Victoria Cross for Australia

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For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation).
Victoria Cross for Australia

Obverse of the medal and ribbon. Ribbon: 32mm, crimson
Awarded by Australia
Type Military decoration
Eligibility Australian military personnel
Awarded for "... most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy."[1]
Status Currently awarded.
Statistics
Established 15 January 1991
Total awarded 0
Precedence
Next (lower) Star of Gallantry

The Victoria Cross for Australia (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy"[1] to members of the Australia Armed Forces. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service, and to civilians under military command. Being the highest award in the Australian Honours Order of Precedence, the Victoria Cross for Australia takes precedence over all other postnominals and Australian orders and decorations. The Victoria Cross for Australia was instituted by letters patent in 1991, and, within the Commonwealth of Australia and Territories, it replaces the Victoria Cross as instituted by Queen Victoria in 1856.

The Victoria Cross for Australia is made from the gunmetal of weapons supposedly captured at the siege of Sevastopol, but several historians have since questioned the true origin of the gunmetal. The same gunmetal is used to create the original Victoria Cross. Because of the rarity and inherent significance of the original medal, they are highly prized, both as an award and as a collector's item, one medal being sold for over AU$1 million at auction. As of October 2007, the Victoria Cross for Australia has never been awarded. When such an award is made, the presentation will be presided over by the Governor-General of Australia who will award the medal during an investiture. As with the awarding of the previous honour, the recipient is entitled to an annuity paid by the Government, currently AU$3,230 per year.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Original medal

On 29 January 1856 Queen Victoria signed the Royal Warrant that officially instituted the Victoria Cross. The Warrant was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour committed during the Crimean War.[2] It was originally intended that the Victoria Crosses would be cast from the bronze cascabels of two cannon that were captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol.[3][4][5] However, historian John Glanfield has proven, through the use of X-rays of older Victoria Crosses, that the metal used for the Victoria Crosses is in fact from antique Chinese guns, and not of Russian origin.[6][4][5]

The barrels of the cannon used to cast the medals are stationed outside the Officers' Mess, at the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich. The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel, weighing 10 kilograms (358 oz), is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at Donnington, Telford. It can only be removed under armed guard. It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more Victoria Crosses could be cast from this source. A single company of jewellers, Hancocks of London, established in 1849, has been responsible for the production of every medal since its inception.[7] Both the Australian and New Zealand Victoria Crosses are to be made from the same gunmetal as the originals.[8]

The original medal was awarded to 96 Australians. Ninety of these were received for actions whilst serving with Australian units. Six were received for actions whilst serving with other units. The majority of the awards were for action in the First World War, when a total of 64 medals were awarded. Nine of these awards were for action during the Gallipoli Campaign. Twenty medals were awarded for action in the Second World War, and the other medals were for action in the Boer War, Russian Civil War and in the Vietnam War. The last recipient was Warrant Officer Keith Payne, for gallantry during the Vietnam War on 24 May 1969. Payne was awarded the medal for instigating a rescue of more than forty men.[1]

[edit] Separate Commonwealth awards

In the last 20 years several Commonwealth countries have introduced their own honours systems, separate from the British Honours System. Australia, Canada and New Zealand[8] have each introduced their own decorations for gallantry and bravery, replacing British decorations such as the Military Cross with their own awards. Most Commonwealth countries, however, still recognise the Victoria Cross as their highest decoration for valour.[9]

With the issuing of letters patent, on 15 January 1991, Australia became the first Commonwealth nation to institute a separate Victoria Cross award in its own honours system. Although it is a separate award, the Victoria Cross for Australia's appearance is identical to its British counterpart.[10] Canada followed suit when in 1993, Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian Victoria Cross. The Canadian version has a different inscription, as well as being created from a different unspecified metal. The legend has been changed from FOR VALOUR to the Latin PRO VALORE.[11] In 1999 New Zealand created its own Victoria Cross, identical to the Australian and British Victoria Crosses,[8] and this has been awarded once, on 2 July 2007.[12]

[edit] Appearance

The Victoria Cross for Australia is identical to the original design. The decoration is a cross pattée, 41 millimetres high, 36 millimetres wide, bearing a crown surmounted by a lion, and the inscription FOR VALOUR.[13] The inscription was originally to have been FOR BRAVERY, until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria, who thought some might erroneously consider that only the recipients of the Victoria Cross were brave in battle.[4] The decoration, suspension bar, and link weigh about 27 grams (0.87 troy ounces).[14]

The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed "V" to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves, through which the ribbon passes. The reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient's name, rank, number and unit.[15] On the reverse of the medal is a circular panel, on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is engraved in the centre.[15] The ribbon is crimson, and is 38 millimetres (1.5 inches) wide. Although the warrants state the colour as being red, it is defined by most commentators as being crimson or "wine-red".[16]

[edit] Awarding the medal

The Australian War Memorial which currently holds 61 Victoria Crosses
The Australian War Memorial which currently holds 61 Victoria Crosses

The Victoria Cross for Australia is awarded for

"... most conspicuous gallantry, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy or belligerents."[1]

As of 2 July 2007, the Victoria Cross for Australia has not been awarded. Awards will be granted by the Governor-General with the approval of the Sovereign. As with the Victoria Cross, any recommendation will pass through the military hierarchy to the Minister for Defence.[1]

The medal itself is inherently valuable, as was highlighted on 24 July 2006, when at the auctionhouse Bonhams in Sydney, the Victoria Cross, which had been awarded to WWI soldier Captain Alfred Shout, fetched a world-record hammer price of AU$1 million. Shout had been awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously in 1915 for hand-to-hand combat at the Lone Pine trenches in Gallipoli, Turkey. The buyer, Kerry Stokes, has indicated that it will be displayed at the Australian War Memorial with the eight other Victoria Crosses awarded to Australians at Gallipoli.[17] The Australian War Memorial in Canberra currently holds 61 Victoria Crosses awarded to Australians and this is the largest public collection in the world.[18]

The Victoria Cross for Australia is the highest award in the Australian Honours Order of Precedence. As such, it takes precedence over all other postnominals and Australian orders and decorations. This postnominal is only valid for the recipient and is not transferred to the recipient's heirs after their death.[19] The Australian Government pays a Victoria Cross Allowance to any service person awarded the medal, and currently provides the two surviving Australian recipients with this allowance under Section 103, Subsection (4), of the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.[20] In January 2006 the amount was AUD$3,230 per year, indexed annually in line with Australian Consumer Price Index increases.[21] This amount is in addition to any amount that the veteran may be awarded under the general decoration allowance (at November 2007, AUD$2.10 per fortnight).[22]

[edit] Retrospective awards

In 2001, an attempt was made by a member of the Australian Senate, Chris Schacht, to have three members of the Australian armed forces awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia.[23] This Bill was adjourned and was introduced to the Senate on 1 June 2001 for a first reading.[24] This was part of a campaign by the leader of the then opposition Australian Labor Party, Kim Beazley, to have more rights for veterans.[25] The awards were intended "to raise the profile and recognition of three ordinary Australians, who displayed outstanding bravery."[24] It had been argued by some commentators that an Act conferring a Victoria Cross may be beyond the legislative power of the Parliament. "This is because the creation and award of such honours are a Crown prerogative and therefore any legislative action would be contrary to the doctrine of the separation of powers."[24] It was argued by Labor party member Sid Sidebottom that under "section 51(vi) of the Constitution", Parliament has the authority to legislate with respect to "naval and military defence of the Commonwealth." Sidebottom believed that conferring awards and honours would be a valid exercise of that power.[24] The Bill was rejected by the government of John Howard.[26]

The awards were to be made posthumously to John Simpson Kirkpatrick, Albert Cleary and Teddy Sheean for their actions in the First and Second World War. Kirkpatrick's story has become an Anzac legend.[26] He was a stretcher bearer with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli during World War I. He landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 and, on that first night, took a donkey and began carrying wounded from the battle line to the beach for evacuation. He continued this work for three and a half weeks, often under fire, until he was killed. An attempt was made in 1967 to have Kirkpatrick awarded the VC. This was unsuccessful as in 1919, King George V had decreed that no more operational awards would be made for the recently concluded war.[27] Following the 2007 Australian federal election the Labor party came to power and the Bill was reintroduced. Historians such as Anthony Staunton, writing in the Australian Journal of Military History, have stated that the Victoria Cross for Australia should not be awarded retrospectively as it would set a dangerous precedent.[28]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Victoria Cross for Australia (PDF). Australian Government. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
  2. ^ Ashcroft, Michael, p.7–10
  3. ^ Beharry, Johnson, p.359
  4. ^ a b c 150 years of the Victoria Cross. Royal Naval Museum. Retrieved on 2007-06-18.
  5. ^ a b Hancocks of London History of VC. Hancocks of London. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  6. ^ Davies, Catronia. "Author explodes myth of the gunmetal VC", The Telegraph, 2005-12-28. Retrieved on 2007-06-16. 
  7. ^ Hancocks Jewellers. Hancocks of London. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
  8. ^ a b c New Zealand Honours. Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  9. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 56878, pages 3351–3355, 17 March 2003. Retrieved on 2007-11-28. The Gazette containing the most up-to-date Order of Precedence
  10. ^ The Victoria Cross for Australia. The Government of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
  11. ^ CTV.ca. "Top military honour now cast in Canada", CTV news, 2007-03-03. Retrieved on 2007-06-24. 
  12. ^ "Willie Apiata receives his VC", NZ Herald, 2007-07-26. Retrieved on 2007-08-03. 
  13. ^ Original Warrant, Clause 1: Firstly. It is ordained that the distinction shall be styled and designated "The Victoria Cross", and shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze, with our Royal crest in the centre, and underneath with an escroll bearing the inscription "For Valour".
  14. ^ Ashcroft, Michael, p.16
  15. ^ a b The Victoria Cross. Vietnam Veterans Of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.
  16. ^ The Victoria Cross. Imperial War Museum Exhibits and Firearms Collections. Retrieved on 2006-09-30.
  17. ^ "Gallipoli VC medal sets auction record", The Age, 2006-07-24. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. 
  18. ^ Australian War Memorial List of Australian Victoria Cross. Australian War memorial. Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
  19. ^ Ashcroft, Michael, Introduction
  20. ^ Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986. Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
  21. ^ Australian Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 103, Victoria Cross allowance granted to a veteran under this section is payable at the rate of $3,230 per year. The amount fixed by this subsection is indexed annually in line with CPI increases., Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 198a,. Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
  22. ^ Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Section 102. Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.
  23. ^ Parliamentary Debates, Senate (PDF). Hansard (2001-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-01-26.(pp.87–89)
  24. ^ a b c d Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives (PDF). Hansard (2001-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-01-26.(20–23)
  25. ^ Kim Beazley's plans for veterans (PDF). Australian Labor Party (2001). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  26. ^ a b Australia's favourite hero. Anzacs. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.
  27. ^ Wilson, Graham (December 2006). "The Donkey Vote. A VC for Simpson — The Case Against". Sabretache: The Journal and Proceedings of the Military Historical Society of Australia 47 (4): 25–37. 
  28. ^ Myles-Kelly, Paul. "Bravery award for war hero blocked", The Shields Gazette, 2008-01-15. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

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