Universal Postal Union

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Union postale universelle

Universal Postal Union emblem
Universal Postal Union emblem

The UPU headquarters are located in Switzerland
The UPU headquarters are located in Switzerland
Formation October 9, 1874
Headquarters Berne, Switzerland
Membership United Nations
Official languages French (official + working language), English (working language)
Secretary General Edouard Dayan
Website http://www.upu.int/

The Universal Postal Union (UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the world-wide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set of terms for conducting international postal duties. Universal Postal Union's headquarters are located in Berne, Switzerland.

[edit] Overview

Prior to the establishment of the UPU, a country had to conclude a separate postal treaty with each other country that it wished to carry international mail to or from. The United States called for an international postal congress, which was held in 1863. This led Heinrich von Stephan, Royal Prussian and later German Minister for Posts, to found the Universal Postal Union, the second oldest international organization (after the ITU). It was created in 1874, under the name "General Postal Union", as a result of the Treaty of Berne signed on 9 October 1874. In 1878, the name was changed to "Universal Postal Union".

The UPU established that

  1. there should be a more or less uniform flat rate to mail a letter anywhere in the world;
  2. postal authorities should give equal treatment to foreign and domestic mail; and
  3. each country should retain all monies it collected for international postage.

One of the most important results of the UPU treaty was that it ceased to be necessary, as it often had been previously, to affix the stamps of any country through which one's letter or package would pass in transit; the UPU provides that stamps of member nations are accepted for the whole international route.

After the foundation of the United Nations, the UPU became its specialized agency.

In 1969 the UPU introduced a new system of payment by which fees were payable between countries according to the difference in the total weight of mail between the respective countries. These fees were called terminal dues. The new system was fairer when traffic was heavier in one direction than the other. As this affected the cost of the delivery of periodicals, the UPU devised a new "threshold" system, which was implemented in 1991.

The system sets separate letter and periodical rates for countries which receive at least 150 tonnes of mail annually. For countries with less mail, the original flat rate has been maintained. The United States has negotiated a separate terminal dues formula with thirteen European countries that includes a rate per piece plus a rate per kilogram, and has a similar arrangement with Canada.

Commemorative stamp of the 15th congress of the UPU held in Vienna, Austria in 1964.
Commemorative stamp of the 15th congress of the UPU held in Vienna, Austria in 1964.

The UPU also operates the system of International Reply Coupons and addresses concerns with ETOEs.

Philatelic activities: the Universal Postal Union, in conjunction with the World Association for the Development of Philately (WADP), has developed the WADP Numbering System (WNS), launched on 1 January 2002. The web site (www.wnsstamps.ch/en/) has entries for some 160 countries and emitting postal entities, with over 25,000 registered stamps since 2002. Many of them have images, which generally remain copyrighted by the issuing country, but which the UPU and WADP permit to be downloaded.

[edit] UPU Standards

Standards are important prerequisites for effective postal operations and for interconnecting the global network. The UPU's Standards Board develops and maintains a growing number of international standards to improve the exchange of postal-related information between postal operators and promotes the compatibility of UPU and international postal initiatives. It works closely with postal handling organisations, customers, suppliers and other partners, including various international organisations. The Standards Board ensures that coherent standards are developed in areas such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), mail encoding, postal forms and meters. UPU standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in Part V of the "General information on UPU standards" and are published by the UPU International Bureau in accordance with Part VII of that publication.

[edit] Member countries

The United Nations member states may all become member countries of the UPU. The 192 United Nations member states are all UPU member countries except Andorra, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau whose situation with regard to the UPU has not yet been settled. A non-member state of the United Nations may also become a UPU member if two-thirds of the UPU member countries approve its request. Vatican City is a UPU member country and a non-member state observer of the United Nations (as the Holy See).

The UPU has 191 member countries since Timor-Leste joined on 28 November 2003 and Montenegro on 26 July 2006, including the Dutch territories of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba as a single UPU member, and the British overseas territories, which are not independent states.

The Republic of China joined the UPU on 1 March 1914. After the People's Republic of China was founded, the Republic of China continued to represent China in the UPU, until the UPU decided on 13 April 1972 to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative. This results in International Reply Coupons not being available for Taiwan. Mail addressed to Taiwan will still be delivered there, albeit routed through a third country.

UPU Monument (Weltpostdenkmal) in Berne
UPU Monument (Weltpostdenkmal) in Berne

Various other non-recognized countries such as Somaliland and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) need to have their mail routed through third countries as the UPU will not allow direct international deliveries (The TRNC's mail goes via Turkey and Somaliland's mail via Ethiopia). Other entities without direct UPU representation are the Palestinian Authority and the Sahrawi Republic / Western Sahara.

The members are listed below by alphabetical order in their ISO 3166 English names, with the date of entering the UPU (multiple entry dates for some countries). Territories covered by a sovereign member country are included under that country.

Contents Top · 0–9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

[edit] A

UPU members
UPU members

[edit] B

[edit] C

[edit] D

[edit] E

[edit] F

French Overseas Departments
Territories coming within the UPU's jurisdiction by virtue of article 23 of the UPU Constitution

[edit] G

[edit] H

[edit] I

Japanese postal monument located in Osaka, commemorating the 100th year anniversary in 1977 of its joining to UPU.
Japanese postal monument located in Osaka, commemorating the 100th year anniversary in 1977 of its joining to UPU.

[edit] J

[edit] K

[edit] L

[edit] M

[edit] N

Netherlands Antilles and Aruba - 1 July 1875[2]

[edit] O

[edit] P

[edit] Q

[edit] R

[edit] S

[edit] T

[edit] U

Acceeded automatically as Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom
British overseas territories - 1 April 1877
Dependencies of St Helena
Territories coming within the UPU's jurisdiction by virtue of article 23 of the UPU Constitution

[edit] V

[edit] Y

[edit] Z

[edit] UN member countries whose situation with regard to the UPU has not yet been settled

[edit] Former member countries of the UPU

In the course of history a number of member countries of the UPU saw their membership lapse, due to political changes. Where there was an immediate succesor state, membership would normally evolve on that state. In other cases membership lapsed.

[edit] References and sources

Notes
  1. ^ Initially China was represented by the Flag of the Republic of China Republic of China (ROC) from 1914 to 1972, before the UPU recognized the Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China (PRC) as the only legitimate representative of China after 13 April 1972.
  2. ^ A separate member from the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
  3. ^ The Orange Free State acceded to the Postal Convention of Vienna on this date, and a year later also acceded to that of Washington. Spies, F.J. du Toit (1946). 'n Nederlander in diens van die Oranje-Vrystaat. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 67. 
  4. ^ a b Dissolution of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic at the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging. Membership did not lapse but was absorbed in the British South African membership.
  5. ^ Spies. 'n Nederlander in diens van die Oranje-Vrystaat, 66. 
Sources
  • Codding, G.A. (1964). The Universal Postal Union : coordinator of the international mails. New York: New York University Press. 
  • General Postal Union; October 9, 1874. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. The Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
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