United States presidential election, 2008

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United States presidential election, 2008
4 November 2008
Nominee John McCain[1] Barack Obama[1]
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Arizona Illinois
Running mate TBD TBD
Nominee Bob Barr Ralph Nader
Party Libertarian Independent
Home state Georgia Connecticut
Running mate Wayne Allyn Root Matt Gonzalez
United States presidential election, 2008

Electoral college votes for 2008. The winning candidate needs 270 electoral votes out of a total of 538, which is just over 50%.
Wikinews

The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday, November 4, 2008, will be the 56th consecutive quadrennial United States presidential election and will select the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States. The two major parties' candidates have not been officially chosen, but their presumptive nominees are John McCain, the senior United States Senator from Arizona, for the Republican Party and Barack Obama, the junior United States Senator from Illinois, for the Democratic Party.

The Libertarian Party has nominated former congressman Bob Barr, and the Constitution Party has nominated pastor and radio talk show host Chuck Baldwin. Cynthia McKinney is leading the Green Party's primaries. Ralph Nader declined to seek the Green Party nomination and is running as an independent candidate.

The election will coincide with the 2008 Senate elections in thirty-three states, House of Representatives elections in all states, and gubernatorial elections in eleven states, as well as various state referendums and local elections.

As in the 2004 presidential election, the allocation of electoral votes to each state will be based partially on the 2000 Census. The president-elect and vice president-elect are scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2009.

Contents

Characteristics

No incumbents

The 2008 election marks the first time since the 1928 election in which neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent vice president is running for their party's nomination in the presidential election,[2] and the first time since the 1952 election that neither the incumbent President nor incumbent Vice President is a candidate in the general election. The incumbent President, George W. Bush, is serving his second term and is barred from running again due to term limits in the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution. Vice President Dick Cheney chose not to seek the presidency.

Absence of Vice President

In the three previous two-term Presidential administrations — those of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton — the incumbent vice president has immediately thereafter run for president. (Richard Nixon lost the 1960 election, George H. W. Bush won the 1988 election, and Al Gore lost the 2000 election.)[3][4] Since 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney has frequently stated he would never run for President: "I will say just as hard as I possibly know how to say... If nominated, I will not run; if elected, I will not serve."[5]

Leading candidates are senators (First time in history)

Following the June 3 Democratic primaries, the presumptive nominees for the major party nominations were both serving United States Senators: Republican candidate John McCain (Arizona) and Democratic candidate Barack Obama (Illinois). If this holds, it will be the first time in history that the two main opponents in the general election are both sitting Senators (assuming neither resigns before the election). Therefore, it appears virtually certain that the 2008 election will mark the first time since John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election that a sitting Senator will be elected President of the United States.

Leading candidates' origins and age

If elected, John McCain’s birth (in the Panama Canal Zone) would be the first presidential birth outside the current 50 states. A bipartisan legal review as well as a unanimous Senate resolution indicate that he is nevertheless a natural-born citizen of the United States, a constitutional requirement to become president.[6] McCain would also be the first president from Arizona. Obama would become the first president born in Hawaii and the first African American president. (In fact, the next president will be the first not born on the mainland of the United States.)

Also, if inaugurated in 2009 at age 72 years and 144 days, McCain would be the oldest U.S. president upon ascension to the presidency,[7] and the second-oldest president to be inaugurated (Ronald Reagan was 73 years and 350 days old at his second inauguration).[8]

Campaign

See also: United States presidential election, 2008 timeline

The 2008 nomination campaign can be divided into four phases: the pre-primary campaign, January, Super Tuesday, and the Spring.

Pre-primary campaign

"Front runner" status is dependent on the news agency reporting, but by October 2007, the consensus listed about six candidates as leading the pack. For example, CNN listed Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, Rudolph Giuliani, Barack Obama, Fred Thompson, and Mitt Romney as the front runners. The Washington Post listed Clinton, Edwards and Obama as the Democratic frontrunners, "leading in polls and fundraising and well ahead of the other major candidates".[9] MSNBC's Chuck Todd christened Giuliani and John McCain the Republican front runners after the second Republican presidential debate.[10]

Three candidates, Clinton, Obama, and Romney, raised over $20 million in the first three months of 2007, and three others, Edwards, Giuliani, and McCain, raised over $12 million; the next closest candidate was Bill Richardson, who raised over $6 million.[11] In the third quarter of 2007, the top four GOP fund raisers were Romney, Giuliani, Thompson, and Ron Paul.[12] Paul set the GOP record for the largest online single day fund raising on November 5, 2007.[13] Hillary Clinton set the Democratic record for largest single day fund raising on June 30, 2007.[14]

Primaries and caucuses

Main articles: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008 and Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008

Although the nomination process for each of the two major political parties technically continues through June, in previous cycles the candidates have been effectively chosen by the March primaries. While this trend has continued in 2008 on the Republican side, with John McCain locking up the nomination with victories in Texas and Ohio on March 4, on the Democratic side Obama didn't win the nomination until June 3. Obama has a wide lead in states won, but Democratic state delegate contests have been decided by a form of proportional representation since 1976.[15] Clinton claimed a lead in the popular vote, but the Associated Press found her numbers accurate only in one very close scenario.[16]

During late 2007, both parties adopted rules against states moving their primaries to an earlier date in the year. For the Republicans, the penalty for this violation is supposed to be the loss of half the state party's delegates to the convention. The Democratic Party only allowed four states to hold elections before February 5, 2008. Initially the Democratic Party leadership said it would strip all Democratic delegates from Florida and Michigan, which had moved their primaries all the way into January. All major candidates agreed officially not to campaign in Florida or Michigan, and Edwards and Obama had their names removed from the Michigan ballot. Clinton won a majority of delegates from both states (though 40 percent voted uncommitted) and subsequently led an an "abolitionist" fight to fully seat the Florida and Michigan delegates. [1]

Political columnist Christopher Weber notes that while this was self-serving, it was also pragmatic on the part of Clinton should Florida or Michigan voters have not voted for Democrats in the general election based on the Democratic Party's decision regarding the seating of delegates. [2] This led to speculation that the fight over the delegates could last until the convention in August. However, on May 31, 2008, a deal was reached by the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic Party that allows for delegates from Michigan and Florida to receive half a vote each. [3]

January 2008

Around the start of the year, support for Mike Huckabee and Barack Obama began rising in the polls, passing longtime front runners Romney and Clinton for first place in Iowa: the two upstart campaigns were triumphant. Suddenly John McCain displaced Rudy Giuliani and Romney as the front-runner in New Hampshire.

While Huckabee had little money and was hoping for a third place finish, Obama was the new front runner in New Hampshire and the Clinton campaign was struggling. However, in a turning point for her campaign, Clinton's voice wavered with emotion in a public interview broadcast live on TV.[17] By the end of that day, Clinton won the primary by 2 points, contrary to the predictions of pollsters who had her as much as twelve points behind on the day of the primary itself. McCain also staged a turnaround victory, having been written off by the pundits and in single digits less than a month before.[18]

With the Republicans stripping Michigan and Florida of half their delegates, the Republican race was based there, while the Democrats focused on Nevada and South Carolina, which were given special permission to have early contests. In South Carolina Obama got 55% of the vote. Meanwhile, McCain managed a small victory in South Carolina, setting him up for a larger and more important victory in Florida soon after.

February 2008

On February 3 on the UCLA campus, celebrities Oprah Winfrey, Caroline Kennedy and Stevie Wonder, among others, made appearances to show support for Barack Obama in a rally led by Michelle Obama.[19] Though Obama's poll numbers increased after this event, putting him only 2% behind Clinton, he ended up losing California by 10%. Analysts cited surprisingly large Latino turnout as the deciding factor.[20] On the Republican side, John McCain was endorsed by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Rudy Giuliani (who had dropped out of the race following the Florida primary), giving McCain a significant boost in the state.[21] Schwarzenegger's wife, Maria Shriver, endorsed Obama.[22]

By February 4, it was apparent that McCain might be able to wrap up the nomination quickly, while the 22 primaries and caucuses on the Democratic side might lead to a virtual tie in the delegate count, which to some extent is what has happened.

Super Tuesday: On February 5, 2008, the largest-ever simultaneous number of state U.S. presidential primary elections was held.[23] Twenty-four states and American Samoa held either caucuses or primary elections for one or both parties on this date, leaving the Democrats in a virtual tie, and John McCain just short of clinching the Republican nod.[24] A few days later, Mitt Romney suspended his presidential campaign and endorsed McCain[25], leaving Mike Huckabee and Ron Paul as the only major challengers of McCain in the remaining Republican primaries.

Louisiana and Washington voted for both parties on February 9, while Nebraska and the U.S. Virgin Islands voted for the Democrats and Kansas voted for the Republicans. Obama swept all four Democratic contests, as well as the Maine caucuses the next day,[26] and Huckabee also came out on top in Kansas, winning by an even greater percentage. The District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia voted for both parties on February 12 in the so-called Potomac primary. Obama won all three for the Democrats (giving him eight consecutive victories after Super Tuesday) and McCain took all three for the Republicans.

Obama carried both Hawaii and Wisconsin, the last two states that voted for the Democrats in February, on the 19th.[27] Wisconsin and Washington (primary) voted for the Republicans on February 19; John McCain won these states.[27] The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico closed February for the Republicans, on the 23rd and 24th.

March 2008

For the Republicans, on March 1 American Samoa voted. March 4 was dubbed by some as this year's Mini Tuesday,[28] when the delegate-rich states of Texas and Ohio, along with Rhode Island and Vermont, voted for both parties. Wyoming then voted for the Democrats and Guam voted for the Republicans on March 8. Mississippi voted on March 11.

In what some considered a surprise upset of Barack Obama on March 4,[29] Hillary Clinton carried Ohio and Rhode Island in the Democratic primaries.[30] She also carried the primary in Texas, but Obama won the Texas caucuses held the same day and netted more delegates from the state than Clinton.[31] John McCain clinched the Republican nomination after sweeping all four primaries, Texas, Ohio, Vermont and Rhode Island, putting him over the top of the 1,191 delegates required to win the GOP nomination.[30] Mike Huckabee finally conceded the race to McCain, leaving Ron Paul, who had just 16 delegates, as his only remaining opponent for the Republican nomination.[32] In the Wyoming Democratic caucuses, Obama edged out Clinton to gain 7 delegates to her 5, and three days later he beat her again, 59%–39%, in Mississippi.

April through June 2008

Only one state voted in April: Pennsylvania, which held a primary for both parties on April 22. Hillary Clinton won this Democratic primary, with approximately 55% of the vote. Barack Obama won the Guam caucuses on May 3 by 7 votes out of more than 4,500. On May 6, Hillary Clinton won the Indiana primary with 51% of the vote while Barack Obama won in North Carolina with 56% of the vote. Nebraska's Republican and West Virginia's Democratic primaries were held on May 13. In West Virginia, Clinton won with 67% of the vote and 20 of 28 pledged delegates. On May 20, Kentucky and Oregon held primaries for both parties. In Kentucky, Clinton won with 65% of the vote to Obama's 31%. In Oregon, Obama defeated Clinton, leading by 40,000 votes. Idaho voted for Republicans only on May 27. On May 31, Democratic Party officials, after a tense meeting between Clinton supporters and Obama backers, voted to seat all of Florida and Michigan's delegates at the party's convention, with each getting a half-vote.[33] Puerto Rico held a Democratic primary on June 1, which Clinton won with 68% of the vote to Obama's 32%.[34] The primary season ended on June 3, with contests in New Mexico (Republican), Montana (Democratic), and South Dakota (both parties). Clinton won South Dakota's primary, while Obama was victorious in the Montana primary. As expected, John McCain won all the states during this time period handily, though typically 20-25% of the vote in the Republican primaries went to Huckabee and Paul, despite the fact both had already been mathematically eliminated from contention for the nomination.

Party conventions

Election day through to Inauguration

  • November 4, 2008: Election day in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Voters cast votes for listed Presidential candidates but are actually selecting their state's slate of Electoral College members.
  • December 15, 2008: Members of the U.S. Electoral College meet in each state to cast their votes for President and Vice President.
  • January 6, 2009: Electoral votes officially tallied before both Houses of Congress. If a member of Congress wishes to object to the certification of a state's electoral votes as was originally reported on Election Night, he or she must do so at this point, even if recounts or lawsuits to require a recount are already in progress.
  • January 20, 2009: Inauguration Day.

Candidates

See also: List of United States presidential candidates, 2008
 This article contains information about one or more candidates in an upcoming or ongoing election.
Content may change as the election approaches.

Politicians have begun to formally express their desire for the presidency in the form of "exploratory committees," which allow them to raise money and travel without having to follow certain financial restrictions mandated by federal law.

Major parties

Further information: Political parties in the United States

Democratic Party

For a more complete list, see United States Democratic presidential candidates, 2008

Presumptive nominee for the Democratic Party

Barack Obama, U.S. Senator from Illinois, and former Illinois State Senator (Campaign article)

Obama has won sufficient delegates to guarantee him the nomination and is therefore the presumptive nominee.[35]

2008 Democratic presidential primaries delegate count
As of June 10, 2008
Candidate Actual
pledged delegates1
(3,253 of 3,409 total)		 Predicted
pledged delegates2
(3,409 of 3,409 total)		 Estimated
superdelegates2
(694 of 825 total)		 Estimated total delegates2
(4,103 of 4,234 total;
2,118 needed to win)
Barack Obama 1,661 1,763 438 2,201
Hillary Rodham Clinton 1,592 1,640 256 1,896
John Edwards - 6 - 6
Color key: 1st place Candidate has suspended/
withdrawn his/her campaign
Sources:
1 "Primary Season Election Results", The New York Times, (regularly updated). 
2 "Election Center 2008 Primaries and Caucuses: Results: Democratic Scorecard", CNN, (regularly updated). 
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Republican Party

For a more complete list, see United States Republican presidential candidates, 2008

Presumptive nominee for the Republican Party:

Senator John McCain of Arizona (Campaign Article)

McCain has won sufficient delegates to guarantee him the nomination and is therefore the presumptive nominee.[36] Ron Paul also remains an official candidate and has not withdrawn.[37]

2008 Republican presidential primaries delegate count
As of June 10, 2008
Candidates Actual
pledged delegates1
(1,780 of 1,917)		 Estimated total delegates2
(2,159 of 2,380;
1,191 needed to win)
John McCain 1,378 1,575
Ron Paul 14 35
Mike Huckabee 240 278
Mitt Romney 148 271
This box: view • talk • edit
Color key: 1st place 2nd place3 Candidate has
withdrawn
Sources:
1 "Primary Season Election Results", The New York Times, (regularly updated). 
2 "Election Center 2008 - Republican Delegate Scorecard", CNN, (regularly updated). 
32nd place among active candidates, 4th in technical delegate count.

Other parties

Main article: United States third party presidential candidates, 2008

Constitution Party

Chuck Baldwin of Florida, pastor, political activist and 2004 Constitution Party vice presidential nominee, received the presidential nomination of the Constitution Party at its national convention in Kansas City, Missouri on April 26, 2008. [38]

Green Party

2008 Green presidential primaries delegate count
As of June 10, 2008
Candidate Actual pledged delegates1
(573 of 837 total; 419 needed to win)
Cynthia McKinney 282
Ralph Nader2 145
Kent Mesplay 27
Jesse Johnson 26
Kat Swift 25
Uncommitted 39
NOTA 9
Jared Ball3 11
Elaine Brown 9
This box: view • talk • edit
Color key: 1st place 2nd place Candidate has
withdrawn
3rd place 4th place 5th place
Notes:
1 "Official Delegate Count", GPUS, (regularly updated). 
2 Nader is not campaigning for the Green Party nomination. His total includes 8 delegates
from Illinois where Howie Hawkins stood on the ballot in his place.
3 Endorsed Cynthia McKinney.

Libertarian Party

Nominee for the Libertarian Party:

Former Congressman Bob Barr of Georgia (Campaign Article)

Bob Barr, former Republican Congressman from Georgia was chosen as the Libertarian Party's nominee for President, at the Libertarian Party National Convention in Denver, Colorado On May 25, 2008.

2008 Libertarian Party National Convention total vote count
Candidate 1st round (pct) 2nd round (pct) 3rd round (pct) 4th round (pct) 5th round (pct) 6th round (pct)
Bob Barr 153 (24.8%) 188 (29.9%) 186 (29.7%) 202 (32.1%) 223 (36.1%) 324 (54.0%)
Mary Ruwart 152 (24.6%) 162 (25.8%) 186 (29.7%) 202 (32.1%) 229 (37.1%) 276 (46.0%)
Wayne Allyn Root 123 (19.9%) 138 (21.9%) 146 (23.3%) 149 (23.7%) 165 (26.7%) —
Mike Gravel 71 (11.5%) 73 (11.6%) 78 (12.4%) 76 (12.1%) — —
George Phillies 49 (7.9%) 36 (5.7%) 31 (4.9%) — — —
Steve Kubby 41 (6.6%) 32 (5.1%) — — — —
Mike Jingozian 23 (3.7%) — — — — —
Christine Smith 6 (1.0%) — — — — —
This box: view • talk • edit
Color key: 1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place 5th place 6th place 7th place (tied)


Prohibition Party

Gene Amondson of Washington, minister and temperance movement activist, received the Prohibition Party's presidential nomination at its national convention on September 13, 2007.[39]

  • Leroy Pletten of Michigan is the vice presidential candidate.

Reform Party

The National convention will take place between July 18 and 20 and take place in Dallas Texas. As yet there are no candidates.[40]

Socialist Party USA

Brian Moore of Florida received the Socialist Party USA's presidential nomination at its national convention, October 19-21, 2007.[41]

Socialist Workers Party

Róger Calero of New York, journalist, was announced as the presidential nominee of the Socialist Workers Party in January 2008.[42]

Independents

See Independent U.S. presidential candidates, 2008

Ralph Nader of Connecticut. Consumer advocate and activist.[43]

Possible electoral college changes

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

Main article: National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

The Compact, if passed by states representing a controlling majority of the electoral college, would require states cast their electoral votes for the national popular winner, essentially shifting the election to a popular vote. As of May 2008, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, and New Jersey have enacted the law,[45][46] representing 50 of the required 270 votes for the Compact to take effect.[47]

District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act

In 2007, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-District of Columbia) introduced the "DC House Voting Rights Act" in the U.S. House of Representatives.[48] If enacted, the act would have the effect of increasing the size of the electoral college by one. The bill's primary purpose is to give House representation to the District of Columbia, alongside an additional electoral college vote award to Utah in order to balance the addition. The effect is valid only until the next census, when the extra seat will be reapportioned like all other seats. The likely outcome of the change, if enacted, on the 2008 presidential election would be to give a +1 advantage to the Republican candidate: Utah has not been carried by a Democratic presidential candidate since the 1964 election, and in the most recent election gave the Republican 71% of the vote. Even though the size of the electoral college would increase to 539, a candidate would still need 270 electoral votes to win. The bill has not been brought back up for vote discussion since it was nearly clotured in September 2007.

Presidential Election Reform Act (California)

Further information: Presidential Election Reform Act

There was a proposed initiative in the state of California to alter the way the state's electoral votes for president are distributed among presidential candidates, but the initiative failed to get onto the 2008 ballot.[49]

Potential battleground states

 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

Political experts have identified certain battleground states where close votes might prove crucial to the outcome of the election.[50] These states include, but are not limited to:

Electoral College votes in parentheses
  • Colorado: (9) The Centennial State is holding its second Democratic National Convention in Denver after 100 years. The election of Ken Salazar, a Hispanic-American to the U.S. Senate; Bill Ritter to the Governorship in 2006 and a U.S. House seat pick-up in 2006 made it a prized apple for the Democrats, prompting DNC Chairman Howard Dean to claim that the West holds the key to victory in 2008, which effectively made Denver the location of the Convention. A strong Hispanic-American concentration and the attention brought to bear on such issues as immigration reform, labor union support and minimum wage have made this a possible Democratic state. Republicans, however, still claim this state because of their support of gun rights and their stance on social conservative issues. John McCain is from neighboring Arizona.
  • Florida: (27) The key player in 2000, whose votes went — narrowly and controversially — to George W. Bush, making him the effective winner. Florida is situated in the South, which has become a Republican stronghold. Experts agree that the winner of Florida will have a significant advantage towards advancing to the White House. Florida has trended toward the Republican Party since 2000. For Democrats, the vote of the elderly is seen as a potential boon, due to the party's traditional stance on Medicare and Social Security (two key components of winning the elderly vote), while Republicans have an advantage with their stance on tax cuts and values issues. The Hispanic and African American populations in Florida could also give the Democrats an edge in a close race. Some recent polls[51] have shown that Hillary Clinton could be competitive in the state, due to a large number of New Yorkers who claim residency there. For Republicans, the business attention of tax cuts and Cuban-American attention has made it a strong contender. Also, Florida's recently-elected governor, Republican Charlie Crist, has enjoyed high approval ratings and was an early endorser of presumptive nominee John McCain, leading some to speculate McCain may pick Crist as his running mate.
  • Indiana: (11) Indiana has voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every presidential election since 1964. In 2006, Democrats won three house seats here. Another factor that may drag down the Republican ticket might be Governor Mitch Daniels, who has had relatively low poll numbers recently. Also in 2006, Democrats gained control of the Indiana House. The state has not voted for a Democratic Presidential Nominee since Lyndon Johnson in 1964, but a poll shows a generic Democrat leading a generic Republican in the Presidential election 37%-32%.[52] Another poll by the Indianapolis Star showed the War in Iraq and the sluggish economy to be the biggest issues among Hoosiers. Also, the poll found that a Democratic ticket featuring Indiana Senator Evan Bayh would boost the possibility of Indiana switching alliances.[53]
  • Iowa: (7) Iowa is a true toss up state; it went for Gore in 2000 and Bush in 2004. In 2006, Democrats retained control of the Governor's Mansion with the addition of two U.S. House seats and the election of Chet Culver as governor, another potential running mate for the Democratic nominee. Also, for the first time in four decades, Democrats gained complete control of the state legislature, further enhancing the progress of the Democrats. Still, agriculture policies and conservative values make it a magnet for the Republicans.
  • Michigan: (17) The Great Lakes State has been a fairly safe bet for the Democrats in recent decades, giving its substantial electoral votes to Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and John Kerry. However, with each election, the margin of victory has narrowed, opening a window for the Republicans. Populism and a historically strong labor movement have dominated the state and given Democrats an advantage, but Republicans have gained ground in advancing tax cuts and other social issues appealing to "Reagan Democrats". A population exodus from Democratic Detroit has made the conservative Republican west more influential. Still, Democratic governor Jennifer Granholm was soundly re-elected in 2006, while presiding over a one-state recession. Some current polls show John McCain narrowly winning the state, suggesting that it may be trending Republican, or that the fallout over the Democratic delegate controversy is hurting the Democratic candidates.[54][55]
  • Missouri: (11) The Show Me State has been long been dubbed the bellwether for the nation because historically it has correlated very closely with the national Zeitgeist – with the single exception of 1956, Missouri has supported the winner of every Presidential election since 1904. The home state of President Harry Truman leans slightly Republican, and granted its 11 electoral votes to Bush in both 2000 and 2004. Despite the relative strength of Republicans in this Midwestern state, it has a strong penchant for advancing populist causes such as stem cell research and universal health care. In 2006, Missouri elected its first female U.S. Senator in Democrat Claire McCaskill. Moreover, the national mood souring over the war in Iraq and a contentious gubernatorial election with a Democratic favorite in Jay Nixon make this state a strong possibility for the Democrats.
  • Nevada: (5) Although Nevada has historically leaned Republican, the high concentration of labor unions and Hispanic-American vote make it a potential battleground state. (Its 2006 Gubernatorial election was particularly competitive, and Republican Jim Gibbons won only by a slim margin.) The Las Vegas metropolitan area with its dramatic increase in population has become an attractive destination for Democratic campaign resources, and Republicans are buoyed by the strong disapproval ratings of Gibbons (29% approval rating as of March 2007) and Bush (34% approval rating as of March 2007).[56] Furthermore, Nevada has, with the single exception of 1976, been won by the victor of every US Presidential election since 1912, a record which makes it a secondary bellwether state.
  • New Hampshire: (4) Once very reliably Republican, New Hampshire became a swing state in the 1990s. Republicans still have somewhat of an edge in statewide elections, however the Democrats took control of the state legislature and both Congressional seats in 2006. The New Hampshire Republican Party tends to be more socially liberal than the national party, and as a result their behavior in national elections is harder to determine. New Hampshire was the only state in the nation that went for Bush in 2000 and then for Kerry in 2004, although by narrow margins both times.
  • New Mexico: (5) New Mexico has been long eschewed as a nominal state, but that thinking has changed dramatically. With elections being heavily contested and victories being decided by two or three states, New Mexico has become one of the centers of political fighting. In 2000, Gore won by a razor-thin margin and in 2004, Bush won by a small, yet safe margin. These results have made experts conclude that New Mexico's five electoral votes, even though small in calculation, could tip the balance. New Mexico's large Hispanic and Native American populations tend to vote Democrat, and could be the key for a Democratic candidate in a close race. Its penchant for populist streaks have made it an attraction for the Democrats, and Governor Bill Richardson was a contender for the 2008 nomination, and has been widely speculated as a vice presidential candidate.
  • Ohio: (20) "I think 2008 is very likely to be a hotly contested race in Ohio," stated Eric Rademacher, director of the University of Cincinnati's Ohio Poll, for the Cincinnati Enquirer.[57] Its 20 electoral votes were critical to President Bush's reelection in 2004, and their tally was close enough to be contested. In 2006, Ohio voters elected Democrats Ted Strickland and Sherrod Brown for Governor and U.S. Senator, respectively.
  • Pennsylvania: (21) Pennsylvania Secretary of the Commonwealth Pedro A. Cortés stated on March 17, 2007, that "The commonwealth’s large number of electoral college votes and diverse population make Pennsylvania a key battleground state."[58] Pennsylvania has leaned Democratic since 1992, giving its electoral votes to Bill Clinton (1992 and 1996), Gore (2000) and Kerry (2004). President Bush visited the state more than 40 times during his 2004 campaign.[59]
  • Virginia: (13) No Democratic presidential candidate has won Virginia since Lyndon Johnson's landslide victory in 1964, and it was the only Southern state that went Republican in 1976. Virginia is no longer as reliably Republican as it once was, as evidenced by Democrat Tim Kaine's winning the Governor's Mansion in 2005 and Jim Webb's narrow victory in the 2006 Senate race against incumbent Republican George Allen. Additionally, Northern Virginia, the fastest-growing region in the state also is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area the second highest income metropolitan area in the country, tends to lean Democratic. Virginia also has a large African American population, which could benefit a Democratic candidate in a close race. Unique political timing may come into play in Virginia in 2008, as popular former governor and Democrat Mark Warner is running for the Senate in 2008 for the seat of retiring Senator John Warner. His popularity (and widely-expected victory in November) could be a significant asset to the Democratic presidential candidate in Virginia. This notion is supported by a September 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll in which Mark Warner leads former Republican governor Jim Gilmore 54% to 34%. Finally, Jim Webb has been speculated as a possible Vice Presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket, which could also help Democrats in November. [60]
  • Wisconsin: (10) Among the closest states in the nation, Wisconsin very narrowly went to Gore in 2000 and Kerry in 2004. These two results were much closer than the results in prior elections, so it could be possible Wisconsin is trending Republican in presidential elections, though John Kerry won by a slightly larger margin than Gore in 2000.
Individual congressional districts
  • Maine, 2nd Congressional District (1): The Second Congressional District is more competitive than the state at-large or the First Congressional District, which are safely Democratic.
  • Nebraska, 1st and 2nd Congressional Districts (1 each): Although Nebraska has not voted for a Democrat since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and is not expected to this time around. Nebraska's rules regarding electoral votes allow for a split in the electoral vote. Since 1991, two of Nebraska's five electoral votes are awarded based on the winner of the statewide election while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts. Although possible, a split in the electoral vote has not occurred in any election. However, a poll was recently published showing Obama within striking distance of McCain in two of the congressional districts with McCain leading solidly in the 3rd Congressional District and statewide.[61]

The potential battleground states listed above control a total of 159 electoral votes. Of the states that are not expected to be competitive, 178 electoral votes (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, Wyoming) have been expected to go to the Republican party, while 201 (California, Connecticut, D.C., Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington) are expected to go to the Democrats. Some of these may become competitive as the election progresses, and the selection of each party's vice presidential nominee could put a previously uncompetitive state or region into play. Similarly, states that are currently considered to be potential battlegrounds may become "safe" for one party as the election progresses. As well, because of Maine and Nebraska's unique rules regarding the electoral votes it is possible that the vote may be different throughout the districts but not throughout the State.

Campaign details

Debates

Main article: United States presidential election debates, 2008

In previous elections Candidates have regularly participated in debates, in some of these candidates have accepted questions from the audience in a Town Hall forum format. Unique to 2008 is the CNN-YouTube presidential debates in which the Republicans and Democrats each held debates in which questions came primarily from YouTube viewer submitted videos, with 39 questions asked of the Democrats and 31 of the Republican candidates about divisive issues respective to each party. Some have argued that it gave better access to candidates from voters in states with late primaries or in states where candidates are unlikely to visit. Others cited that some questions were frivolous and even others were planted.

The first presidential debate of 2008 is scheduled for September 26, at The University of Mississippi. [62]

Campaign costs

Main article: Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election

The reported cost of campaigning for President has increased significantly in recent years. One source reported that if the costs for both Democratic and Republican campaigns are added together (for the Presidential primary election, general election, and the political conventions) the costs have more than doubled in only eight years ($448.9 million in 1996, $649.5 million in 2000, and $1.01 billion in 2004). In January 2007, Federal Election Commission Chairman Michael Toner estimated that the 2008 race will be a $1 billion election, and that to be taken seriously, a candidate needed to raise at least $100 million by the end of 2007.[63]

Although he has said that he will not be running for president, published reports indicate that billionaire and New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg has been considering a presidential bid with $1 billion of his own fortune to finance it.[64] Should Bloomberg decide to run as an independent, he would not need to campaign in the primary elections or participate in the conventions, greatly reducing both the necessary length and cost of his campaign.

With the increase in money, the public financing system funded by the presidential election campaign fund checkoff has not been used by many candidates. So far, John McCain,[65] Tom Tancredo,[66] John Edwards,[67] Chris Dodd,[68] and Joe Biden[69] have qualified for and elected to take public funds in the primary. Other major candidates have eschewed the low amount of spending permitted and have chosen not to participate.

Internet campaigns

Howard Dean collected large contributions via the internet in his 2004 primary run. In 2008 candidates have gone even further in reaching out to Internet users through their own sites and through sites such as YouTube, MySpace and Facebook.[70][71] Republican Ron Paul[72] and Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama have been the most active in courting voters through the Internet.[73] On December 16, 2007, Ron Paul collected more money on a single day through Internet donations than any presidential candidate in US history with over $6 million.[74]

Anonymous and semi-anonymous smear campaigns traditionally done with fliers and push calling have also spread to the Internet.[75]

Criticisms of media coverage

Significant criticism has been leveled at media outlets' poor coverage of the presidential election season.

ABC News hosted a debate in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 16 and moderators Charles Gibson and George Stephanopoulos were criticized by viewers, bloggers and media critics for the poor quality of their questions.[76][77]

Some of the questions that many viewers said they considered irrelevant when measured against the faltering economy or the Iraq war, such as why Senator Barack Obama did not wear an American flag pin on his lapel, the incendiary comments of Obama’s former pastor, or Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton’s assertion that she had to duck sniper fire in Bosnia more than a decade ago.[76] The questions from the moderators were considered to be focused on campaign gaffes and trained mostly on Obama,[77] which Stephanopoulos defended by saying that "Senator Obama [was] the front-runner" and the questions were "not inappropriate or irrelevant at all".[76][77]

A similar event occurred at a debate in February where Tim Russert of NBC News for what was perceived as his disproportionately tough questioning of Clinton.[76] Among the questions Russert had asked Clinton, but not Obama, was to provide the name of the new Russian leader (Dmitry Medvedev),[76] an event which was subsequently parodied on Saturday Night Live. In October 2007, liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over driver's licenses for illegal immigrants and other issues.[77]

In an op-ed published on April 27, 2008 in The New York Times, Elizabeth Edwards bemoaned that the media covered much more of "the rancor of the campaign" and "amount of money spent" than "the candidates' priorities, policies and principles". She went on to compare much of the media coverage to a soap opera and stated that, as result, "voters who take their responsibility to be informed seriously enough to search out information about the candidates are finding it harder and harder to do so, particularly if they do not have access to the Internet". Edwards continued, "an informed electorate is essential to freedom itself. But as long as corporations to which news gathering is not the primary source of income or expertise get to decide what information about the candidates 'sells,' we are not functioning as well as we could if we had the engaged, skeptical press we deserve". Edwards stated that what was worse is that trends hold out dim hope that the quality of media coverage will improve, stating that "media consolidation is leading to one-size-fits-all journalism". Worst of all, she said, poor media coverage "gives us permission to ignore issues and concentrate on things that don’t matter".[78]

Erica Jong commented that "our press has become a sea of triviality, meanness and irrelevant chatter".[79]

Opinion polling

Election results

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Nominees are presumptive, as their nominations have not yet been formalized by the respective national conventions.
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  42. ^ Socialist Workers Party launches presidential ticket of Calero, Kennedy.
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  47. ^ One-sixth of the way to 270 Electoral Votes. NationalPopularVote.com (2008-05-01). Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
  48. ^ H.R. 1905
  49. ^ Shane Goldmacher. "Electoral college measure falls short", The Sacramento Bee, 2008-02-05. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 
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  64. ^ Smith, Ben. "Billion-Dollar elephant inches toward run", The Politico, 2007-06-19. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 
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  78. ^ Elizabeth Edwards (2008-04-28). Op-ed: Bowling 1, Health Care 0. NYTimes.
  79. ^ Inspiration Versus Degradation.

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