time of Somesvara-I's second son, Somesvara-II to be expelled from Kannara country itself. Each time Somesvara-I tried to wipe out the previous disgrace, he was repeatedly routed in war and shamed even more with him losing not just his kingdom but even his wives, treasures, horses, elephants etc. ending up in possession of the Chola King[++]. Each time Somesvara-I lost, he had to sue for piece and became a tribute paying subordinate of Virarajendra. Somesvara-I took one final chance and called Virarajendra for battle.
Somesvara I wrote the Chola king assigning a site in a place called Kudal Sangamam for the battle, ironically near the site of the previous battle in which the Chalukya forces were so utterly defeated. Receiving this message, Virarajendra immediately set out for the battle and camped near Kandai for the Chalukyan army to arrive. The exact date set for the battle, according to Virarajendra’s inscription found at Manimangalam, was Monday, 10 September 1067 C.E.[*][++]
The Chola army awaited the expected battle for more than a month; the Chalukya king never met the appointment. The Chola army then devastated the surrounding countryside, erected a pillar of victory on the banks of the Tungabhadra River[*][++].
There is no verifiable and known reason for Somesvara’s inability to face the Cholas at Kudala Sangama. It is possible that after suffering defeat after defeat to the Cholas, his own generals had given up on him and his ability to lead the Chalukyan army. Besides, there was also a running succession feud between his first son and chosen heir, Somesvara-II and Vikramaditya-VI. Apparently, Vikramaditya-VI did not want to fight for his father. In fact as per the inscription of Virarajendra at Perumber, after the expulsion of Somesvara-II from Kannada country, it seems that the greedy Vikramaditya-VI fell at the feet of Virarajendra and 'handed' him the entire 'seven and a half lakshas' of Rattapadi (Chalukyan Kingdom, ostensibly, he resented Somesvara-II being the heir to Somesvara-I and not himself). Virarajendra immediately nominated Vikramaditya-VI as the heir to the Chalukya throne and also gave his daughter in marriage to him on extracting the promise that his daughter's son will succeed Vikramaditya-VI as the next Chalukya King.[++]
Surely, the above developments would have discouraged the already disgraced Somesvara-I even further. Whatever may be the reason, this event completely demoralized Somesvara and he committed suicide by drowning himself in March 1068 C.E. But Virarajendra's records say that the Salukki hid himself in the western sea, which indicates the probability of Somesvara-I having been drowned in the Arabian sea while running away from the Cholan army. This was in sharp contrast to Virarajendra's predecessor Rajadhiraja who lost his life in the battlefield while fighting the enemy[1].
From Kudal Sangamam, the Chola army proceeded to Vengi to re-establish their control on the Eastern Chalukyan Kingdom. The raiders from Western Chalukya (some sources say that Somesvara-I had sent his son Vikramaditya VI (Vikkalan) and a senior trusted General to capture Vengi and install a puppet ruler subordinate to Somesvara-I. In a battle on the banks of the [[Krishna River, near Visaiyavadai or modern Vijayawada ++, Virarajendra crushed the Western Chalukya army led by Jananatha. Virarajendra then proceeded to conquer the entire Eastern Chalukya kingdom, defeated and re-captured Kalinga whose king had been in alliance with the Western Chalukyas. Virarajendra installed Vijayaditya, the Eastern Chalukya prince on the Vengi throne.
[edit] War in Lanka
Vijayabahu, the Sinhala king, who had been ruling a tiny southern portion of the island around the Rohana district, sought to extend his power and expel the Chola occupier. Mahavamsa records that Virarajendra sent the Chola army stationed in the island to attack the Rohana district. Vijayabahu then sent for help from the king of Burma who sent ships and soldiers to assist Vijayabahu. With this help Vijayabahu succeeded in creating revolt in the northern provinces of Lanka. Although the Chola forces in the island and reinforcements sent from the mainland could control these revolts, Vijayabahu continued to create revolts and disturbances within the Chola occupied areas of the island for the next few years.
[edit] Kadaram Campaign
Virarajendra's records from his seventh year mention that he conquered Kadaram (Srivijaya) on behalf of a king who had come to ask for help and protection and handed it over to him. The possible date for this occurrence is 1068 C.E. There is not any more information to be gleaned from this inscription. In 1045 Airlangga, who ruled Srivijaya, divided the Kahuripan kingdom into two, Janggala (Malang) and Kediri and abdicated in favour of his two sons to live the life of an ascetic. During Virajrajendra's invasion in 1068, one of these sons might have ruled in Kedah. As yet we have no knowledge of the Srivijaya king who asked for help and the details of this naval campaign. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests throughout what is now Indonesia and Malaysia for the next 20 years. This first re-affirmed the hold of the Chola kingdom on the far east, it also enabled freeing of any barriers put by some kingdoms in the Java-Malaya peninsula on traders from Chola territories including from their subordinate divisions in Sri Lanka. While Srivijaya, Kediri, Champa etc. became independent later on, both during the time of Virarajendra till almost the last days of the Chola kingdom, at least till 1215 AD, trade relations between Tamizhagam and the Far East continued unhindered.
[edit] Alliance with Chalukya Vikramaditya
At the death of Somesvara I, his son Somesvara II came to the Chalukyan throne in April 1068 C.E. Soon after a dispute broke out between him and his younger brother Vikramaditya and a civil war ensued in the Western Chalukya country. Vikramaditya-VI, who knew that Virarajendra could not be taken on the battlefield, fell on the feet of Virarajendra and begged to be nominated heir to the Chalukya throne instead of Somesvara-II. Virarajendra relented on the defeated prince and made him heir to the Chaukya throne and arranged for payment of tributes by Vikramaditya-VI. Virarajendra Chola thus took pity and aligned himself with Vikramaditya giving his daughter in marriage to him.
[edit] Death and Succession
For all his numerous victories in war, Virarajendra Chola held the titles Sakalabhuvanasraya, Srimedinivallabha, Maharajadhiraja Cholakula-Sundara, Pandyakulantaka, Ahavamallakula-Kala, Ahavamallanai-mummadi-ven-kanda Rajasraya, Vira-Chola, Karikala-Chola, Sri-Virarajendradeva, Rajakesarivarma Perumanadigal (similar to the Nolamba Pallava titles of Permanadi from Kannada country) and Konerinmaikondan. The very indication of Virarajendra mobilizing his armies for war made his adversaries especially the Salukkis, tremble with fear and everytime they tried to confront him, be the Salukkis, Pandiyas or other adversaries of the Vengi territories, they met with nothing but defeat when they marched against him.
Virarajendra Chola died in early 1070 C.E. after a short but extremely victorious rule. He probably was not very younger to his elder brother Rajendra II or Rajadhiraja Chola and was probably into his middle years when he ascended the throne. In fact, his can be termed (like that of Rajendra-I) as a completely victorious life in that he initially helped his father Rajendra Chola-I, then brothers Rajadhiraja-I and Rajendra-II in both administration and war. Later, upon taking over as King, he himself had a highly successful reign in terms of both internal administration and military conquests. In a way his achievements are comparable to those of Rajendra Chola-I, who expanded his empire inherited from the great Raja Raja Chola-I. Virarajendra was succeeded by his son and heir apparent Athirajendra Chola.
Early in his reign Virarajendra appointed his son Madurantaka as viceroy of Tondaimandalam with the title of Cholendra’. Another son Gangaikondachola was made viceroy of the Pandya territories. We have no clear information as to which of these two sons was Athirajendra.
[edit] References
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
- South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/
++http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_20_karuvur.html & http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_83_to_84_virarajendra_i.html
