Vasoactive intestinal peptide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Identifiers

VIP; MGC13587; PHM27

External IDs

OMIM: 192320 MGI: 98933 HomoloGene: 2539

Gene ontology
Molecular Function:	• hormone activity • neuropeptide hormone activity
Cellular Component:	• extracellular region • soluble fraction
Biological Process:	• muscle contraction • G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway • cell-cell signaling • fluid secretion • positive regulation of cell proliferation

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Human

Mouse

Refseq

NM_003381 (mRNA)
NP_003372 (protein)

NM_011702 (mRNA)
NP_035832 (protein)

Location

Chr 6: 153.11 - 153.12 Mb

Chr 10: 4.7 - 4.71 Mb

Pubmed search

[1]

[2]

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, also polypeptide^[1]) is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues and is produced in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.

It has a half-life (T^1/2) in the blood of about two minutes.

1 Function
2 Pathology
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links

[edit] Function

VIP has an effect on several different parts of the body:

With respect to the digestive system, VIP seems to induce smooth muscle relaxation (lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, gallbladder), stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile, and cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen.^[2] Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes^[3], as well as dilating intestinal smooth muscle, dilating peripheral blood vessels, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. These effects work together to increase motility.^[4]

It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells.
It is also found in the brain and some autonomic nerves. One region of the brain includes a specific area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the location of the 'master circadian pacemaker'. The SCN coordinates daily timekeeping in the body and VIP plays a key role in communication between individual brain cells within this region. Further, VIP is also involved in synchronising the timing of SCN function with the environmental light-dark cycle. Combined, these roles in the SCN make VIP a crucial component of the mammalian circadian timekeeping machinery.

VIP helps to regulate prolactin secretion.^[5]

It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It causes coronary vasodilation^[6] as well as having a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect. Research is being performed to see if it may have a beneficial role in the treatment of heart failure.

[edit] Pathology

VIP is overproduced in VIPoma.^[6]

[edit] See also

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

[edit] References

^ vasoactive+intestinal+polypeptide at eMedicine Dictionary
^ Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
^ 1892679719 at GPnotebook
^ Anatomy Atlases: Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy: Section 1 - Cells
^ Kulick R, Chaiseha Y, Kang S, Rozenboim I, El Halawani M (2005). "The relative importance of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as physiological regulators of prolactin in the domestic turkey". Gen Comp Endocrinol 142 (3): 267-73. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.12.024. PMID 15935152.
^ ^a ^b Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

[edit] Further reading

Fahrenkrug J (2002). "Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP.". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 234: 35-9. PMID 11713978.
Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D (2004). "The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation.". Pharmacol. Rev. 56 (2): 249-90. doi:10.1124/pr.56.2.7. PMID 15169929.
Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG (2006). "Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland.". Int. Rev. Cytol. 249: 1-51. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X. PMID 16697281.
Hill JM (2007). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential.". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (11): 1079-89. doi:10.2174/138161207780618975. PMID 17430171.
Gonzalez-Rey E, Varela N, Chorny A, Delgado M (2007). "Therapeutical approaches of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a pleiotropic immunomodulator.". Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (11): 1113-39. doi:10.2174/138161207780618966. PMID 17430175.
"[Quaternary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthetase]" (1975). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 222 (4): 997-1000. PMID 807467.
Kitamura K, Kangawa K, Kawamoto M, et al. (1992). "Isolation and characterization of peptides which act on rat platelets, from a pheochromocytoma.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185 (1): 134-41. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80966-0. PMID 1318039.
Glowa JR, Panlilio LV, Brenneman DE, et al. (1992). "Learning impairment following intracerebral administration of the HIV envelope protein gp120 or a VIP antagonist.". Brain Res. 570 (1-2): 49-53. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90562-N. PMID 1617429.
Theriault Y, Boulanger Y, St-Pierre S (1991). "Structural determination of the vasoactive intestinal peptide by two-dimensional H-NMR spectroscopy.". Biopolymers 31 (4): 459-64. doi:10.1002/bip.360310411. PMID 1863695.
Gozes I, Giladi E, Shani Y (1987). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene: putative mechanism of information storage at the RNA level.". J. Neurochem. 48 (4): 1136-41. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05638.x. PMID 2434617.
Yamagami T, Ohsawa K, Nishizawa M, et al. (1988). "Complete nucleotide sequence of human vasoactive intestinal peptide/PHM-27 gene and its inducible promoter.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 527: 87-102. PMID 2839091.
Bodner M, Fridkin M, Gozes I (1985). "Coding sequences for vasoactive intestinal peptide and PHM-27 peptide are located on two adjacent exons in the human genome.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (11): 3548-51. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.11.3548. PMID 2987932.
DeLamarter JF, Buell GN, Kawashima E, et al. (1985). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: expression of the prohormone in bacterial cells.". Peptides 6 Suppl 1: 95-102. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90016-6. PMID 2995945.
Linder S, Barkhem T, Norberg A, et al. (1987). "Structure and expression of the gene encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide precursor.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (2): 605-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.605. PMID 3025882.
Gotoh E, Yamagami T, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H (1989). "Chromosomal assignment of human VIP/PHM-27 gene to 6q26----q27 region by spot blot hybridization and in situ hybridization.". Biochem. Int. 17 (3): 555-62. PMID 3202886.
Yiangou Y, Di Marzo V, Spokes RA, et al. (1987). "Isolation, characterization, and pharmacological actions of peptide histidine valine 42, a novel prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide-derived peptide.". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (29): 14010-3. PMID 3654650.
Gozes I, Bodner M, Shani Y, Fridkin M (1986). "Structure and expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in a human tumor.". Peptides 7 Suppl 1: 1-6. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(86)90156-7. PMID 3748844.
Tsukada T, Horovitch SJ, Montminy MR, et al. (1985). "Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene.". DNA 4 (4): 293-300. PMID 3899557.
Heinz-Erian P, Dey RD, Flux M, Said SI (1985). "Deficient vasoactive intestinal peptide innervation in the sweat glands of cystic fibrosis patients.". Science 229 (4720): 1407-8. doi:10.1126/science.4035357. PMID 4035357.
Bloom SR, Christofides ND, Delamarter J, et al. (1984). "Diarrhoea in vipoma patients associated with cosecretion of a second active peptide (peptide histidine isoleucine) explained by single coding gene.". Lancet 2 (8360): 1163-5. PMID 6139527.

[edit] External links

v • d • e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones)

Hypothalamic-pituitary	Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin)

Adrenal axis	Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA

Thyroid axis	Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH

Gonadal axis	Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy)

Other end. glands	Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin

Non-end. glands	Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)

Target-derived	NGF, BDNF, NT-3

v • d • e Peptides: neuropeptides

Hypothalamic	Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC (ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin)

Gastrointestinal hormones	Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Other hormones	Vasopressin - Calcitonin -

Other	Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins (Bradykinin, Tachykinins ) - Neuromedin (B, N, U) - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide