Viktor Dankl von Krasnik
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Count Viktor Dankl von Krasnik (German language: Viktor Graf Dankl von Krasnik, born as Viktor Dankl on September 18th, 1854, in Udine, died January 8th, 1941 in Innsbruck) was a highly decorated career Austro-Hungarian officer who reached the pinnacle of his service during World War I with promotion to the rare rank of Colonel General (Generaloberst). His successful career met an abrupt end in 1916 due to both his performance on the Italian front and health issues. After the war he would be a vocal apologist for both his country's war record and the dethroned Habsburg monarchy.
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[edit] Early life & career
Viktor Dankl was born on September 18th, 1854, in Udine, in the then Imperial Austrian providence of Venetia (in present day Italy). His father was a Captain in the army from nearby Venice. His secondary education would first take place in Gorizia, where his family relocated after his father's retirement, and then in Trieste. Both schools were German language Gymnasiums. In 1869, at the age of fourteen, he moved on to the Cadet Institute at St. Pölten, Lower Austria. From 1870 until 1874 he attended the Theresian Military Academy at Wiener-Neustadt, also in Lower Austria.
Upon completion of the academy, Dankl was assigned to the Third Dragoon Regiment as a second Lieutenant. After completion of the War School in Vienna, he became a general staff officer in 1880. For the next two decades he rose through the officer ranks, becoming the head of the central office of the Austro-Hungarian general staff in 1899. In 1903 he was promoted to the rank of major general and given command of the Sixty-sixth Infantry Brigade in Trieste. From 1905 until 1907 he would head up the Sixteenth Infantry Brigade, also in Trieste. After being promoted to a lieutenant Field Marshal (Feldmarschalleutnant), Dankl would receive command of the Thirty-sixth Division in Zagreb until 1912, at which point he was moved to Innsbruck to command the Fourteenth Corps. Later that same year, on October 29th, Dankl was elevated to the rank of General of Cavalry.
[edit] Service during World War I
At the beginning of war in the summer of 1914, Dankl was put in command of the Austro-Hungarian First Army. That August the First Army, along with the Fourth Army, would compose the northwestern flank of Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf's, push towards Russian forces in Russian Poland and the Galicia region. On August 22nd, after crossing the San River, Dankl's army would engage the Russian Fourth Army at the Austro-Hungarian town of Krasnik. The ensueing battle of Krasnik ended three days later with Dankl victorious and the Russian Fourth Army retreating back towards the city of Lublin in Russian territory. Dankl pursued his opponents after the battle but was ultimately forced to withdraw after a series of defeats further southeast along the Austro-Hungarian lines in the largescale battle of Galicia. For his victory at Krasnik, the first for Austria-Hungary in the war, Dankl would later be decorated with the Commander's Cross of the Military Maria Theresa Order on August 17th, 1917 (see below). Dankl experienced a good deal of fame and popularity after the battle, becoming something of a national hero until his once rising star would be tarnished by setbacks later on in the war.
After being driven back by Russian forces Dankl and his First Army were part of a renewed offensive in October of 1914 that was undertaken with the German forces to the north and west. Gains made during this drive proved to be only temporary as more or less of a stalemate developed in Dankl's area. The First Army did not see much action during the winter of 1914-15 and were held as reserves for more active Carpathian part of the front further east. During the following spring Dankl would lead his third and final offensive with the First Army. The Garlice-Tarnów Offensive in May of 1915 enjoyed early success and Dankl's First Army had once again achieved an advance. However, his renewed success would be cut short by a loss at the battle of Opatow which stalled any further push.
On May 23rd, 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary and Dankl was soon reassigned to the resulting new front in Austria-Hungary's southwest. He would be made commander-in-chief of the defense of Tyrol, his headquarters in Bolzano. Like much of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the war, the forces under his command were poorly supplied and had inferior equipment. Furthermore, they were outnumbered. Throughout the remainder of 1915 and into early 1916, Dankl was able to hold the line, halting numerous Italian attempts to breakthrough into Austria-Hungary. This bought important time for the front to be reinforced. His forces were able to overcome their disadvantages due to their often superior leadership and experience.
In March 1916 Dankl was given command of the Eleventh Army and on May 1st he was promoted to colonel general. Later that month he would be part of the Asiago offensive, a plan masterminded by Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, the arhitect of the 1914 Austro-Hungarian advance in Galicia. Dankl and the Eleventh Army were assigned the critical task of making an initial breakthrough that could be exploited by additional reinforcements (the Third Army). The attack commenced on May 15th and initially Dankl was quite successful. He managed to cut through the first and second Italian lines and move south of Rovereto to the Posino Valley. On May 20th this surge stalled due to the inability of artillery to negotiate the treacherous snowy mountain roads. It was not until June that the Austro-Hungarians were able to try a largescale advance. By this time the Italians had regrouped and some Austro-Hungarian forces were siphoned off to the Eastern Front. As a result a stalemate set in. Once again Dankl had produced an impressive advance that would prove to be shortlived. His role in the offensive would prove to be his undoing as a combat commander and he would be sidelined for the remainder of the war.
[edit] Resignation, later career, and retirement
Dankl came under fire from both Army Group Command (Archduke Eugen) and the Austro-Hungarian Supreme Command (Conrad). He had ignored an order given by Archduke Eugen to advance at a faster pace, disregarding the lack of artillery. How much Dankl's slow and steady style contributed to the stalling of the Asiago offensive is debatable. These charges and complaints, coupled with his very real health problems, caused the general to send a letter of resignation. On June 17th 1916 he was dismissed from command. His Eleventh Army chief of staff, Major General Pichler, was also relieved of his position.
After undergoing an operation on his throat, specifically a goitre, he was assigned command of the First Arcieren-Leibgarde, part of the Imperial Guards, on January 21st, 1917. Dankl rose to commander-in-chief of the Imperial Guards in February of 1918 until he was replaced at that post by Conrad, his former superior officer during his time at the front, the following summer. He returned to the First Arcieren-Leibgarde, where he remained until the end of the Hapsburg rule over Austria-Hungary. He was retired from the army on December 1st, 1918 and moved to Innsbruck.
In 1925 Dankl would assume the chancellorship of the Maria Theresa Order. This time he would be replacing a position held by Conrad, who left the vacancy upon his death that year. For the next six years he would be in charge of decorating Austro-Hungarian soldiers from World War I. He undertook this task with much enthusiasm, becoming an outspoken apologist of not only his fellow veterans but of Hapsburg Austria-Hungary in general. He even went so far as to advocate the return of the monarchy, putting himself at odds with Austria's growing support for Hitler and Germany. He was a firm opponent of the Anschluss, favoring an Imperial Austria, not an Imperial German Reich, until the end.
On January 8th, 1941, Viktor Dankl died at the age of eighty-six. His wife had died a mere three days earlier. He was buried in Wilten cemetery in Innsbruck and his grave can still be visited. The Wehrmacht chose not to honor Dankl with any sort of military ceremony. By the time of his death he was a stark anachronism, leftover from a bygone era of nobility and Austrian empire, in a period marked by totalitarianism, fascism, and the Second World War.
[edit] Honors and decorations
Throughout his mostly distinguished career, Dankl was the recipient of a large amount of military and non-military awards. Despite his reputation as being somewhat short tempered, he was noted as one of Austria-Hungary's finer generals of World War I by Conrad.
On August 17th, 1917 Dankl was decorated with the Commander's Cross of the Military Maria Theresa Order in recognition of his services during the battle of Krasnik. In accordance with the statutes of this order, Dankl became a baron in his country's nobility and was since styled "Freiherr von Dankl". In 1918, Emperor Charles I further advanced him to the degree of count and granted him the territorial title of "Krasnik", after which he was styled "Graf Dankl von Krasnik". This makes Dankl a rare example of a person in Austria who was born a commoner but rose to the title of count.
His military awards include: the Commander's Cross of the Military Maria Theresa Order, the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold, the Military Merit Cross First Class, the German Iron Cross First and Second Class, the Marianer Cross of the Teutonic Order, and the Star of the Austrian Society of the Red Cross (with War Decoration). Civilian honors include an honorary PhD from an Innsbruck university in philosophy and the naming of a "Dankl" street in Innsbruck.
[edit] Notes
Regarding personal names: Graf is a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin.
