Vaccinium
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| Vaccinium | ||||||||||||
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 Vaccinium berries, from top right:
Cranberries, linganberries, blueberries, red huckleberries |
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| Type species | ||||||||||||
| V. uliginosum[1] |
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See text |
Vaccinium is a genus of shrubs in the plant Family Ericaceae including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry or whortleberry, cowberry or lingonberry, and huckleberry. The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the Northern Hemisphere, although there are tropical species from as widely separated areas as Madagascar and Hawai'i. The plants prefer heath landscapes, as well as open forests. The name Vaccinium was used for a type of berry (probably the bilberry V. myrtillus) in classical Latin, but its ultimate derivation is obscure; it has nothing to do with vaccinum "of or pertaining to cows", but may be a corruption of Latin bacca, berry (OED).
The fruit develops from an inferior ovary, and is a false berry.
Vaccinium species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium.
The taxonomy is complex, and still under investigation. A number of the Asian species are more closely related to Agapetes than to other Vaccinium species.[2][3] A second group includes most of Orthaea and Notopora, at least some of Gaylussacia (huckleberry), and a number of species from Vaccinium, such as Vaccinium crassifolium.[2] Other parts of Vaccinium form other groups, sometimes together with species of other genera.[2]
A classification which predates molecular phylogeny divides Vaccinium into subgenera, and several sections:
- Subgenus Oxycoccus
- The cranberries, with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat Oxycoccus as a distinct genus.
- Sect. Oxycoccus
- Vaccinium macrocarpon (American Cranberry)
- Vaccinium microcarpum (Small Cranberry)
- Vaccinium oxycoccus (Common Cranberry)
- Sect. Oxycoccoides
- Vaccinium erythrocarpum (Southern Mountain Cranberry)
- Subgenus Vaccinium
- All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers.
- Sect. Batodendron
- Vaccinium arboreum (Sparkleberry) (images)
- Vaccinium crassifolium (Creeping blueberry)
- Sect. Brachyceratium
- Vaccinium dependens
- Sect. Bracteata
- Vaccinium acrobracteatum
- Vaccinium barandanum
- Vaccinium bracteatum
- Vaccinium coriaceum
- Vaccinium cornigerum
- Vaccinium cruentum
- Vaccinium hooglandii
- Vaccinium horizontale
- Vaccinium laurifolium
- Vaccinium lucidum
- Vaccinium myrtoides
- Vaccinium phillyreoides
- Vaccinium reticulatovenosum
- Vaccinium sparsum
- Vaccinium varingifolium
- Sect. Ciliata
- Vaccinium ciliatum
- Vaccinium oldhamii
- Sect. Cinctosandra
- Vaccinium exul
- Sect. Conchophyllum
- Vaccinium corymbodendron
- Vaccinium delavayi
- Vaccinium emarginatum
- Vaccinium griffithianum
- Vaccinium meridionale
- Vaccinium moupinense (Himalayan Blueberry)
- Vaccinium neilgherrense
- Vaccinium nummularia
- Vaccinium retusum
- Sect. Cyanococcus (blueberries)
- Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry)
- Vaccinium boreale (Northern Blueberry)
- Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey Blueberry)
- Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry)
- Vaccinium darrowii
- Vaccinium elliottii
- Vaccinium formosum
- Vaccinium fuscatum (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum)
- Vaccinium hirsutum
- Vaccinium koreanum
- Vaccinium myrsinites (Evergreen Blueberry)
- Vaccinium myrtilloides (Canadian Blueberry)
- Vaccinium pallidum (Dryland Blueberry) (images)
- Vaccinium simulatum
- Vaccinium tenellum
- Vaccinium virgatum (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei)
- Sect. Eococcus
- Vaccinium fragile
- Sect. Epigynium
- Vaccinium vacciniaceum
- Sect. Galeopetalum
- Vaccinium chunii
- Vaccinium dunalianum
- Vaccinium glaucoalbum
- Vaccinium urceolatum
- Sect. Hemimyrtillus
- Vaccinium arctostaphylos
- Vaccinium cylindraceum
- Vaccinium hirtum
- Vaccinium padifolium
- Vaccinium smallii
- Sect. Myrtillus
- Vaccinium calycinum
- Vaccinium cespitosum
- Vaccinium deliciosum (Cascade Bilberry)
- Vaccinium dentatum
- Vaccinium membranaceum
- Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
- Vaccinium ovalifolium (Alaska Blueberry; syn. V. alaskaense)
- Vaccinium parvifolium (Red Huckleberry)
- Vaccinium praestans
- Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo 'ai)
- Vaccinium scoparium (Grouse Whortleberry)
- Sect. Neurodesia
- Vaccinium crenatum
- Sect. Oarianthe
- Vaccinium ambyandrum
- Vaccinium cyclopense
- Sect. Oreades
- Vaccinium poasanum
- Sect. Pachyanthum
- Vaccinium fissiflorum
- Sect. Polycodium
- Vaccinium stamineum (Deerberry; syn. V. caesium) (images)
- Sect. Pyxothamnus
- Vaccinium consanguineum
- Vaccinium floribundum
- Vaccinium ovatum (California Huckleberry)
- Sect. Vaccinium
- Vaccinium uliginosum (Northern (or Bog) Bilberry; syn. V. occidentale)
- Sect. Vitis-idaea
- Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Cowberry, Lingonberry)
[edit] References
- ^ Vaccinium Linnaeus (HTML). Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (2003-02-05). Retrieved on 2008-05-09.
- ^ a b c Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell and J. L. Luteyn (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of Satyria". American Journal of Botany 89: 327–336.
- ^ Vaccinium. Flora of China.
