Vectorization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vectorization, in computer science, is the process of converting a computer program from a scalar implementation, which does an operation on a pair of operands at a time, to a vectorized program where a single instruction can perform multiple operations or a pair of vector (series of adjacent values) operands. Vector processing is a major feature of both conventional and modern supercomputers.
One major research topic in computer science is the search for methods of automatic vectorization; seeking methods that would allow a compiler to convert scalar programs into vectorized programs without human assistance.
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[edit] Automatic vectorization
Automatic vectorization, in the context of a computer program, refers to the automatic transformation of a series of operations performed sequentially, one operation at a time, to operations performed in parallel, several at once, in a manner suitable for processing by a vector processor.
An example would be a program to multiply two vectors of numeric data. A scalar approach would be something like:
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
{
C[i] = A[i]*B[i];
}
This could be transformed to vectorized code something like:
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
C[i:i+3] = A[i:i+3]*B[i:i+3];
}
Here, C[i:i+3] represents the four array elements from C[i] to C[i+3] and we assume that the vector processor can perform four operations for a single vector instruction. Since four operations are performed for an execution time roughly similar to time taken for one scalar instruction, the vector code can run up to four times faster than the original code.
There are two distinct compiler approaches: one based on the conventional vectorization technique and the other based on loop unrolling.
[edit] Loop-level automatic vectorization
This technique, used for conventional vector machines, tries to find and exploit SIMD parallelism from the loop level. It consists of two major steps as follows.
- Find an innermost loop that can be vectorized
- Transform the loop and generate vector codes
In the first step, the vectorizing compiler looks for obstacles that can prevent vectorization. A major obstacle for vectorization is true data dependency shorter than the vector length. Other obstacles include function calls and short iteration counts.
Once the loop is determined to be vectorizable, the loop is stripmined by the vector length and each scalar instructions within the loop body are replaced with the corresponding vector instructions. Below, the component transformations for this step are shown using the above example.
- After stripmining
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
for (ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++)
{
C[i+ii] = A[i+ii]*B[i+ii];
}
}
- After loop distribution using temporary arrays
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
for (ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) tA[ii] = A[i+ii];
for (ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) tB[ii] = B[i+ii];
for (ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) tC[ii] = tA[ii]*tB[ii];
for (ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) C[i+ii] = tC[ii];
}
- After replacing with vector codes
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vA = vec_ld( &A[i] );
vB = vec_ld( &B[i] );
vC = vec_mul( vA, vB );
vec_st( vC, &C[i] );
}
[edit] Basic block level automatic vectorization
This relatively new technique specifically targets modern SIMD architectures with short vector lengths. Although loops can be unrolled to increase the amount of SIMD parallelism in basic blocks, this technique targets to exploit SIMD parallelism within basic blocks rather than from loops. Because of this, SIMD codes can be generated from basic blocks outside loop nests. The two major steps are as follows.
- The innermost loop is unrolled by a factor of the vector length to form a large loop body.
- Isomorphic scalar instructions (that perform the same operation) are packed into a vector instruction if dependencies do not prevent doing so.
To show step-by-step transformations for this approach, the same example is used again.
- After loop unrolling (by the vector length, assumed to be 4 in this case)
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
sA0 = ld( &A[i+0] );
sB0 = ld( &B[i+0] );
sC0 = sA0 * sB0;
st( sC0, &C[i+0] );
...
sA3 = ld( &A[i+3] );
sB3 = ld( &B[i+3] );
sC3 = sA3 * sB3;
st( sC3, &C[i+3] );
}
- After packing
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
(sA0,sA1,sA2,sA3) = ld( &A[i+0:i+3] );
(sB0,sB1,sB2,sB3) = ld( &B[i+0:i+3] );
(sC0,sC1,sC2,sC3) = (sA0,sA1,sA2,sA3) * (sB0,sB1,sB2,sB3);
st( (sC0,sC1,sC2,sC3), &C[i+0:i+3] );
}
- After code generation
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vA = vec_ld( &A[i] );
vB = vec_ld( &B[i] );
vC = vec_mul( vA, vB );
vec_st( vC, &C[i] );
}
Here, sA1, sB1, ... represent scalar variables and vA, vB, and vC represent vector variables.
Most automatically vectorizing commercial compilers use the conventional loop-level approach except the IBM XL Compiler that uses both.
[edit] Vectorization in the presence of control flow
When there are if-statements in the loopbody, the instructions in all control paths have to be executed to merge the multiple values of a variable. One general approach is to go through a sequence of code transformations: predication → vectorization(using one of the above methods) → remove vector predicates → remove scalar predicates. If the following code is used as an example to show these transformations;
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
{
if (A[i] > 0)
C[i] = B[i];
else
D[i] = D[i-1];
}
- After predication
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
{
P = A[i] > 0;
NP = !P;
C[i] = B[i]; (P)
D[i] = D[i-1]; (NP)
}
where (P) denotes a predicate guarding the statement.
- After vectorization
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vP = A[i:i+3] > (0,0,0,0);
vNP = vec_not(vP);
C[i:i+3] = B[i:i+3]; (vP)
(NP1,NP2,NP3,NP4) = vNP;
D[i] = D[i-1]; (NP1)
D[i+1] = D[i]; (NP2)
D[i+2] = D[i+1]; (NP3)
D[i+3] = D[i+2]; (NP4)
}
- After removing vector predicates
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vP = A[i:i+3] > (0,0,0,0);
vNP = vec_not(vP);
C[i:i+3] = vec_sel(C[i:i+3],B[i:i+3],vP);
(NP1,NP2,NP3,NP4) = vNP;
D[i] = D[i-1]; (NP1)
D[i+1] = D[i]; (NP2)
D[i+2] = D[i+1]; (NP3)
D[i+3] = D[i+2]; (NP4)
}
- After removing scalar predicates
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vP = A[i:i+3] > (0,0,0,0);
vNP = vec_not(vP);
C[i:i+3] = vec_sel(C[i:i+3],B[i:i+3],vP);
(NP1,NP2,NP3,NP4) = vNP;
if (NP1) D[i] = D[i-1];
if (NP2) D[i+1] = D[i];
if (NP3) D[i+2] = D[i+1];
if (NP4) D[i+3] = D[i+2];
}
[edit] Reducing vectorization overhead in the presence of control flow
Having to execute the instructions in all control paths in vector code has been one of the major factors that slow down the vector code with respect to the scalar baseline. The more complex the control flow becomes and the more instructions are bypassed in the scalar code the larger the vectorization overhead grows. To reduce this vectorization overhead, vector branches can be inserted to bypass vector instructions similar to the way scalar branches bypass scalar instructions. Below, AltiVec predicates are used to show how this can be achieved.
- Scalar baseline (original code)
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
{
if (A[i] > 0)
{
C[i] = B[i];
if (B[i] < 0)
D[i] = E[i];
}
}
- After vectorization in the presence of control flow
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
vPA = A[i:i+3] > (0,0,0,0);
C[i:i+3] = vec_sel(C[i:i+3],B[i:i+3],vPA);
vT = B[i:i+3] < (0,0,0,0);
vPB = vec_sel((0,0,0,0), vT, vPA);
D[i:i+3] = vec_sel(D[i:i+3],E[i:i+3],vPB);
}
- After inserting vector branches
for (i = 0; i < 1024; i+=4)
{
if (vec_any_gt(A[i:i+3],(0,0,0,0)))
{
vPA = A[i:i+3] > (0,0,0,0);
C[i:i+3] = vec_sel(C[i:i+3],B[i:i+3],vPA);
vT = B[i:i+3] < (0,0,0,0);
vPB = vec_sel((0,0,0,0), vT, vPA);
if (vec_any_ne(vPB,(0,0,0,0)))
{
D[i:i+3] = vec_sel(D[i:i+3],E[i:i+3],vPB);
}
}
}
There are two things to note in the final code with vector branches; First, the predicate defining instruction for vPA is also included within the body of the outer vector branch by using vec_any_gt. Second, the profitability of the inner vector branch for vPB depends on the conditional probability of vPB having false values in all fields given vPA has false values in all fields.
Let's think about an example where the outer branch in the scalar baseline is always taken bypassing most instructions in the loopbody. Without vector branches, the vector code, shown in the second loop above, should execute all vector instructions. When vector branches are used as in the final code, both the comparison and the branch are performed in vector mode potentially gaining performance over the scalar baseline.
