University of York

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University of York

Motto: In limine sapientiae
"On the threshold of wisdom"
Established: 1963
Type: Public
Endowment: £7.5 million[1]
Chancellor: Greg Dyke
Vice-Chancellor: Professor Brian Cantor
Staff: 3,082
Students: 13,270[2]
Undergraduates: 9,105[2]
Postgraduates: 4,165[2]
Location: Heslington, York, UK
Campus: Heslington and King's Manor
Affiliations: 1994 Group
EUA
White Rose
WUN
N8 Group
Website: http://www.york.ac.uk/

The University of York is a campus university in York, England, United Kingdom. Established in 1963, York has expanded to more than 30 departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. In the last Research Assessment Exercise York was named the 6th best research institution in the UK.[3]

Situated on the outskirts of the city of York,[4] the university campus is approximately 200 acres (0.81 km²) in size, incorporating the York Science Park and the National Science Learning Centre. The institution also occupies historic buildings in York. The university is divided into eight colleges, which have similarities to the traditional colleges of the collegiate Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham, and which also provide halls of residence for a number of students. All students and teaching staff are allocated to a college.[5] In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus, on arable land just east of the nearby village of Heslington. The land was removed from the green belt especially for the purpose of extending the university.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Origins

Heslington Hall
Heslington Hall

The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to King James I in 1617.[6] In 1903 F. J. Munby and others (including the Yorkshire Philosophical Society) proposed a "Victoria University of Yorkshire",[7] whilst the then College of Ripon and York St John also at one time considered purchasing Heslington Hall as part of a proposed new campus.

[edit] Establishment

Oliver Sheldon 1894-1951, co-founder of York Civic Trust, was a driving force behind the founding of the University, according to the Borthwick Institute for Archives. The University of York was opened in 1963, admitting 200 students. At the time, the university consisted of three buildings, principally the historic King's Manor in the city centre and Heslington Hall, which has Tudor foundations and is in the village of Heslington on the edge of York. A year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus (see below), which now forms the main part of the university.

[edit] Baron James's cardinal principles

Baron James of Rusholme, the university's first Vice-Chancellor, said[8] of the University of York that it must be collegiate in character, that it must deliberately seek to limit the number of subjects and that much of the teaching must be done via tutorials and seminars

[edit] List of Chancellors

[edit] List of Vice-Chancellors

[edit] Campus

[edit] Heslington campus

Central Hall
Central Hall

In 1964, work began on the campus facilities in the grounds of Heslington Hall. The marshy land was drained, the winding lake which dominates the campus was built, and the area was landscaped. The original buildings were designed by architect Andrew Derbyshire, and assembled using the CLASP system of prefabricated construction, hence York's inclusion among the so-called plate glass universities. The buildings are connected by numerous covered walkways and bridges. Most of the university's arts departments occupy premises in the college buildings, while many of the science departments have their own buildings.

A landmark building is Central Hall, a half-octagonal concert hall used for convocations and examinations, as well as theatrical and musical performances. It has played host to George Melly, Jimi Hendrix, Soft Machine, Pink Floyd, and Paul McCartney. Performances by big-name acts have been rarer at the university following a 1985 Boomtown Rats concert, during which the cover of the orchestra pit was damaged.[10] A ban on pop performances, and in particular dancing, in Central Hall was imposed by the university, although it has occasionally been relaxed. Central Hall is still used for classical concerts. Public concerts are regularly held in the music department's Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall, the Rymer Auditorium and in some of the colleges.

The campus lake has attracted a large population of wild and semi-wild waterfowl. These include greylag, Canada, barnacle and snow geese, coots, moorhens and large numbers of ducks, including mallards, tufted duck, and common pochards. There is also a growing population of black swans and a few great crested grebe. The southern end of the lake has been established as a bird sanctuary. Fishing is permitted in season, on purchase of a licence.

The Heslington campus has both indoor and outdoor sports facilities, including an all weather pitch and County standard cricket pitch. A large, tent-like structure allows for indoor sport, gymnastics and dance.

A view of the J. B. Morrell Library, the university's main academic library, north-west from near Langwith College at the Heslington campus
A view of the J. B. Morrell Library, the university's main academic library, north-west from near Langwith College at the Heslington campus

[edit] King's Manor

Main article: King's Manor

Located in York city centre, approximately three miles (5 km) from the main Heslington campus, the historic King's Manor is the former residence of Lord Thomas Wentworth, and one-time headquarters of the Council of the North. It is home to the Archaeology, Medieval Studies and Eighteenth Century Studies departments, and is regularly used by other related departments such as History. It has a public restaurant and is used for art displays.

[edit] Colleges

There are eight colleges at the University of York, and every student and member of staff is a member of a college. All the colleges are of equal status, but each has its own constitution. The day-to-day running of the colleges is managed by an elected committee of staff and student members chaired by the college's Provost. Each college has a Junior Common Room for students, which is managed by the elected Junior Common Room Committee, and a Senior Common Room, which is managed by elected representatives of the college's academic and administrative members. The colleges are deliberately assigned undergraduates, postgraduate students and staff - both male and female - from a wide mixture of disciplines.[5]

By date of construction the colleges are:

Some of the university's academic departments have their headquarters in one of the college building complexes.

There are also several off-campus residences, including Constantine House, 54 Walmgate, and Fairfax House.

The Sunday Times noted, "The colleges are tight-knit communities within the university and enjoy a healthy rivalry." The colleges share practical features of the halls of residence of other UK universities, as well as the traditional Oxbridge/Durham colleges.

[edit] Future expansion

Over the next decade, the university plans to increase student numbers by around 5,000, and to introduce a number of new subjects.[citation needed] The Department of Law and the Department of Theatre, Film and Television studies are already recruiting students. Departments of Pharmacy and Dentistry are planned. These intentions are based upon calculations of expansion of University numbers nationally, and a re-targeting of the university's assets. For most of its history, the core strengths of the university were regarded as its technology departments - Physics, Computer Science and Electronics - and the traditional liberal arts - History and English. Successes in cancer research lead to a re-structuring of the Chemistry and Biology departments to bring them closer together, the founding of a Health Sciences department, the establishment of courses in Nursing and Midwifery, and the creation of the Hull York Medical School or HYMS. This entry into medical and health care training has led to a change in the university's priorities.

On the arts side, the university is building upon its reputation for fostering interdisciplinary studies. The Centre for Medieval Studies has been regarded[who?] as at the forefront of combining history, art history, archaeology, literary studies, architectural studies and drama to give a more rounded view of historical events and culture. This model has been successfully replicated with the establishment of the Centre for Eighteenth Century Studies. The opening of the Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies was in 2007, admitting the first postgraduate students in 2008. At the same time, the Department of English and Related Literature intends to expand upon its literary studies by placing more emphasis on creative writing and performance linked to the new Department for Theatre, Film and Television. The university's Chancellor Greg Dyke has funded a professorship in the new Department of Theatre, Film and Television. On 6 November 2007 an Institute for Effective Education was launched, to improve knowledge of teaching and learning processes and promote the most effective.

For a number of years, the university's expansion plans have been limited by planning restrictions on the Heslington campus. The City of York planning conditions stipulate that only 20% of the land may be built upon, to retain its character. The campus is currently at 19.8% of capacity, so the addition of a new Humanities and Education Research Centre, called the Berrick Saul building, is on 'brownfield' land.

In 2003-04, plans were finalised for a 70 hectare extension to the campus, provisionally called Heslington East, designed to mirror the existing Heslington West campus. This will be built on arable land between Grimston Bar park and ride car park and Heslington village. After a lengthy consultation and a public inquiry into the proposals[11] in 2006, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government gave the go-ahead in May 2007.[12]

Designs are progressing for the site and for the new buildings, and on 14 May 2008 the City of York planners approved the design for the first residential college, Goodricke. The current proposal includes landscaping the whole area, constructing a lake with marsh borders, planting light woodland and many specimen trees, and maximising biodiversity. Several departments will move to new, purpose-built facilities on the extension, with Law and the York Management School being the first, in one building. Heslington East will be connected to the existing campus by a network of pathways and light transport links. The university will begin construction in 2008, with the first buildings, including Goodricke college, coming into use in October 2009.

[edit] Reputation and academic rankings

The Times University Guide said of York that "The university is increasingly recognised as a permanent fixture in the top rank of British higher education" and that "No university had a better record for teaching quality".[13] The Sunday Times said, "York is one of Britain's academic success stories, forging a reputation to rival Oxford and Cambridge in the space of 40 years. In some regards — teaching, for example — it has a recent track record better than that of Oxford, according to the official assessments of teaching quality."

[edit] Entry Standards

Information for entry standards gathered from the 2005-2006 academic year by the HESA[14] shows that the average student at the University of York achieved a UCAS tariff of 436.[14] Given that an A at A-Level is equivalent to 120 points[15] the average entrant must be achieving three or more A-Levels at grade A.

York has the 8th highest entrant grades of British universities.[16]

[edit] Official teaching statistics

The 2003 QAA report on the institution gave it the best of their three possible outcomes[17] saying that "broad confidence can be placed in the soundness of the university's current and likely future management of the quality of its academic programmes and the academic standards of its awards."[18]

The latest Teaching Quality Assessment data for the University of York is listed below. In cases before November 1995 a numerical value, out of 24, is not used. In these cases "Excellent" is the highest possible grade followed by "Satisfactory" and then "Unsatisfactory". Under the newer system the quality of teaching is marked out of 24. 22/24 or higher is equivalent to "Excellent" on the old scale[19][20] 20 out of 23 departments gained an "excellent" rating.

Department Date of Last Assessment Result
Archaeology November 2001 24/24
Architecture March 1994 Excellent
Biology March 2000 24/24
Chemistry November 1993 Satisfactory
Computer Science March 1994 Excellent
Economics January 2001 24/24
Educational Studies October 2001 24/24
Electronics January 1998 24/24
English November 1994 Excellent
Health Sciences (Nursing) January 2000 21/24
History October 1993 Excellent
History of Art May 1998 21/24
Language and Linguistic Science February 1996 22/24
Management March 2001 22/24
Mathematics October 1998 22/24
Music February 1995 Excellent
Philosophy December 2000 24/24
Physics November 1999 24/24
Politics November 2000 24/24
Psychology February 2000 24/24
Social Policy February 1995 Excellent
Social Work November 1994 Excellent
Sociology November 1995 23/24

[edit] Research assessment

York has an impressive reputation for research with 19 subjects out of the 23 examined receiving a rating of 5 and three 5* (where 1 is the lowest and 5* is the highest possible) ratings in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise.[21] The Department of English and Related Literature[22] and the Department of Computer Science[23] were later upgraded from 5* to 6*, and the Department of Psychology[24] has been rated 6* for funding. Using these statistics, York was ranked the sixth-best research institution in the UK.[3]

Unit of Assessment 2001 Rating
Community-based Clinical Subjects 5
Nursing 5
Psychology 5* (later 6* for funding)
Biological Sciences 5
Chemistry 5
Physics 4
Environmental Sciences 4
Pure Mathematics 5
Applied Mathematics 5
Computer Science 5* (later 6*)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering 3a
Economics and Econometrics 5
Politics and International Studies 5
Social Policy and Administration 5
Social Work 5
Sociology 5
English Language and Literature 5* (later 6*)
Linguistics 5
Archaeology 3a
History 5
Philosophy 5
Music 5
Education 4

York is a founder member of the Worldwide Universities Network which supports world-wide collaboration in teaching and research. The university has been awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize three times - in 1997 for the work of the Department of Computer Science; in 2005 for the work of CNAP, the Centre for Novel Agricultural products which explores the potential from the biosphere to reduce the global economy's dependence on fossil reserves and fuel.[25] and in 2007 for the work of the Centre for Health Economics.

There are around eight applications for every undergraduate place, and a low dropout rate of 4% (only Oxbridge, Bristol, and UCL are lower).[26]

In 2007 York became the only British University to have an academic department – Chemistry – win the Gold Athena Swan Award for its commitment to the careers of women in science. The Department of Psychology has won a Silver Athena Swan Award, the first in the country to do so, Biology also has silver, and the university as a whole holds the Athena Swan bronze award.[27]

[edit] League tables

Though previously ranked as a top-ten university, York's ranking has dropped in recent years, and it fell out of the top ten in the Times University Guide in 2007, and 2008. This drop coincides with major newspapers, like The Times, no longer including 'Teaching Quality' as a criterion.[28][29] The Sunday Times (which still uses the quality of teaching as one of its criteria) ranked the university 8th.[30]

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
Times Good University Guide 16th[31] 15th[32] 7th[33] 7th[34] 8th[35]
Guardian University Guide 11th[36] 15th[36] 15th[37] 8th[38] 8th[38] 6th[39]
Sunday Times University Guide 8th[40] 7th[41] 7th[41] 6th[42] 6th[42]
Daily Telegraph 14th[43] 2nd[44] 2nd[45]
Good University Guide 11th[46] 14th[47]

The Sunday Times released averages of all its tables over 10 years, ranking York as 6th in the country from 1998 - 2007.[48] In 2000 the Sutton Trust named York as a leading university in the UK, placing it 6th overall.[49]

The THES-QS World University Rankings place the university as 74th in the world[50] overall and 34th for biomedicine[51].

[edit] List of academic departments

  • Department of Archaeology:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Julian D. Richards, MA(Cantab), PhD(CNAA), FSA, MIFA.
    • Location: King's Manor
  • Department of Biology:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Dale Sanders FRS
    • Location: Biology, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Chemistry:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Paul Walton
    • Location: Chemistry, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Computer Science:-
    • Head of department: Prof. John McDermid, MA(Cantab), PhD(Bham), FREng, CEng, CITP, FBCS, FIEE, FRAeS, ITLM, MIoD
    • Location: Computer Science, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Economics and Related Studies:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Peter J. Simmons, BA(Exeter), MSc(LSE), PhD(Soton)
    • Location: Alcuin College, Heslington Campus
  • Educational Studies:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Judith Bennett, BA, PCCE(York), MA, PhD(KCL)
    • Location: Langwith College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Electronics:-
    • Head of department: Prof. John A. Robinson, PhD, PEng, CEng
    • Location: Physics and Electronics, Heslington Campus
  • Department of English and Related Literature:-
    • Head of department: Prof. David Attwell, BA(Natal), MA(Cape Town), PhD(Texas)
    • Location: Langwith College, Heslington Campus
  • Environment Department:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Dave Raffaelli, BSc(Leeds), PhD(Wales)
    • Location: Environment Department, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Health Sciences:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Christine Godfrey
    • Location: Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington Campus
  • Department of History:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Miles Taylor, BA, PhD(Cantab), FRHS
    • Location: Vanbrugh College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of History of Art:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Mark Hallett, BA(Cantab), MA, PhD(Courtauld Institute, London)
    • Location: Vanbrugh College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Language and Linguistic Science:-
    • Head of department: Professor Susan Pintzuk PhD(Pennsylvania)
    • Location: Vanbrugh College, Heslington Campus
  • York Law School:-
    • Head of department: Professor Stuart Bell
    • Location: Sally Baldwin Buildings, Heslington Campus (temporary placement, to be moved to Heslington East on completion)
  • The York Management School:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Steven Toms MA(Oxon), MBA, PhD(Nottingham), ACA, PGCE
    • Location: Heslington Campus
  • Mathematics:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Stephen Donkin, MA(Oxon), MSc, PhD(Warwick)
    • Location: Goodricke College, Heslington Campus
  • Hull-York Medical School:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Ian Greer MD, FRCP(Glas), FRCPE, FRCP, FRCPI, FRCOG, FMedSci
    • Location: HYMS, Heslington Campus (University of Hull)
  • Department of Music:-
    • Head of department: Dr. Jonathan P. Wainwright MA (Dunelm), PhD (Cantab)
    • Location: Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Philosophy:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Tom Stoneham, MA(Oxon), MPhil, PhD(London)
    • Location: Derwent College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Physics:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Brian Fulton, BSc, PhD(Birmingham), CPhys, FInstP
    • Location: Physics and Electronics, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Politics:-
    • Head of department: Prof. Matt Matravers BSc, PhD(LSE)
    • Location: Derwent College, Heslington Campus
  • School of Politics, Economics and Philosophy:-
    • Head of Department: Prof. M. Qizilbash BA(Cantab) MPhil, DPhil (Oxon)
    • Location: Derwent College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Psychology:-
    • Head of Department: Prof. Graham Hitch BA, MA(Cantab), MSc(Sussex), PhD(Cantab), CPsychol
    • Location: Psychology, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Social Policy and Social Work:-
    • Head of Department: Prof. Mary Maynard BA, MA(York), PGCE(London)
    • Location: Alcuin College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Sociology:-
    • Head of Department: Prof. Andrew Webster BSc(London South Bank University), D.Phil(York)
    • Location: Wentworth College, Heslington Campus
  • Department of Theatre, Film and Television:-
    • Head of Department: Prof. Andrew Tudor, BA(Leeds)
    • Location: Heslington Campus

The campus is also home to the National Science Learning Centre. Opened in March 2006 by Prime Minister Tony Blair, it serves as the hub for a £51 million national network of centres dedicated to revitalising science teaching in schools. It is operated by the White Rose University Consortium (which comprises the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York) together with Sheffield Hallam University.

[edit] Student activities

University Radio York (URY), the student radio station, is the oldest independent radio station in the United Kingdom, and winner of the Student Radio Awards Best Station Award 2005. Nouse, the oldest student newspaper on Campus, was established in 1964 and was 2005 NUS/Mirror Student paper of the year; its rival newspaper, Vision, was named Guardian Student Newspaper of the Year for three consecutive years between 2002 and 2004—the only time this has occurred in the 27-year history of the prestigious awards—and won it again in 2007.[52] It also won Best Small Budget Publication at the 2006 NUS/Mirror National Student Media Awards. The Yorker is a rapidly growing online publication set up in 2007; it was nominated for the Guardian Student media awards[52] after running for only a few months.

A student television station YSTV was founded in 1967. The University of York Filmmaking Society is a student-run filmmaking group; since 1999 its members have made two feature films and many shorts, some of which have been shown at national film festivals. York Student Cinema, operating since the late 1960s, show around 30 films a term using a professional 35mm projector and a full size cinemascope screen in one of the largest rooms on campus.

The University of York Music Society and The University of York DramaSoc are two of the largest student societies on campus; the former collaborate with the Central Hall Musical Society in staging an annual musical. Other performing societies include the Gilbert and Sullivan Society, and Pantsoc who stage the annual student pantomime. FUSION was recently founded to promote the ever-growing urban music scene and to raise money for charity. In 2004 a student at the university established York Carnival—a day celebrating music and the arts in the centre of York. Its original aim was to encourage links between the University of York and the residents of the historic city and to encourage participation in the arts. It has grown in to a large annual event, attracting crowds of up to 5,000.[53]

The York Union Society, the University of York's debating union, competes in intervarsity tournaments against other universities. The University of York Labour Club (YULC) campaigns on issues both on and off campus, as well as organising debates and talks by high profile speakers such as Ed Miliband and Anthony Giddens. There is also a branch of People and Planet, which campaigns on environmental and ethical issues.

Provisions for lesbian, gay bisexual and trans (LGBT) students at the university are divided among three distinct organisations. YUSU LGBT is a part of the students' union and represents LGBT students within the union, as well as providing welfare support and conducting awareness raising campaigns on campus. LGBT Social organises social events aimed at LGBT students and their friends. Query is a discussion group focusing on issues of sexuality and gender identity, mainly catering to LGBT students. While remaining separate, these three groups generally have strong links to each other and to the staff LGBTI forum, which offers largely similar provision to staff members of the university.

Each College has its own JCRC or students' association which provide a variety of services, including college events and student welfare services; they also organise the Freshers' Fortnight activities in their College. The students' union is known as YUSU, but is properly called the University of York Students' Union. Its membership is currently the entire student population of the university. In addition to the students' union, there is a Graduate Students' Association (the GSA) which performs many of the functions of the students' union for postgraduate students, including representing postgraduates on university committees.

Every summer term the students take part in the Roses Tournament, a sports competition against Lancaster University. The venue of the event alternates each year between York and Lancaster.

Despite lacking a central students' union social facility, there are college bars on the Heslington campus, and the city has numerous nightclubs and pubs.

[edit] Notable alumni



[edit] References

  1. ^ University finance report shows income rise of 12%. Nouse.
  2. ^ a b c Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07 (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved on 2008-04-12.
  3. ^ a b Top 20 for Research. The Times. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  4. ^ How to reach the university. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-02-27.
  5. ^ a b The Colleges. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  6. ^ York University opens doors (press cutting). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  7. ^ The history of the Society. The Yorkshire Philosophical Society. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
  8. ^ a b c Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of the University. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  9. ^ The Chancellor: Greg Dyke - a brief biography. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  10. ^ The 1980s. University of York Communications Office. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
  11. ^ University of York Heslington East planning application. City of York Council. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
  12. ^ York can build new £500m campus. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  13. ^ Profile: University of York. Times Online (2007-08-15). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  14. ^ a b "How the guide was compiled". "Sunday Times".
  15. ^ "UCAS Tariff: Tariff Tables". "UCAS".
  16. ^ "Sunday Times University Guide - Listed by UCAS points". "Sunday Times".
  17. ^ Institutional audit: a guide for student representatives. QAA (2006). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  18. ^ University of York Institutional Audit (December 2003). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  19. ^ The University of York - Graduate study
  20. ^ How the guide was compiled - Times Online
  21. ^ HERO - Higher Education & Research Opportunities in the UK: RAE 2001 : Institution : H-0164 University of York (2001). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  22. ^ More about the Department, Department of English and Related Literature. The University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  23. ^ Computer Science - Department Home Page. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  24. ^ Department of Psychology: Research Profile. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  25. ^ The Queen's Anniversary Prizes for Higher and Further Education, Prizewinners 2005. The Royal Anniversary Trust. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
  26. ^ The Sunday Times University Guide 2005, University of York. The Sunday Times. Retrieved on 2006-10-18.
  27. ^ Athena SWAN - Charter for Women in Science. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  28. ^ Good University Guide: How the tables work. Times Online (2007-08-10). Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  29. ^ Who really is top of the league?. The Daily Telegraph (2003-06-25). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  30. ^ The Sunday Times University Guide. Times Online (2007). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  31. ^ The Times Good University Guide 2008. The Times.
  32. ^ The Times Good University Guide 2007 - Top Universities 2007 League Table. The Times.
  33. ^ The Times Top Universities. The Times.
  34. ^ University league table. The Daily Telegraph.
  35. ^ Times Good University Guide 2002. University of Nottingham.
  36. ^ a b University ranking by institution. The Guardian.
  37. ^ University ranking by institution. The Guardian.
  38. ^ a b University ranking by institution. The Guardian.
  39. ^ University league table. The Daily Telegraph.
  40. ^ The Sunday Times Good University Guide League Tables. The Sunday Times.
  41. ^ a b The Sunday Times University League Table. The Sunday Times.
  42. ^ a b The Sunday Times University Guide 2005.
  43. ^ University league table. The Daily Telegraph.
  44. ^ University league table. The Daily Telegraph Table of Tables.
  45. ^ University league table. The Daily Telegraph.
  46. ^ University ranking by institution. Good University Guide.
  47. ^ University ranking by institution. Good University Guide.
  48. ^ University ranking based on performance over 10 years. Times Online (2007). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  49. ^ Entry to Leading Universities. Sutton Trust (2000). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  50. ^ http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/top_400_universities/
  51. ^ http://www.hyms.ac.uk/admissions/documents/HYMS_prospectus_2009_web.pdf
  52. ^ a b Student Media Awards 2007. The Guardian (2007). Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  53. ^ Parading the city’s skill and creativity. York Press. Retrieved on 2008-03-05.
  54. ^ The PRDU Administrator (2007). Professor Haleh Afshar OBE. University of York. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  55. ^ Curriculum Vitae: Daron Acemoglu (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  56. ^ Kerry Andrew: biography. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  57. ^ Leigh Ann DeRemer (2006). Faithless Biography: Contemporary Musicians. enotes.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  58. ^ Langdon, Julia (2006-01-09). Obituary: Tony Banks. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.

[edit] External links

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Coordinates: 53.9456° N 1.0579° W