Vikramaditya II

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Virupaksha temple, Pattadakal
Virupaksha temple, Pattadakal

Vikramaditya II (733 – 744 CE) was the son of King Vijayaditya and ascended the Badami Chalukya throne following the death of his father. This information comes from the Lakshmeshwar inscriptions in Kannada dated January 13th 735.[1] From inscriptions it has come to be known that even before his coronation, Vikramaditya II, as a crown prince (Yuvaraja), had conduced successful military campaigns against their arch enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram. His most important achievements were the capture of Kanchipuram on three occasions, the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II. This is attested to by another Kannada inscription, known as the Virupaksha Temple inscription which alludes to the emperor as the conqueror of Kanchi on three occasions and reads Sri Vikramaditya-bhatarar-mume-Kanchiyan-mume parajisidor.[1] The other notable achievement was the consecration of the famous Virupaksha Temple (Lokeshwara temple) and Mallikarjuna Temple (Trilokeshwara temple) by his queens Lokadevi and Trilokadevi at Pattadakal.[2] These two monuments are the centre piece of the UNESCO World Heritage Monuments at Pattadakal.

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[edit] Wars against Pallavas

Kashivisvanatha Temple (left) and Mallikarjuna Temple(right)
Kashivisvanatha Temple (left) and Mallikarjuna Temple(right)
Badami Chalukya inscription in Old Kannada, Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
Badami Chalukya inscription in Old Kannada, Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal

Unlike King Vijayaditya, who had ruled till a very old age in a long and peaceful reign of four decades, Vikramaditya II's inscriptions seem to convey an impatience for war. From the inscriptions of Vikramaditya II, historians feel that he nursed a grudge against the Pallavas, who a century ago, under the leadership of Narasimhavarman I, had defeated the Chalukyas and occupied their regal capital Badami, thus brining to an end the glorious reign of Pulakesi II and causing humiliation to the Chalukya royal family. From these inscriptions it is known that nothing short of complete annihilation of the Pallavas (prakrity-amitra) could redeem the lost dignity of the Chalukyas. Vikarmaditya II, armed with this vengeful enthusiasm (mahotsaha) invaded the Pallava country.[3]

Immediately after coming to power, Vikramaditya II got involved in the ensuing civil war in Kanchipuram and espoused the cause of Chitramaya, against that of Nandivarman II.[4] Vikramaditya II fought many battles with the Pallavas and won three important victories and occupied Kanchipuram on those occasions. Around 730, as the Chalukya crown prince, assisted by the Western Ganga Dynasty prince Ereyappa, he attacked the Pallava Paramesvaravarman II. The Pallava king had to sue for peace at a great financial loss to his kingdom. The Pallava subsequently tried to mount a counter-attack at the Ganga ally King Sripurusha (731), but was killed in the battle of Vilande. Sripurusha seized the kings insiginia, the royal umbrella and earned the title Permanadi.[5] Though this victory to the Chalukyas happened during the rule of King Vijayaditya, the records of Chalukya monarch give full credit to Vikramaditya II.[1]

Vikramaditya again invaded the Pallava kingdom after 735, aided by the faithful ally, the Western Ganga King Sripurusha who joined the Chalukyas in this expedition. The earliest mention of this invasion are in the Narwan plates issued on 21st December 741 or 742. The Pallava King Nandivarman was a mere boy who never-the-less made a valiant but futile attempt to face the invasion. The Pallava king fled Kanchipuram into exile leaving behind all his regal attributes which included among other things, a prestigious musical drum (Katumukha), a musical instrument (Samudraghosa) and a mace. Many of his war elephants, a large quantity of precious stones and gold fell into the hands of the victorious Chalukya monarch.[6]

The road to Kanchipuram lay open and Vikramaditya II entered the city victorious. He ensured that the residents of the city were not harmed nor were the beautiful monuments destroyed (from inscription - Kanchim avinasya pravisya). The bounties of war were also returned.[7][6] Unlike many conquering kings, Vikramaditya behaved in a very honorable way and showed consideration towards both the inhabitants and the city. Many donations were made to local Brahmins and gifts given to the weak and the forlorn citizens. Vikramaditya II had in his moment of revenge transformed himself from an overbearing conqueror to a humble devotee of the deities in the temples of Kanchipuram. The act of returning large amounts of booty back to the temples earned him religious merit. All this was then inscribed on to a Kannada language inscription on the back of a pillar in the mantapa (hall) of the Kailasanatha temple.[8][9][10]. His benevolent acts at other temples have also been recorded in his copper plate inscriptions. Vikramaditya thus wiped out the disgrace that had fallen on the Chalukya empire by the occupation of Vatapi a century ago by the Pallava Narasimhavarman I. Having satiated his quest for revenge, Vikramaditya II returned back to Badami. The Chalukyan empire now reached its proportions during the rule of Pulakeshi II.

The capture of Kanchipuram which in itself symbolised the cumulative power of the three traditional kingdoms of Tamil country placed the Pandyas, Chola and the rulers of Kerala kingdoms at the mercy of Vikramaditya II. He then overran these kingdoms and defeated a Kalabhra ruler as well. These victories were inscribed in his inscription on the shores of the Indian ocean.[11] The final invasion of Kanchipuram happened in the final years of the the reign of Vikramaditya II, under the leadership of his son Kirtivarman II.[12]

[edit] Conflict with Arabs

Virupaksha temple wall sculpture Pattadakal
Virupaksha temple wall sculpture Pattadakal

In the early years of Vikramaditya's reign, Arab invaders who had established themselves in the Sindh made a push into the Deccan. Avanijanashraya Pulakesi, a son of Vikramaditya I's brother Jayasimhavarman who was the governor of the Lata branch (Gujarat) fought and stopped them in 739 CE. Vikramaditya II so appreciated his valour, he conferred the title of Avanijanasraya (refuge of the people of the earth) on Pulakesi. The Rashtrakuta King Dandivarman or Dantidurga also fought along the Chalukyas against the Arabs.[13]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c Ramesh (1984), p156
  2. ^ Kamath (2001), p63
  3. ^ Ramesh (1984), p157
  4. ^ Kamath (2001), p63
  5. ^ Sastri (1955), p139
  6. ^ a b Ramesh (1984), p158
  7. ^ Sastri (1955), p140
  8. ^ Sastri (1955), p140
  9. ^ Ramesh (1984), p159
  10. ^ Kamath (2001), p63
  11. ^ Ramesh (1984), p159
  12. ^ Ramesh (1984), p160
  13. ^ Kamath (2001), p63
Preceded by
Vijayaditya		 Chalukyas
733 –744		 Succeeded by
Kirtivarman II

[edit] References

  • Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
  • Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
  • Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat (2001). Concise History of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
  • K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi ISBN 3987-10333
  • South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/
  • History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje
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