Victorian Railways N class

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Victorian Railways N class

VR photograph of N class locomotive No. N 110, as built, 1925
Power type	steam
Builder	VR Newport Workshops, North British Locomotive Company
Configuration	2-8-2
Driver size	55 in (1397 mm)
Length	67 ft 5¼ in (20.55 m)
Axle load	13 t 17 cwt (14.1 t)
Weight on drivers	53 t 2 cwt (54.0 t)
Locomotive weight	124 t 13 cwt (126.7 t) total
Tender capacity	6 t coal (6 t) or 1,500 imp gal (6,800 L) oil, 4,700 gal (21,400 L) water
Boiler pressure	175 psi (1.21 MPa)
Fire grate area	31 ft² (2.9 m²)
Heating surface: Total	1,777 ft² (165.1 m²)
Cylinders	2
Cylinder size	20×26 in (508×660 mm)
Tractive effort	28,650 lbf (127.4 kN at 85% boiler pressure
Number in class	83

The N class was a branch line steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways from 1925 to 1966. A development of the successful K class 2-8-0, it was the first VR locomotive class designed for possible conversion from 5 ft 3 in (1600 mm) broad gauge to 4 ft 8½ in (1435 mm) standard gauge.

[edit] History

In 1923, in response to the recommendations made by the 1921 Royal Commission on the matter of uniform railway gauge, VR announced a policy that all new locomotive designs were to be capable of conversion from broad to standard gauge.^[1] The rationale was that the task of converting VR from broad to standard gauge at a future date would be far easier to achieve if the existing locomotives and rolling stock could be easily modified for standard gauge operation, rather than requiring expensive re-engineering or replacement.

The K class 2-8-0 built by VR in 1922-23 was a success, but with a firebox mounted between frames engineered for broad gauge operation only, it was not readily gauge-convertible. Thus when additional branch line locomotives were required, the VR produced a 2-8-2 'Mikado' variant of the K, the first 2-8-2 tender engine in Australia.^[2] It retained the same wheels, cylinders, motion, and much of the frame of the K,^[3] but featured a longer boiler with a wider, larger grate, mounted above the frames and supported by a trailing truck. This enabled possible gauge conversion without radical re-engineering of the frames and grate.

Despite these design features, no N class locomotive ever ran on standard gauge. By the time the standard gauge Albury to Melbourne mainline opened alongside the existing broad gauge line in 1962, steam locomotives were rapidly being withdrawn from service. Large scale standardisation of Australia's broad gauge rail network did not get underway until 1995, nearly thirty years after the withdrawal of the N class.

[edit] Production

Twenty N class locomotives were built by VR's Newport Workshops between 1925 and 1928. A second batch of ten locomotives followed in 1930-1931.^[4] They went into service with road numbers N 100-139.

A third batch of fifty locomotives were later built by North British Locomotive Company in 1949-1950 as part of the postwar rebuilding of Victorian Railways. A fourth batch of twenty N class of a modified design were also ordered from Newport Workshops. The class at this time was renumbered, with numbers 400-429 assigned to the pre-war Newport locomotives, 450-499 assigned to the North British locomotives, and 430-449 reserved for the postwar Newport locomotives. However, production of the fourth batch ceased in 1951 after just three had been built, as VR opted to order more of a new design of 2-8-0 branch line locomotive, the J class. VR also decided to sell ten of the North British-built N class locomotives (N's 461, 465, 471, 474, 477, 485, 490, 491, 494, and 495)^[5] to South Australian Railways , which was experiencing a motive power shortage, where they became that system's '750 class'. Many of these locomotives had only run a few days in VR service before being transferred to the SAR.

Thus although a total of 83 N class locomotives were built, only 73 were in actual VR service for any substantial period of time.

[edit] Regular Service

The N class had an axle load almost as light as that of the K, and as such was able to traverse much of VR's "light lines" network built with 60 lb/yd rail.^[6] It was however more limited in area of operation than the K, as its wheelbase was too long for the 50 and 53-foot (16 m) turntables used on many branch lines.

Notwithstanding the limitation of their longer wheelbase, they were nevertheless widely used on both branch line and main line goods services. Later in their life, N class locomotives were a common sight assisting other locomotives on heavy wheat trains heading for the ports of Geelong or Portland, or shunting in yards such as Ararat.

The ten N class locomotives sold to the SAR saw service on lightly built lines branching from Tailem Bend, however they were apparently unpopular with crews due to their cab design being more cramped than other SAR locomotives.^[7]

Interestingly, the SAR 750 class was apparently permitted to run speeds of up to 60 mph (96 km/h),^[8] whereas VR limited the N class to a maximum 50 mph (80 km/h).^[9]

[edit] Design improvements

N 110, in an official VR photograph c.1936, shows a dramatically altered appearance after being equipped with Modified Front End and booster engine.

In 1927, class leader N 110 was equipped with a two cylinder Franklin booster engine which drove the trailing truck axle. Based on the success of this device, VR built all but two of the much larger X class 2-8-2s with booster engines. VR also modified the design of the Delta trailing truck on the second (1930-31 built) batch of N class locomotives to enable easy retrofitting of booster engines. Despite this, no further boosters were ever fitted, and in 1945, N 110's booster was removed and fitted to one of the two non-booster equipped X class locomotives.^[10]

In 1936 class leader N 110 was again selected to test new features, this time a series of design changes for improved drafting and reduced cylinder back pressure referred to as 'Modified Front End' which had already been successfully applied to the Victorian Railways C class locomotive. N 110's performance was dramatically improved, and all the original thirty N class locomotives were similarly equipped.^[4] The most visible change resulting from these enhancements was that their original cast iron funnels were replaced by a less ornate "flowerpot" funnel. They also saw other improvements during this period, such as the fitting of cross-compound air compressors and smoke deflectors.

The postwar N class locomotives had a revised boiler design featuring a combustion chamber firebox and thermic syphons.^[11] The final batch of three Newport-built locomotives had a further evolution of the design, with German "Witte"-style smoke deflectors, and boxpok wheels.

With industrial action in the late 1940s threatening black coal supplies,^[12] the VR began to convert the class to burn fuel oil commencing with N 460 in September 1951. However, only 36 conversions were completed before the program was cancelled in 1956^[4] amidst the arrival of large numbers of diesel electric locomotives.

[edit] Demise

The introduction of the T class (EMD G8) diesel electric locomotive from 1955 onwards on VR's branch line network spelt the beginning of the end for the N class, gradually being retired as successive orders of Ts were delivered throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. Many were put into storage, used only for seasonal grain traffic.

In December 1958, the original class leader N 110 (later renumbered N 419) was the first N to be scrapped.^[2] While most of the class remained into the 1960s, wholesale withdrawals during 1965 and 1966 wiped out their numbers.^[4] The end for the N class came on 8 October 1966, when N 468 and N 475 hauled an Australian Railway Historical Society special passenger train, the final run of the class.^[13]

Over the border in South Australia, the new 830 class diesel electrics (ALCO DL531) began to displace branch line steam power. Most of the 750 class was withdrawn by 1962, with locomotive 752 steaming for the last time in November 1964.^[14]

[edit] Preservation

N 432 in static preservation at the ARHS North Williamstown Railway Museum. Note revised cab design (including facility for Automatic Staff Exchange apparatus), boxpok driving wheels, combustion chamber firebox and revised Witte-pattern smoke deflector design in this final iteration of the N class.

Despite the relatively large number of N class locomotives built, all but one of the 73 locomotives remaining on the VR after 1951 were scrapped.

N 432, the last of the group of three N locomotives built by Newport Workshops in 1951, was withdrawn from service in 1966 after a service life of just 211,303 miles (340,059 km). It is preserved at the ARHS Railway Museum in North Williamstown, Victoria. As well as its historical value as the only remaining N class locomotive, N 432 is also notable for being the last steam locomotive built by VR's Newport Workshops.^[1]

In addition to N 432, one of the ten North British Locomotive Co. built locomotives sold to the SAR also remains. No. 752 (originally VR's N 477), withdrawn after a service life of 262,593 miles (422,602 km) is today preserved at the National Railway Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia.^[14]

[edit] References

• Dee et al, Power Parade, VicRail Public Relations Division, Melbourne, 1981, ISBN 0-7241-3323-2
• Pearce et al, North Williamstown Railway Museum, ARHS, Melbourne, 1980, ISBN 0-85849-018-8

Specific

[edit] External links

• victorianrailways.net N class locomotive page Details and further photographs of N class locomotives
• Les Brown Train Pics - Roll 9 A photographic essay of the ARHS "Farewell N class" special hauled by N 468 and N 475 in October 1966