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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States. It estimated the population of the United States at 31,400,000 — an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,191,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 Census.
By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of reports, which included no graphic or cartographic representations. This new round of statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post-road transportation routes.
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