Unternehmen Rheinübung

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Unternehmen Rheinübung ("Operation Rheinübung" or "Operation Rhine Exercise") was the sortie into the Atlantic by the new German battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen on 18–27 May 1941, during World War II. This operation culminated in the sinking of Bismarck.

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[edit] Background

During both World Wars, the island of Britain was dependent upon huge numbers of merchant ships to bring in food and essential raw materials, and protecting this lifeline was one of the highest priorities for British forces. Likewise, Germany recognised that, if this lifeline could be severed, Britain would be defeated, regardless of any other factor.

By May 1941, the Kriegsmarine warships, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Admiral Hipper were at Brest, on the western coast of France, posing a serious threat to the Atlantic convoys.

Two new warships now became available to the Germans: the battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, both initially stationed in the Baltic Sea.

To meet the threat from German surface ships, the British had stationed at Scapa Flow the new battleships HMS King George V (sometimes referred to as KGV) and HMS Prince of Wales (PoW) as well as the elderly battlecruiser HMS Hood. Elsewhere, at Gibraltar, at Halifax, Nova Scotia and at sea in the Atlantic were the battleships Revenge, Rodney and Ramillies, the battlecruisers Repulse and Renown, and aircraft carriers HMS Ark Royal and Victorious. Cruisers and air patrols provided the fleet's 'eyes'. At sea, or due to sail shortly, were 11 convoys, including a troop convoy.

Lütjens had requested that Grand Admiral Erich Raeder delay Rheinübung long enough either for Scharnhorst to rendezvous at sea with Bismarck and Prinz Eugen or for Bismarck's sister-ship Tirpitz to accompany them. Raeder had refused. The crew of the newly-completed Tirpitz was not yet fully trained, and Raeder cited the coming German invasion of Crete as a reason for disrupting Allied supply lines and diverting strength from the Mediterranean. [1]

Raeder's orders to Lütjens were that "the objective of the Bismarck is not to defeat enemies of equal strength, but to tie them down in a delaying action, while preserving her combat capacity as much as possible, so as to allow Prinz Eugen to get at the merchant ships in the convoy. The primary target in this operation is the enemy's merchant shipping; enemy warships will be engaged only when that objective makes it necessary and it can be done without excessive risk." [2]

These orders did not take into account the Royal Navy's determination to destroy the German surface fleet. To make sure Bismarck was sunk, the Royal Navy would ruthlessly strip other theatres of action. This would include denuding valuable convoys of their escorts. The British would ultimately deploy six battleships, three battlecruisers, two aircraft carriers, 16 cruisers, 33 destroyers and eight submarines, along with patrol aircraft. It would become the largest naval force assigned to a single operation up to that point in the war.[3]

[edit] Bismarck sails

Lutjens' force left Gotenhafen (now Gdynia, Poland) on 18 May.

On 21 May, the Admiralty was alerted by sources in the Swedish government that two large warships had been seen in the Kattegat. The ships entered the North Sea and took a brief refuge in a fjord near Bergen, Norway on 21 May, making a break for the Atlantic shipping lanes on the 22nd. By this time, Hood and Prince of Wales, with escorting destroyers, were en route to the Denmark Strait, where two cruisers, Norfolk and Suffolk were already patrolling. The cruisers Manchester and Birmingham were to guard the waters south-east of Iceland.

Once the departure of the German ships was discovered, Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Tovey, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Home Fleet, sailed with the King George V, Victorious and their escorts to support those already at sea. Repulse joined soon afterwards.

On the evening of 23 May, Suffolk sighted Bismarck and Prinz Eugen in the Denmark Strait, close to the Greenland coast. The Admiralty was alerted and Norfolk and Suffolk, hopelessly out-gunned, shadowed the German ships. British naval groups were redirected to either intercept Lutjens' force or to cover the troop convoy.

[edit] Battle of the Denmark Strait

Main article: Battle of the Denmark Strait

Hood and Prince of Wales made contact with the German force early on the morning of 24 May and the action started at 5:52am, with the combatants about 25,000 yards apart. Hood suffered an early hit, which started a rapidly spreading fire amidships.

Then, at about 6am, one or more of Hood's magazines exploded, probably as the result of another shell hit from Bismarck. The explosion broke the great battlecruiser's back, and she sank within minutes. All but three of her 1,417-man crew died.

Prince of Wales continued the action, but suffered badly, receiving multiple hits with 15-inch and 8-inch shells, and experiencing repeated mechanical failures with her main armament. Her commanding officer, Captain Leach, wounded when one of Bismarck's shells struck Prince of Wales' bridge, broke off the action, and the British battleship retreated under cover of a smokescreen.

Bismarck had been hit only two (or perhaps three) times. All of the hits had been inflicted by Prince of Wales' 14-inch guns. One of the hits had penetrated the German battleship's hull near the bow, rupturing her fuel tanks, causing her to leak oil continuously and at a serious rate. This was to be a critical factor as the pursuit continued, forcing Bismarck to make for Brest instead of escaping into the great expanse of the Atlantic. The resulting oil slick also helped the British cruisers to shadow her.

[edit] The pursuit

Norfolk and Suffolk and the damaged Prince of Wales continued to shadow the Germans, reporting their position. At 6:40pm on the 24 May, Bismarck turned on her pursuers to cover the escape of Prinz Eugen. The German cruiser slipped away undamaged.

At 10pm, Victorious was 120 miles away and launched an air attack with nine Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers, which were guided in by Norfolk. In poor weather, and against heavy fire, they attacked and made a single torpedo hit under the bridge. However, up against strong belt armour and torpedo bulges, they failed to cause substantial damage. The attacking aircraft were all safely recovered by Victorious, despite poor weather, darkness, aircrew inexperience and the failure of the carrier's homing beacon.

At 3am on 25 May, the British shadowers lost contact with Bismarck. At first, it was thought that she would return to the North Sea and ships were directed accordingly. By the time it was realised that she was heading for Brest Bismarck had broken the naval cordon and gained a lead. By 11pm she was well to the east of Tovey's force and had managed to evade Rodney. Bismarck was short of fuel, due to the damaging hit inflicted by Prince of Wales, but was able to outrun the British Home Fleet. From the south, however, Somerville's Force H with the carrier Ark Royal, the battlecruiser Renown, and the light cruiser HMS Sheffield were approaching to intercept.

The British ships were also beginning to run low on fuel and the escape of Bismarck seemed more and more certain. However, at 10:30am, on 26 May, a Catalina flying-boat, based at Lough Erne, Northern Ireland, found Bismarck. She was 700 miles from Brest and not within range of Luftwaffe air cover.

This contact was taken over by two Swordfish from Ark Royal. This carrier now launched an air strike, but her aircrew were unaware of Sheffield's proximity to Bismarck, mistook the British cruiser for the German battleship and therefore immediately attacked her. Their torpedoes had been fitted with influence detonators, and several of them exploded prematurely. Others missed their target, and the attacking aircraft then received a warning from Ark Royal that Sheffield was in the vicinity, whereupon the Swordfish finally recognized the cruiser and broke off the attack.

Ark Royal now launched, in almost impossibly bad weather conditions for air operations, and from a distance of less than 40 miles upwind of Bismarck, a second strike consisting of 15 Swordfish. These were carrying torpedoes equipped with the standard and reliable contact detonators. The attack resulted in two or three hits on the German ship, one of which inflicted critical damage on her steering. A jammed rudder now meant she could now only sail away from her intended destination of Brest. At midnight, Lutjens signalled his headquarters: "Ship unmanouverable. We shall fight to the last shell. Long live the Führer."

[edit] Bismarck's end

Main article: Last battle of the battleship Bismarck

The battleships Rodney and King George V waited for daylight on 27 May before attacking. At 8:47am, they opened fire, quickly hitting Bismarck. Her gunners achieved near misses on Rodney, but the British ships had silenced most of the German guns within half an hour. Despite close range shelling by Rodney, a list to port and widespread fires, Bismarck did not sink.

According to Ballard's underwater surveys in recent years the British guns achieved only four penetrations of Bismarck's armour, two through the upper armour belt on the starboard side from King George V and two on the port side from Rodney. These four hits occurred at about 10:00 am, at close range, causing heavy casualties among the sheltering crew.

Nearly out of fuel — and mindful of possible U-boat attacks — the British battleships left for home. The heavy cruiser HMS Dorsetshire attacked with torpedoes and made three hits. Scuttling charges were soon set off by German sailors, and at 10:40am, Bismarck capsized and sank. Dorsetshire and the destroyer HMS Maori rescued 110 survivors. After an hour, rescue work was abruptly ended when there were reports of a U-boat presence. Another five survivors were picked up by U-74, and the German weather ship Sachsenwald. Over 2,000 died.

[edit] Aftermath

Prinz Eugen went further south into the Atlantic, where she refuelled from a tanker at sea. She suffered engine troubles, abandoned her commerce raiding mission without sinking any merchant ships, and made her way to Brest.

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