Universal Product Code

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The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a barcode symbology (i.e., a specific type of barcode), that is widely used in the United States and Canada for tracking trade items in stores.

[edit] Current code

In the UPC-A barcode, each digit is represented by a seven-bit sequence, encoded by a series of alternating bars and spaces. Guard bars, shown in green, separate the two groups of six digits.

The UPC encodes 12 decimal digits as SLLLLLLMRRRRRRE, where S (start) and E (end) are the bit pattern 101, M (middle) is the bit pattern 01010 (called guard bars), and each L (left) and R (right) are digits, each one represented by a seven-bit code. This is a total of 95 bits. The bit pattern for each numeral is designed to be as little like the others as possible, and to have no more than four 1s or 0s in order. Both are for reliability in scanning.

Since S, M, and E all include two bars, and each of the 12 digits of the UPC-A barcode consists of two bars and two spaces, all UPC-A barcodes consist of exactly (3*2)+(12*2)=30 bars.

The UPC has only numerals, with no letters or other characters. The first digit L is the prefix. The last digit R is an error correcting check digit, allowing some errors in scanning or manual entry to be detected. UPC data structures are a component of GTINs (Global Trade Item Numbers). All of these data structures follow the global GS1 standards.

The bar-and-space patterns for each digit 0–9 are as follows:

Before the Middle guard bars, a 1 indicates a bar, while a 0 indicates a space. After the Middle guard bars, however, the patterns are optically inverted. In other words, a 1 now indicates a space, and a 0 now indicates a bar. In the illustration above, the "4" digit (shown in detail), falls after the Middle guard bars, causing the pattern of bars and spaces to be inverted.

[edit] Prefixes

• 0, 1, 6, 7, 8, or 9: For most products.
• 2: Reserved for local use (store/warehouse), for items sold by variable weight. Variable-weight items, such as meats and fresh fruits and vegetables, are assigned a UPC by the store, if they are packaged there. In this case, the LLLLL is the item number, and the RRRRR is either the weight or the price, with the first R determining which.
• 3: Drugs by National Drug Code number. Pharmaceuticals in the U.S. have the remainder of the UPC as their National Drug Code (NDC) number; though usually only over-the-counter drugs are scanned at point-of-sale, NDC-based UPCs are used on prescription drug packages as well for inventory purposes.
• 4: Reserved for local use (store/warehouse), often for loyalty cards or store coupons.
• 5: Coupons The Manufacturer code is the LLLLL, the first 3 RRR are a family code (set by manufacturer), and the last 2 RR are a coupon code. This 2-digit code determines the amount of the discount, according to a table set by the GS1 US, with the final R being the check digit.

By prefixing these with a 0, they become EAN-13 rather than UPC-A. This does not change the check digit. All point-of-sale systems can now understand both equally.

[edit] Check digit calculation

See also: Check digit

In the UPC-A system, the check digit is calculated as follows:

1. Add the digits in the odd-numbered positions (first, third, fifth, etc.) together and multiply by three.
2. Add the digits in the even-numbered positions (second, fourth, sixth, etc.) to the result.
3. Find the result modulo 10 (i.e. the remainder when the result is divided by 10).
4. If the result is not zero, subtract the result from ten.

For example, a UPC-A barcode (in this case, a UPC for a box of tissues) "03600029145X" where X is the check digit, X can be calculated by adding the odd-numbered digits (0+6+0+2+1+5 = 14), multiplying by three (14 × 3 = 42), adding the even-numbered digits (42+3+0+0+9+4 = 58), calculating modulo 10 (58 mod 10 = 8), subtracting from ten (10 - 8 = 2). The check digit is thus 2.

[edit] Zero Compressed UPC-E

To allow the use of UPC barcodes on smaller packages where a full 12-digit barcode may not fit, a 'zero-compressed' version of UPC was developed called UPC-E. This symbology differs from UPC-A in that it only uses a 6-digit code, does not use middle guard bars, and the end bit pattern (E) becomes 010101. The way in which a 6-digit UPC-E relates to a 12-digit UPC-A is determined by the last (right-hand most) digit. With the manufacturer code represented by X's, and product code by N's then:

For example a UPC-E barcode with the number 654321 would expand to the UPC-A 065100004327.

UPC-E check digits are calculated using this expanded string in the same way as used by UPC-A. The resulting check digit is not added to the barcode, however, but is encoded by manipulating the parity of the six digits which are present in the UPC-E - as shown in the following tables:

Our example code 654321, therefore, would become 1-1-1 4-1-1-1 1-2-3-1 2-3-1-1 1-4-1-1 2-2-1-2 2-2-2-1 1-1-1-1-1-1. The resulting barcode would look roughly like this:

[edit] Other Variations

UPC in its most common usage technically refers to UPC-A. Other variants of the UPC exist.

• UPC-B is a 12-digit version of UPC with no check digit, developed for the National Drug Code and National Health Related Items Code.
• UPC-C is a 12-digit code with a check digit.
• UPC-D is a variable length code (12 digits or more) with the 12th digit being the check digit. These versions are not in common use.

As the UPC has become technologically obsolete, it is expected that UPC-B and UPC-C will disappear from common use by the 2010s. The UPC-D standard may be modified into EAR 2.0 or be phased out entirely.

[edit] Printing Considerations

GTIN-12 number encoded in UPC-A barcode symbol. First and last digit are always placed outside the symbol to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly.

Dimensions

UPC-A Bar code symbols can be printed at various densities to accommodate variety of printing and scanning processes. The significant dimensional parameter is called X-dimension, the ideal width of single module element. The X-dimension has to be constant in UPC-A symbol. The width of each bar (dark bar) and space (light bar) is determined by multiplying the X-dimension by the module width of each dark bar or light bar (1,2,3, or 4).

The X-dimension for the UPC-A at the nominal size is 0.33 mm (0.013 in.). UPC-A can be reduced or magnified in the range of 80% to 200%.

Nominal symbol height for UPC-A is 25.9 mm (1.0 in.). In UPC-A the dark bars forming the left, centre, and right Guard Bar Patterns are extended downwards by 5 times X-dimension. This also applies to the bars of the first and the last symbol characters of UPC-A symbol. See illustration.

Quiet Zone (Light Margin)

The minimum Quiet Zone width required by the UPC-A bar code symbol is 9 x X-dimension on both the left and right sides. UPC-E requires 9 X-dimension units on the left side and 7 on the right. (Source; UPC Symbol Specification Manual).

Barcode Text

Exactly 12 digits must be printed below the UPC-A barcode.

[edit] History

Wallace Flint proposed an automated checkout system in 1932 using punch cards. Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland developed a bull's-eye style code, patented in 1952, and the first commercial use of barcodes was in 1966.

In 1970 Logicon Inc. created the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code (UGPIC). In 1970 it was used by Monarch Marking in the United States and Plessey Telecommunications in the United Kingdom.

A group of grocery industry trade associations formed the Uniform Grocery Product Code Council which with consulting firm McKinsey & Company defined the predecessor to the Uniform Product Code. In 1973 George J. Laurer developed the Universal Product Code. See Development of the IBM UPC proposal below. The original UPC appears in U.S. patent No. 3832686 to Ilhan Bilgutay. Bilgutay created four bars of varying widths and put them into groups of two. Laurer added space between the bars, thereby creating a symbol that occupies more space than the Bilgutay original.

The first item ever scanned in a retail establishment (Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio) was at 8:01 a.m. on June 26, 1974, and was a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum.^[1] The entire shopping cart also had barcoded items in it, but the gum was merely the first one picked up by the cashier. This item is currently on display on the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C.^[2]

[edit] Technical Notes

The EAN was developed as a superset of UPC, adding an extra digit to the beginning so that there would be plenty of numbers for the entire world.

The prefix digit 0 has been reserved for UPC, and in fact the GS1 US mandated all retail systems in the United States and Canada be able to recognize both UPC and EAN by January 1, 2005.

UPC usage notes:

• Currently all products marked with an EAN will be accepted in North America in addition to those products already marked with a UPC.
• Any product with an existing UPC does not have to be remarked with an EAN.
• In North America the EAN adds 40% more codes mainly by adding 10 to 13 to the 00 to 09 (0 to 9 in UPC) already in use. This is a powerful incentive to phase out the UPC.

[edit] See also

• Proof of purchase
• GS1 international supply-chain standards organization

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• 25th Anniversary Review of U.P.C. Impact (pdf download)
• George J. Laurer's personal web site — Extensive info from the inventor of the UPC barcode.
• Internet UPC Database
• Global Universal Product Code Database from GS1