United Nations Compensation Commission
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The United Nations Compensation Commission was created in 1991 as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations Security Council. Its mandate is to process claims and pay compensation for losses and damage suffered as a direct result of Iraq's 1990-1991 invasion and occupation of Kuwait. These losses included claims for loss of property, deaths, loss of natural resources, damage to public health and environmental damages.
At the first meeting in August 1991, six categories of claims were set up: claims from individuals forced to flee Kuwait between the invasion and the cease fire (Category A); claims from individuals who (or whose family) suffered injuries or death as a result of the invasion (B); claims from individuals for business loses, pain and anguish, property damage etc. less than $100,000 (C); claims from individuals for business loses, pain and anguish, property damage etc. more than $100,000 (D); claims from corporations and other entities for business (including oil sector) losses (E); and governmental and international agency claims for cost of resettling and providing relief to citizens, damages to government property, and damage to the environment (F). Category E and F claims were further broken down to subcategories.
Each claim category had specific dates for initiating the claim and providing required evidence. A total of over $350 billion in claims was submitted in 2,686,131 claims. Of these claims, 1,543,619 (57%) resulted in some sort of award. The total awarded, to be paid by Iraq from oil revenues, was just over $52 billion. As of August 2007 approximately $22.5 billion of this total had been paid to claimants. The UNCC adopted a policy of paying individuals first, with the result that the remaining sum is owed entirely to government entities (including state oil companies) of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The UNCC is making payments at approximately $300 million per quarter, depending on the extent of Iraq's oil revenue.
Copies of all major decisions and major evidence in support of claims can be found at the UNCC website, http://www2.unog.ch/uncc/.
The process of assessing and awarding claims was begun during the period of Saddam Hussein's stewardship of Iraq. However, many of the claims (especially major claims) were not settled until after a new management was in place in Iraq. Efforts by the Paris Club (an organisation set up by the world's industrialised nations during the 1950s to restruture debt from severely indebted nations) to seek debt forgiveness in order to allow Iraq to use its oil revenues to reconstruct met with some success among wealthy nations with the very notable exceptions of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. (http://www.jubileeiraq.org/blog/2004_05.html) There are those who suggest that the concept of odious debt, under which a country should not be responsible for debt incurred by despotic regime for purposes such as strengthening itself and suppressing internal dissent. (http://www.jubileeiraq.org/blog/2004_05.html)
[edit] Environmental damages.
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia suffered gross environmental damages at the end of the Iraqi occupation, as the retreating Iraqi forces blew up oil wells and released millions of barrels (estimates go as high as 11 million) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf. In Kuwait the damages to the environment were largely terrestrial in the form of tarcrete and oil lakes surrounding the damaged wells. In 2001 the UNCC awarded Kuwait $108 million (the money to be taken from the Oil-for-food program) to study the effects of the environmental devastation to the desert and the coastline, and the effects of the oil fires on public health. Most of Kuwait's desert is in fact sparse shrubland and capable of sustaining sheep, goats and camels. Little damage was found to Kuwait's shoreline and fishing industry. As a result of these studies claims were prepared for several billion dollars worth of damages to the desert ecosystem resulting from the oil fires and uncontrolled releases, and from military manoeuvres by both Iraqi forces and coalition military.
In contrast, the Saudi study (funded with $109 million from the Oil-for-food programme via the UNCC) found most damage to the coastline. The anti-clockwise current pattern of the Gulf forced the floating spill onto the Saudi coastline and fouled approximately 800 km (250 km as the crow flies) of almost pristine shoreline. Commercial fish stocks (shrimp and fin fish) plummeted but recovered within a few years. An extensive and very detailed study of the shoreline was conducted at 250 meter intervals for the entire affected length, from the high water mark to low water, to determine the extent of the contamination and its effect on biota. The Saudis similarly claimed several billion dollars to compensate for environmental damage.
[edit] External links
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