Velarization

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Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization can be indicated by one of two methods:

  1. A tilde or swung dash through the letter indicates either velarization or pharyngealization, as in [ɫ] (the velarized equivalent of [l]), or
  2. The symbol <ˠ> (a superscript gamma) after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in [tˠ] (the velarized equivalent of [t]).

Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization,[1] the IPA offers no way to indicate degrees of velarization.

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (or dark l) of many accents of English is an example of a velarized consonant.

In many languages, including Irish and Russian, velarized consonants contrast phonemically with palatalized consonants. The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish language teaching, the terms slender (for palatalized) and broad (for velarized) are often used, while in Russian language teaching, the terms soft (for palatalized) and hard (for velarized) are usual. The terms light (for palatalized) and dark (for velarized) are also widespread. For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[2]

In some accents of English, such as Received Pronunciation, the phoneme /l/ has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark" allophone appears in syllable coda position (e.g. in full), while the "light" allophone ("light" meaning "non-velarized" rather than "palatalized" here) appears in syllable onset position (e.g. in lawn). Other accents of English, such as Scottish English and Australian English, have "dark L" in all positions, while Hiberno-English has "clear L" in all positions.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:2) citing Recasens, Fontdevila & Pallarès (1995)
  2. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)

[edit] References

  • Recasens, Daniel & Maria Dolores. Pallarès (1995), "Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German", Journal of Phonetics 23: 37-52
  • Recasens, Daniel & Aina Espinosa (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1-25